HKDSE CHEMISTRY - Book 1 Ans

HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View
(Chemistry)
Coursebook 1
Suggested Answers
Chapter 1 The Fundamentals of Chemistry

Class Practice 1
Chapter Exercises 3
Chapter 2 The Atmosphere
Class Practice 5
Chapter Exercises 7
Chapter 3 Oceans
Chapter Exercises 9
Chapter 4 Rocks and Minerals
Class Practice 12
Chapter Exercises 13
l Part Exercises 15
Chapter 5 Atomic Structure
Class Practice 17
Chapter 6 The Periodic Table
Class Practice 21
Chapter 7 Chemical Bonding: Ionic Bonding
Class Practice 24
Chapter 8 Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonding
Class Practice 29
Chapter 9 Structures and Properties of Substances
Class Practice 34
l Part Exercises 37
Chapter 10 Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
Class Practice 40
Chapter 11 Reactivity of Metals
Class Practice 43
Chapter 12 Reacting Masses
Class Practice 46
Chapter 13 Corrosion of Metals and Their Protection
Class Practice 52
Part Exercises 55
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of chemistry
Suggested Answers for Class Practice
A1.1
Clothing Food Housing

polyester, nylon, PVC, fertilizers, insecticides, metals, alloys, cement, glass,
dyes food additives plastics
Transport Medical care Entertainment

metals, alloys, fuels, glass, drugs, antibiotics, artificial metals, alloys, cement, glass,
plastics hormones plastics, semi-conductors
A1.2
Phosphorus and mercury are elements. The others are not.
(Note: A substance with a name consisting of two words (e.g. sodium chloride) is not an
element. A substance with a name of only one word (e.g. ammonia) may or may not be
an element. The only sure way is to check the name against the Periodic Table.)
A1.3
Sodium - silvery grey solid;
Chlorine - greenish yellow gas;
Sodium chloride - white solid.
A1.4
(a) Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, sulphur
(b) Water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sodium chloride, iron(II) sulphide
(c) Air, sea water, town gas, sodium chloride solution, wine
(Other answers may be given.)
A1.5
(a) Chemical change
1
(b) Physical change
(c) Physical change
(d) Chemical change
(b) and (c) are physical changes because no new substances are formed. (a) and (d) are
chemical changes because new substances are formed.
A1.6
(a), (b) and (e).
A1.8
(a) Flat-bottomed flask (l) Crucible tongs (w) Reagent bottle
(b) Round-bottomed flask (m) Spatula (x) Gas syringe
(c) Clamp (n) Heat-resistant mat (y) Measuring cylinder
(d) Retort stand (o) Pestle (z) Beaker
(e) Conical flask (p) Mortar (aa) Funnel
(f) Wire gauze (q) Desiccator (bb) Plastic washbottle
(g) Evaporating basin (r) Test tube holder (cc) Teat pipette
(h) Tripod (s) Test tube rack (dd) Thermometer
(i) Crucible (t) Test tube (ee) Watch glass
(j) Pipeclay triangle (u) Boiling tube (ff) Separating funnel
(k) Bunsen burner (v) Dropping bottle (gg) Glass rod
2
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of chemistry
Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises
1. science, observations, experiments

2. substances, compositions, structures, properties, changes
3. Oxygen, atmosphere
4. chemically combined together, hydrogen, oxygen .
5. heating, electrolysis
6. mixture
7. chlorine, compound
8. element, compound, mixture
9. retains, different
10. appearance , odour , temperature , density , melting
11. chemical
12. physical
13. new
14. A
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. C
19. D
20. B
21. B
22. A
23. D
24. A
25. D
26. C
27. B
28. D
29. A
30. (a) A = beaker, B = test tube, C = Bunsen burner, D = wire gauze, E = tripod
stand, F = heat-proof mat, G = test tube holder, H = evaporating dish
(evaporating basin)
(b) (i) Test tube (B).
(ii) Test tube(B), test tube holder (G), Bunsen burner (C) , heat-proof mat
(F).
(iii) Beaker (A), tripod stand (E), wire gauze (D), Bunsen burner (C),
heat-proof mat (F).
31. (a) Tasteless; no smell; colourless; liquid at room conditions

(b) React with iron; react with sodium
(c) Water changes into stream at 100oC./ Water changes into ice at 0oC.
(d) It is because no new substance is formed.
(e) Iron reacts with water to form iron rust./ Sodium reacts with water to form
hydrogen gas.
3
(f) New substance (e.g. rust or hydrogen gas) is formed.
32. (a) Chlorine, hydrogen, iron, mercury , oxygen, sodium and sulphur
(b) An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything
simpler by chemical methods.
(c) Ammonia, sodium chloride and water
(d) A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined together
(e) A mixture consists of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds)
which have not chemically combined together.
(f) Sodium chloride solution is a mixture (because a solution is a homogeneous
mixture).
33. (a) No. Both oxygen and hydrogen are gases at room conditions while glucose
is a solid at room conditions. Carbon is black in colour while glucose is
white.
(b) Glucose solution is a mixture. It is because there is no chemical reaction
taking place between glucose and water.
(c) Glucose + oxygen ® carbon dioxide + water
34. Compounds and mixtures are different in a number of ways. These include:
(1) Compounds have fixed chemical composition while mixtures have variable
chemical composition. Examples: water and air
(2) During the formation of compounds, a chemical change occurs. New
substances are always formed. On the other hand, a mixture is obtained
when different substances are physically mixed. There is no chemical
change. No new substance is formed and the change is seldom
accompanied by energy changes. Examples: formation of water from
hydrogen and oxygen, mixing of sand and sugar
(3) Properties of a compound are very different from that of its constituent
elements. For example, water is colourless liquid while hydrogen and
oxygen are colourless gas.
(4) Separation of the constituents of a compound requires a chemical process.
For example, breaking water down into the elements hydrogen and oxygen
requires a chemical process called electrolysis. On the other hand,
separation of a mixture requires a physical process only. For example,
separation of iron powder from a mixture just requires the use of a magnet.
35. Physical properties of a substance are those properties that can be determined
without the substance changing into another substance.
Examples of physical properties of a substance include colour, odour (smell) and
physical state. For example water is a colourless, odourless liquid under room
conditions.
Chemical properties of a substance are the chemical reactions of the substance,
and the respective conditions under which each reaction takes place.
Examples of chemical properties of a substance include how fast and vigorous it
reacts (i.e., its reactivity) with another substance, the condition(s) needed for it to
react with other substances and what products can be produced when it reacts
with other substances. For example, hydrogen reacts vigorously with oxygen (or
air) only when lit with a burning splint to form water.
4
Chapter 2 The atmosphere
A2.1
(a) People in ancient times had little scientific knowledge. In fact, any visible
portion of the Earth appeared more or less flat to the eyes.
(b) Satellite photos clearly show that the Earth is roughly spherical.
(Other answers may be given.)
A2.2
atmosphere
crust
mantle
inner core
outer core
A2.3
1. (a) No. (7 planets have an atmosphere.)
(b) Yes.
2. There is no air on the Moon.
A2.4
Elements Compounds
nitrogen carbon dioxide
oxygen
helium
neon
argon
krypton
xenon
A2.5
(a)
Helium -269
Neon -246
Nitrogen -196
Argon -186
Oxygen -183
Krypton -153
Xenon -109
5
Carbon dioxide -78
(b) Neon and helium.
6
Chapter 2 The atmosphere
1. crust, mantle , core, atmosphere

2. atmosphere
3. nitrogen, oxygen
4. fractional distillation
5. liquefied
6. supporter
7. glowing
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. D
14. (a) Nitrogen

(b) Carbon dioxide and water vapour
(c) Oxygen, argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon (any two)
15. (a) The volumes of the three gases obtained are argon 930 litres, nitrogen
78,000 litres and oxygen 21,000 litres.
(b) The gases are separated by a process called ‘fractional distillation’.
(c) No. Oxygen is the most reactive gas in air, whereas nitrogen is unreactive, it
serves the good purpose of ‘diluting’ oxygen in air. If there were more
oxygen in air, metals would be oxidized and corroded faster. Things would
also burn easier, so there would be a greater hazard of fire.
16. (a) Fractional distillation of liquid air

(b) Oxidizing
(c) Physical property: colourless, odourless
Chemical property: it supports combustion
(d) Put a glowing splint into a test tube containing the gas to be tested. If the
gas is oxygen, the splint relights.
17. (a) Nitrogen and oxygen

(b) Oxygen.
(c) Copper + oxygen ® copper(II) oxide
(d) 50 cm3 – 33 cm3 = 17 cm3
(e) 17 cm3 / 50 cm3 ´ 100% = 34%
(f) 21%
(g) The percentage of oxygen in dissolved air (34%) is much greater than that
in the atmosphere (21%) because oxygen is more soluble in water than
nitrogen.
18. Fractional distillation of liquid air is used to separate nitrogen and oxygen from
air.
7
The air is first liquefied by repeated cooling and compression.
Then the liquid air is warmed up bit by bit very slowly.
Different gases in air boil at different temperatures, so they can be collected one
by one.
The one boiling off first is nitrogen (boiling point -196°C).
The second one to be collected is argon(boiling point -186°C) /noble gas.
Then oxygen gas (boiling point -183°C) is collected.
8
Chapter 3 Oceans
1. sodium chloride (common salt), sodium, chlorine

2. evaporation
3. filtration, crystallization
4. saturated
5. boiling, condensation
6. distillate, residue
7. distillation
8. flame test
9. brilliant golden yellow
10. white
11. water, white, blue, blue, pink
12. Brine
13. hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide
14. B
15. C
16. B
17. C
18. D
19. A
20. (a) Filtration

(b)
glass rod
mixture of sand and

sodium chloride solution
filter paper
residue
filter funnel
filtrate
stand
(c) Distillation
(d)
9
thermometer
clamp
delivery tube
boiling tube
receiver test tube

mixture of sand
and sodium
heat chloride solution
anti-bumping granule
water
pure water
(e) Test for sodium ions: Flame test.

The sample gives a brilliant golden yellow flame in the flame test if sodium
ions are present.
Test for chloride ions: Silver nitrate test
Add silver nitrate solution to the sample, followed by excess dilute nitric
acid. The appearance of a white precipitate indicates the presence of
chloride ions.
21. His conclusion is not justified. He should add solid to distilled water and stir well,
then filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness by heating, and see if any solid is
left.
22. (a) This is because some metal ions can produce a characteristic coloured light
when they are burnt or heated strongly.
(b) (1) Moisten a clean platinum wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
(2) Dip the platinum wire into a crushed sample of the salt (or solution) to
be tested.
(3) Heat the platinum wire with the sample strongly in a non-luminous
flame.
(4) Observe the colour of the flame at the wire and identify the metal ions
present.
(c) Potassium ions: lilac; calcium ions: brick red; copper ions: bluish green.
23. (a) It was not a suitable method because the liquid may be unclean, harmful or
even poisonous.
(b) Flame test.
(c) To show the presence of chloride ions, acidified silver nitrate solution is
added to the sample. If chloride ions are present, a white precipitate will be
formed.
(d) To show the presence of water, a few drops of the liquid are added to
anhydrous copper(II) sulphate. The powder changes from white to blue if
water is present.
Alternatively, add a few drops of the liquid to dry cobalt chloride test paper.
The paper changes from blue to pink if water is present.
(e) He could not be sure that the liquid was sea water. Even if the tests showed
that sodium ions, chloride ions and water were present, the liquid might not
10
necessarily be sea water. For example, it might be just a sodium chloride
solution, without any other salts naturally present in sea water.
24. (a) Electrolysis means ‘decomposition by electricity’.

(b) Chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.
(c) Chlorine – water sterilization, manufacture of bleach, etc.
Hydrogen – production of margarine, as rocket fuel, etc.
Sodium hydroxide – manufacture of soap, extraction of aluminium, etc.
25. Sea water is an important source of common salt (sodium chloride) which has
many uses.
By the electrolysis of sea water, useful products, hydrogen, chlorine and sodium
hydroxide are obtained.
These products can be used to manufacture a lot of useful chemicals.
Hydrogen can be used to produce ammonia.
Chlorine can be used to produce bleach.
Sodium hydroxide can be used to produce soap.
11
Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals
A4.1
heat
Step 1: calcium carbonate ® calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Step 2: calcium oxide + water ® calcium hydroxide
Step 3: calcium hydroxide + water ® calcium hydroxide solution (limewater)
Step 4: calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) + carbon dioxide ® calcium
carbonate + water
A4.2
calcium carbonate + nitric acid ® calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water
12
Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals
1. minerals, a mixture of minerals

2. crystalline, chemical
3. extraction
4. ore, aluminium
5. haematite, carbon (or coke)
6. chalk, marble
7. Neutralizing, building material, cement (or other acceptable answers)
8. Weathering
9. Erosion
10. Physical
Chemical
11. quicklime, calcium oxide .
12. acids, carbon dioxide
13. milky
14. iron + carbon dioxide
15. aluminium + oxygen
16. carbonic acid
17. calcium hydroxide + heat
18. calcium hydrogencarbonate
19. calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
20. calcium carbonate (white solid) + water
21. calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
22. B
23. D
24. D
25. C
26. A
27. B
28. D
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. (a) (1) Both react with acid to give out carbon dioxide.
(2) Both are decomposed on strong heating.
(b) (1) Neutralizing acidic soil and lakes affected by acid rain.
(2) As a raw material to make glass by heating with sand and sodium
carbonate.
(3) As a raw material to make cement by heating with clay. (or any other
possible answers)
33. (a) Weathering is the slow process in which exposed rocks are broken down
into smaller pieces.
(b) Physical weathering and chemical weathering
(c) It is because carbon dioxide in air dissolves slightly in rainwater, forming
13
carbonic acid. Carbonic acid can attack rocks.
(d) Calcium hydrogencarbonate
(e) Calcium carbonate + carbonic acid ® calcium hydrogencarbonate
34. (a) Calcium carbonate

(b) strong heat
Calcium carbonate ¾¾¾® calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(c)
limewater
heat
(d) When the gas is passed through limewater for a few seconds, the limewater
turns milky.
35. (a) (i) Calcium oxide

(ii) Calcium hydroxide
(iii) Calcium hydroxide solution
(b) (i) heat
calcium carbonate ¾¾¾® calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
(ii) calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid ®
calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
(iii) calcium oxide + water ¾® calcium hydroxide
(iv) carbon dioxide + calcium hydroxide solution ¾®
calcium carbonate + water
(c) The rock fizzes (colourless gas is given out).
14
Part I Planet Earth
Suggested Answers for Part Exercises
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. D
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. B
18. C
19. B
20. (a) Hydrogen – as fuel

Oxygen – in breathing aids (or any other possible answers)
(b) No. Oxygen and hydrogen inside the container mix to form a gaseous
mixture. All mixtures are impure substances.
(c) Water
(d) Yes. Water is a compound, and a single compound is a pure substance.
21. (a) This conclusion is valid. The brick red colour in the flame test indicates the
presence of calcium, and the white precipitate formed when silver nitrate
solution is added indicates the presence of chloride.
(b) This conclusion is invalid. The bubbles formed when acid was added may
not be carbon dioxide.
(c) Conclusion (a) cannot be disproved. To test the validity of conclusion (b),
pass the gas formed into limewater. If the limewater turns milky, the gas is
carbon dioxide, then the conclusion is valid. If the limewater doesn’t turn
milky, the conclusion is invalid.
(d) The only validity of this statement is that the sample is a mixture containing
calcium chloride. Even carbonate is shown to be present, the tests carried
out are insufficient to rule out the possibility of other substances present in
the sample.
22. (a) X: carbon dioxide; Y : water; Z : carbon dioxide.

(b) heat
Calcium carbonate ® calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
The limestone cracks and makes a cracking noise.
15
(c) Calcium oxide + water ® calcium hydroxide + heat
A lot of heat is produced, with the possible production of some steamy
vapour. The white solid turns into a paste.
(d) Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide ® calcium carbonate + water
The calcium hydroxide solution (limewater) turns milky.
(e) This is the limewater test for carbon dioxide.
23. (a) Refer to Book 1A p.69.

(b) Refer to Book 1A p.70.
(c) Frost action is a physical weathering process. This is because no new
substances are formed during the process. Action of carbonic acid is a
chemical weathering process. This is because carbonic acid changes
calcium carbonate to a new substance, calcium hydrogen carbonate.
(d) When excess of carbon dioxide is bubbled in, soluble calcium
hydrogencarbonate is formed.
16
Chapter 5 Atomic structure
A5.1
They are the only two liquid elements.
A5.2
1. (a) Only an element can be classified as a metal or non-metal. Water is not an
element.
(b) Non-metal.
(c) Metal.
2. (a) Mercury. All are metals. Mercury is a liquid, while the others are solids at
room conditions.
(b) Sulphur. Sulphur is a non-metal, while the others are metals.
(c) Iodine. All are non-metals. Iodine is a solid, while the others are gases at
room conditions.
(d) Graphite. All are non-metals. Graphite conducts electricity, while the others
are non-conductors of electricity.
A5.3
(a) (i) Mg (ii) Ag (iii) Na
(b) Ar, He and Ne respectively.
(c) (i) fluorine (ii) bromine (iii) mercury
A5.4
(a) 118
(b) Br
(c) N
(d) The element copper or a copper atom.
A5.5
(a) The commonest type of hydrogen atom.
(b) 91 electrons. Number of neutrons cannot be predicted.
(c) It is not an atom. The numbers of protons and electrons are not equal.
A5.6
A magnesium atom would be changed to a chlorine atom.
A5.7
1. (a) silver
(b) silver
(c) silver
2. (a) Aluminium
27 Al
(b) 13
(c) (i) 13 (ii) 13 (iii) 27 - 13 = 14
A5.8
(a) 3
17
16
(b) 8O (16O, or oxygen-16)
A5.9
(a) 37 (b) 35 (c) 4 (d) 238
(e) We cannot tell from the given data. (The mass number is not given.)
A5.10
(a) Relative atomic mass of sodium
= mass number of the only type of sodium atom
= 23
(b) Relative atomic mass of neon
= 20 ´ 90 + 22 ´ 10 = 20.2
100
A5.11
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
A5.12
(a) 17
(b) (i) 2,8,7 (ii)
18
Chapter 5 Atomic structure
1. physical
2. bromine, mercury
3. metals, non-metals
4. metals, non-metals, graphite
5. symbol
6. smallest part
7. element
8. atoms.
9. nucleus, neutrons, nucleus, electrons
10. positively, negatively, neutral
11. protons
12. mass number
13. same, different
14. carbon-12
15. weighted average, relative isotopic
16. shells
17. electronic arrangement (or electronic configuration)
18. B
19. D
20. D
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. C
25. D
26. (a) True. This is because there is no gaseous metal or semi-metal at room
conditions.
(b) False. This is because mercury is a liquid metal at room conditions.
(c) False. This is because carbon (graphite) is a non-metal which can conduct
electricity. / This is because semi-metals cannot conduct electricity by
themselves.
(d) False. This is because some metals (e.g. sodium) are soft.
(e) True. This is because metals are silvery white, golden or brown in colour.
No metal is red in colour.
27. (a) The mass number of an atom is the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the atom.
(b) The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in the atom.
(c) Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the same number of
protons (and electrons) but different numbers of neutrons.
(d)
Atom Number of Number of Electronic
protons neutrons configuration
19
B
10
5
5 5 2.3
11B 5 6 2.3
5
(e) 10.8
28. (a) Q and R

(b) Boron
(c) Carbon-13 and carbon-14
(d) 135 P, 136 Q, 146 R, 147 S
29.
(a)
Atom Atomic Mass Number of Electronic
no. no. protons neutrons electrons arrangement
35Cl
(a) 17 35 17 18 17 2,8,7
17O
(b) 8 17 8 9 8 2,6
40Ar
(c) 18 40 18 22 18 2,8,8
(b)
(c) Neon
(d) Argon is very unreactive.
30. Elements can be classified according to their physical states. For example, at
room temperature, hydrogen and oxygen are gases; bromine and mercury are
liquids; carbon and iodine are solids.
Elements can also be classified into metals and non-metals. A few elements have
properties in between those of metals and non-metals. They are classified as
semi-metals.
Examples of metals include sodium and mercury; examples of non-metals
include bromine and hydrogen; examples of semi-metals include boron and
silicon.
20
A6.1
(a) Period 7, Group II; alkaline earth metals.
(b) Radium.
(c) Yes. Radium is a metal (all metals conduct electricity).
A6.2
Element X: Metal
Element Y: Non-metal
Element Z: We cannot tell from the given data as elements in Group IV can be a metal,
non-metal or semi-metal.
A6.3
(a) 2,8,8,2.
(b) Yes, it is a metal.
(c) (ii).
A6.4
(a) Yes. By knowing the chemical properties of familiar elements in the same group
and the group trend, predictions about the unfamiliar element can be made.
(b) Astatine: D; strontium: A
21
1. electrons, outermost
2. ascending, atomic numbers
3. period, group, eight,
4. period number, outermost
5. metals, semi-metals, non-metals
6. chemical
7. 1, 1, increases
8. 7, halogens, decreases
9. 8, noble gases
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. C
14. C
15. C
16. C
17. D
18.
Element Electronic Atomic Period Group
arrangement number number number
A 2,6 8 2 VI
B 2,8,2 12 3 II
C 2,8,8,1 19 4 I
D 2,8 10 2 0 / VIII
E 2,8,18,3 31 4 III
F 2,8,18,18,7 53 5 VII
19. (a) 2
(b) They all have two electrons in the outermost shell.
(c) Increase down the Group.
(d) (i) Beryllium reacts very slowly with water.
(ii) Barium reacts vigorously with water.
(e) Barium is more reactive than calcium. It should be stored in an air-tight
container.
20. (a) Magnesium, silicon, chlorine. They are in Period 3.

(b) Lithium, rubidium, caesium. They are in Group I.
(c) Iron, copper
(d) Caesium
(e) Fluorine
(f) Silicon
(g) Helium
(h) Helium, fluorine, chlorine
(i) Fluorine, chlorine
22
21. (a) Group II
(b) Alkaline earth metals
(c) Strontium has 2 outermost shell electrons.
(d) Strontium is a silvery white solid at room conditions.
(e) Strontium reacts with cold water more readily than calcium does and
colourless gas bubbles are given off. This is because the reactivity of Group
II elements will increase down the group.
22. In the modern Periodic Table, elements are arranged in ascending order of atomic
number.
The elements are arranged in periods and groups of the Periodic Table.
A horizontal row of elements is called a period while a vertical column of
elements is called group.
Period number = number of occupied electron shells
Group number = number of electrons in outermost shell
Elements within the same group of the Periodic Table have similar properties.
Across a period, the elements change from metals through semi-metals to
non-metals.
Some of the groups have special names. Group I elements are named as alkali
metals; Group II elements are named as alkaline earth metals; Group VII
elements are named as halogens; Group 0 are named as noble gases. The
elements in between Group II and Group III are called the transition elements.
23
Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding
A7.1
(a) Delete ‘non-metals’.
(b) Delete ‘metals’.
A7.2
(a) Colourless (b) Purple
(c) Yellow (d) Green
A7.3
(a) The cathode. Potassium ions are positively charged. They are thus attracted
towards the negative electrode (cathode).
(b) No. Potassium ions are colourless.
(c) A green patch would move towards the negative electrode (cathode).
Chromium(III) ions are green in colour and positively charged. They are
attracted towards the negative electrode.
A7.4
(a) (i) Aluminium atom: 2,8,3
aluminium ion: 2,8
(ii) Chlorine atom: 2,8,7
chloride ion: 2,8,8
(b) Charge on aluminium ion = 3+;
charge on chloride ion = 1-
A7.5
Simple ions: H+, H-, Mn2+
Polyatomic ions: NH4+, NH2-, OH-
A7.6
(a)
I II III IV V VI VII 0
Group
Period
2 Li+ Be2+ N3- O2- F-
3 Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ S2- Cl-
4 K+ Ca 2+ Br-
(b) (i) Sr2+ (ii) At-
A7.7
(a)
(b)
24
A7.8
(a) CuCl2
(c) Al(OH)3
(b) CaS
(d) (NH4)2CO3
A7.9
(a) Mg(OH)2
(b) Na2O
(c) PbSO4
(d) K2Cr2O7
A7.10
(a) Calcium nitrate
(b) Iron(III) chloride
(c) Zinc sulphate-7-water
(d) Copper(II) hydroxide
25
Chapter 7 Chemical bonding: ionic bonding
1. octet, duplet
2. electrons, noble gas, ions
3. simple, polyatomic
4. cations, anions
5. coloured
6. electrolysis
7. name, formula
8. group
9. minus
10. ionic, ionic, calcium oxide, calcium, oxygen, Calcium (Ca2+), oxide (O2-), ionic
bonds
11. giant ionic structure
12. B
13. A
14. D
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. C
19. B
20.
Compound Formula Expected colour
Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Colourless
Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 Blue
Potassium chloride KCl Colourless
Nickel(II) sulphate NiSO4 Green
Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 Orange
Iron(II) sulphate FeSO4 Pale green
Iron(III) chloride FeCl2 Yellow
Sodium permanganate NaMnO4 Purple
Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 Colourless
21. (a) Calcium sulphate

(b) Cation: calcium ion; Anion: sulphate ion
(c) Ionic bond
(d) CaSO4
(e) The coagulant is white in colour.
(f)
26
(g) Polyatomic ion
22. (a) A: 2,5; B: 2, 8, 1; C: 2, 8, 2; D: 2, 8, 6

(b) Elements A and D tend to gain electrons to attain an octet of electrons.
(c) Elements B and C tend to lose electrons to attain an octet of electrons.
(d) 4
(e) B3A; B2D; C3A2; CD
(f)
23. (a) Magnesium chloride: MgCl2; Potassium chloride: KCl; Sodium chloride:
NaCl
(b)
(c) Giant ionic structure

(d)
27
24. Consider the reaction between sodium and chlorine.
A sodium atom Na has the electronic arrangement 2,8,1. It loses 1 electron to get
the stable octet structure to form a Na+ ion.
A chlorine atom Cl has the electronic arrangement 2,8,7. It gains 1 electron to get
the stable octet structure to form a Cl- ion.
When sodium atom reacts with a chlorine atom, the sodium atom loses 1 electron
to the chlorine atom. By transfer of electron, two ions are formed. The
electrostatic force between the ions is called ionic bonds and the compound is
called ionic compound.
28
Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding
A8.1
1. Br2, C6H12O6, Ne, NH3
2. (a) Ne (b) H2 (c) Na
(d) N2 (e) F2 (f) Mg
A8.2
1. lose gain share
2. (a) (i)
(or )
(ii) 3 bond pairs, 1 lone pair
(b) (i) NCl3 (ii)
A8.3
(a) CF4 (b) H2O
(c) PH3 (d) SiCl4
A8.4
(a) Molecule (b) Atom or molecule
(c) Ion (d) Atom
(e) Molecule (f) Ion
(g) Molecule (h) Atom
A8.5
1. (a) C H4
12.0 + 1.0 ´ 4 = 16.0
(b) C2 H6
12.0 ´ 2 + 1.0 ´ 6 = 30.0
(c) C12 H22 O11
12.0 ´ 12 + 1.0 ´ 22 + 16.0 ´ 11 = 342.0
2. (a) 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5
(b) 12.0 ´ 2 + 1.0 ´ 6 = 30.0
(same as relative molecular mass)
(c) 12.0 + 16.0 ´ 3 = 60.0
(d) 63.5 + (14.0 + 16.0 ´ 3) ´ 2 + 3 ´ (1.0 ´ 2 + 16.0) = 241.5
29
Chapter 8 Chemical bonding: covalent bonding
1. molecule
2. atomicity
3. covalent, covalent
4. share, covalent
5. double covalent
6. triple covalent
7. molecular
8. structural
9. molecular formula, structural
10. dative covalent
11. lone pairs
12. electrostatic, non-directional, directional
13. molecules, ions
14. Relative molecular mass
15. Formula mass
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. C
22. C
23. B
24. (a) Silane SiH4
(b) Hydrogen chloride HCl
(c) Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
30
(d) Trichloromethane CHCl3
(e) Phosphorus trichloride PCl3
25. (a) HBr

(b) PH3
(c) CCl4
(d) CS2
(e) NCl3
26. (a) A: 2,1; B: 2,4; C: 2,6; D: 2,8; E: 2, 8, 2; F: 2, 8, 7

(b) Element D
(c) (i)
(ii)
(d) BC2; C=B=C
(e) A diatomic molecule refers to a molecule of an element which is formed by
2 atoms (i.e. its atomicity is 2).
31
(f) (i)
(ii)
27. (a) W: H–H

X: O=O
Y: H–O–H
H
H C H
Z: H
(b) W:
X:
Y:
Z:
(c) Simple molecular structure
28. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride. It is formed by sharing
of electrons, one from hydrogen and one from chlorine. Covalent bond exists
between hydrogen and chlorine atom.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride.

The ammonium ion has an overall charge of 1+. Ammonium chloride contains
32
one ionic bond and four covalent bonds, three of the N—H bond are normal
covalent bonds and one is dative covalent bond.
The reaction between ammonia and hydrogen chloride can be considered to be
the formation of dative covalent bond between the lone pair of electrons on the N
atom in NH3 and a H+ ion from HCl.
33
Chapter 9 Structures and properties of substances
A9.1
(a) Simple molecular structure, giant covalent structure
(b) Simple molecular structure, macromolecules, giant covalent structure
A9.2
Iodine, bromine, chlorine and fluorine have a simple molecular structure and their
molecules are held by weak intermolecular forces called van der Waals' forces. The
larger the molecular size, the greater the van der Waals' forces. The molecular sizes of
the substances are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. Therefore, the strength of the van der Waals'
forces are: I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2.
A9.3
(a) Low-melting.
(b) No. They are soft.
(c) No.
(d) (i) No (ii) Yes.
A9.4
(a) (i) No (ii) No
(b) No
A9.5
(a) 2
(b) 2
A9.6
(a) C. It conducts electricity when solid.
(b) B. It does not conduct electricity when solid, but conducts when molten.
(c) A. It does not conduct electricity whether solid or molten; low melting point.
(d) D. It does not conduct electricity whether solid or molten; very high melting
point.
(e) A. Substances with a simple molecular structure are usually soluble in
non-aqueous solvents (such as methylbenzene).
A9.7
(i) The compound formed between a Group II element X (a metal) and a Group VII
element Y (a non-metal) is an ionic compound.
Element X forms X2+ ions;
Element Y forms Y- ions.
The formula of the compound is thus X2+(Y-)2 or XY2.
(ii) It has a giant ionic structure.
(iii) Its physical properties are similar to those mentioned in the answer to Example
9.3, part (a) (iii).
34
Chapter 9 Structures and properties of substances
1. giant
2. molecules, covalent bonds, intermolecular forces (or van der Waals’ forces)
3. giant, giant lattice (or network)
4. low, non-conductors, insoluble, soluble, non-aqueous solvents
5. solid, high, molten, aqueous solution, soluble, insoluble, non-aqueous
6. solids, high, graphite, non-conductors, insoluble
7. structure
8. giant metallic, metallic, metal ions, sea, delocalized electrons
9. delocalized electrons, non-directional.
10. C
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. C
16. B
17. (a) Covalent bonding

(b) Giant covalent structure
(c) Diamond
carbon atom
Quartz
silicon atom
oxygen atom
(d) Diamond > quartz> glass
35
(e) Quartz is a crystalline solid while glass is a non-crystalline solid.
(f) Diamond
(g) Diamond
18. (a) X: Giant ionic structure;

Y: Giant covalent structure;
Z: Simple molecular structure
(b) X: Sodium chloride;
Y: Diamond;
Z: Iodine (Accept other reasonable answers)
(c) X: ionic bond;
Y: covalent bond;
Z: van der Waals’ forces
(d) (i) X has a higher melting point than Z as X has a giant ionic structure
while Z has a simple molecular structure.
(ii) Y has a higher melting point than Z as Y has a giant covalent structure
while Z has a simple molecular structure.
19. (a) Substance B

(b) (i) Substance E is a metal because it conducts electricity in solid state.
(ii) Substance A is an ionic compound because it does not conduct
electricity in the solid state but conducts electricity when molten.
(iii) Substances B and C are covalent compounds with simple molecular
structure because both of them do not conduct electricity whether in
the solid state or in molten form. Besides, they have low melting
points.
(iv) Substance D is a covalent compound with giant covalent structure
because it does not conduct electricity whether in the solid state or in
molten form and has a very high melting point.
(c) Substances B and C are likely to be soluble in heptane (a non-aqueous
solvent.)
20. The melting point of the above compounds follows the order: CO2 < Li2O < SiO2
SiO2 has a giant covalent structure. It has the highest melting point. To melt the
compound, large amount of energy is required to break the strong covalent bonds
among the atoms in SiO2.
CO2 has a simple molecular structure. It has the lowest melting point. To melt the
compound, relatively small amount of energy is required to break the weak
intermolecular forces among the molecules of CO2.
Li2O has a giant ionic structure. It has a melting point in between SiO2 and CO2.
To melt the compound, energy is required to break the strong ionic bonds among
the ions in the Li2O.
36
Part II Microscopic World I
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. A
10 C
11. C
12. A
13. (a) The air is first liquefied by repeated cooling and compression. The liquid air
is then warmed up very slowly. Different gases in air boil at different
temperatures and are collected separately.
(b) Ne
(c) (i) 2, 8
(ii)
(d) Neon has an octet of electrons which gives it an exceptional stability.

Therefore, it is very unreactive.
(e) 20.1877
14. (a) (i) C

(ii) D (or E)
(iii) D and E
(iv) A
(v) B
(b) A and B
A: 2; B: 2, 8
(c) (i) CD2
(ii) HE
(iii) CO
(iv) AB
15. (a) No. If dry filter paper is used, the circuit will be an open one as no
electrolyte is present to complete the circuit.
(b) No. Since copper(II) ions are coloured, they will interfere with the
experimental result.
(c) Permanganate ions.
(d) Since purple permanganate ions are anions (or negatively charged ion), they
37
are attracted towards the positive electrode (i.e. anode). Hence, Q is positive
electrode (i.e. anode).
(e) It is because the substance migrating towards P is colourless.
(f) The purple patch would migrate towards the opposite direction.
16. (a) The electronic arrangement of C and D are 2,6 and 2,8,7 respectively. Their
atoms can attain noble gas structure by sharing electrons.
(b) A, since it is a metal while all others are non-metals.

(c) (i) A2C; ionic
(ii) AD; ionic
(iii) BC2; covalent
(d) The compound in (c) (iii), BC2. Since BC2 is a covalent compound with
molecular structure, only weak van der Waals’ forces exist among the
discrete molecules. Little energy is required to overcome these forces during
melting and boiling.
(e) No. It is because it is a noble gas.
17. (a) Gas

(b) At2
(c) Size of I2 > Br2 > Cl2 > F2. The size of molecule is proportional to the
strength of van der Waals’ force between the molecules. As the van der
Waals’ force between iodine is the greatest, iodine is a solid at room
conditions.
(d) At2 < I2 < Br2 > Cl2 > F2
(e) Sodium + iodine à sodium iodide
(f)
18. (a) A: Giant ionic structure

B: Giant covalent structure
C: Giant covalent structure
D: Simple molecular structure
(b) A: Sodium chloride
B: Diamond
C: Graphite
D: Dry ice
(or other acceptable answers)
(c) A: Ionic bonding
B: Covalent bonding
38
(d) (i) Covalent bonding
(ii) In structure B, each atom is covalently bonded to four other atoms,
forming a 3-dimensional giant network. In structure C, each atom is
covalently bonded to only three other atoms to form a layer. Between
each layer, van der Waals’ forces exist.
(e) (i) C
(ii) A
(iii) B
(iv) D
(v) A
19. In sodium chloride, Na+ and Cl- are held together by ionic bonds. They are
packed regularly, so that each ion is surrounded by 6 ions of the opposite charge.
The packing continues until a continuous, three-dimensional giant ionic structure
is formed.
The ions are arranged to form a cubic structure as shown below:
Sodium chloride has a high melting point as energy is required to break the
strong ionic bonds among the ions in the compound.
In solid state, the ions present in sodium chloride lattice are not mobile. Thus,
solid sodium chloride cannot conduct electricity. When molten or in aqueous
solution, the ions become mobile and can conduct electricity.
39
Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals
A10.1
(a) B. It is hard and strong, yet very cheap.
(b) A and C. They have a beautiful shiny appearance. A is chemically inert, and C is
also corrosion resistant. They are both very expensive metals.
(c) C. It is very expensive.
(d) D. It is light (with a low density) but strong and corrosion resistant.
(e) A and C. C is more widely used because it is cheaper.
A10.2
(a) Electrolysis.
electrolysis
aluminium oxide ® aluminium + oxygen
(b) Electrolysis.
electrolysis
sodium chloride ® sodium + chlorine
(c) Heating the metal ore with carbon.
heat with carbon
haematite ® iron + carbon dioxide
(d) Displacement from solution containing silver.
(e) Physical separation.
(f) Electrolysis.
electrolysis
magnesium chloride ® magnesium + chlorine
(g) Heating the metal ore in air and then with carbon
heat in air
lead(II) sulphide ® lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide
heat with carbon
lead(II) oxide ® lead + carbon dioxide
40
Chapter 10 Occurrence and extraction of metals
1. physical
2. Iron
3. electrical wires.
4. high, density
5. Silver , expensive
6. compounds
7. heating, carbon, electrolysis
8. abundance, mining, extracting
9. Abundance, ore, extracting, supply, demand
10. non-renewable, conserving, longer.
11. reusing, reducing, replacing, recycling
12. melting, using, conserves, pollution
13. D
14. B
15. B
16. D
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. (a) E. This is because it is light and highly resistant to corrosion.

(b) A. This is because it is strong and cheap.
(c) D. This is because it is strong and highly resistant to corrosion.
(d) E. This is because it is a good conductor of electricity and light.
(e) C. This is because it is highly resistant to corrosion and expensive.
21. (a) Electrolysis

(b) Silver (or other acceptable answers)
(c) Silver oxide → silver + oxygen
(d) Lead (or other acceptable answers)
(e) Lead(II) sulphide + oxygen → lead(II) oxide + sulphur dioxide
Lead(II) oxide + carbon → lead + carbon dioxide
(f) Metal X is the most reactive whereas metal Y is the least reaction.
22. (a) P might be calcium. Calcium would react with cold water to give calcium
hydroxide and hydrogen at a moderate rate.
Q is mercury. Mercury(II) nitrate and silver nitrate would decompose on
heating to give metal, nitrogen dioxide (brown fumes) and oxygen. Since Q
is a liquid metal, it should be mercury.
R might be copper. Since R has no reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid, it
should be below lead in the reactivity series (i.e. it may be copper, mercury,
silver or gold). But R displaces Q (mercury) from an aqueous solution of
nitrate of Q, therefore R is more reactive than mercury. It is therefore likely
to be copper.
S might be zinc. Zinc oxide could be reduced to metal by carbon monoxide
41
but not by hydrogen at 1500°C.
(b) P, Q, R, S
(c) The lower the position of a metal in the reactivity series, the more ancient
would be the year of discovery.
23. (a) Landfills

(b) We have to conserve metal resources because metals are limited in amount
in the Earth’s crust and non-renewable.
(c) (1) Reuse the metal mooncake containers to hold things e.g. stationery or
letters.
(2) Recycle the use metal mooncake containers by putting them at used
metal collection booths so that iron and tin can be recycled for use.
(3) Replace the metal moocake containers with paper containers. (We can
choose to buy mooncakes with more environmentally friendly paper
containers.)
(4) Reduce the consumption of mooncakes to save metal resources.
24. Social perspective:

Recycling promotes public awareness of resource scarcity. For example, special
containers are provided for people to dispose of recyclable aluminum cans.
Posters and television advertisements are designed for educational purposes.
Economic perspective:
Metal resources are limited. However, demand for metals keeps on increasing.
Recycling is an effective way of conserving metals. Recycling saves energy and
other resources. Thus, it reduces the cost of metals.
Environmental perspective:
Recycling of metals can reduce pollution due to metal waste. Also, recycling
would cause less metal ores to be mined. This would minimize the environmental
problems arising from mining and extraction from ores.
42
Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals
A11.1
Rubidium hydroxide. As can be seen from Figure 11.10, very reactive metals (e.g. K,
Na, Ca) react with water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen; fairly reactive
metals form a metal oxide and hydrogen. Rubidium should be more reactive than
potassium, since it is lower than potassium in Group I. (The reactivity of Group I
elements increases down the group.) Thus rubidium should form rubidium hydroxide,
not rubidium oxide.
A11.2
(a) C, A, D, B
(b) C: potassium; A: calcium;
D: magnesium; B: copper
A11.3
1 molecule of sulphur dioxide gas reacts with 2 formula units of aqueous sodium
hydroxide, to produce 1 formula unit of aqueous sodium sulphite and 1 molecule of
liquid water.
A11.4
(a) (i) 2 (ii) 2
(b) (i) 4 (ii) 4
(c) Yes
A11.5
(a) (i) 2 Cl atoms, 7 O atoms
(ii)2 N atoms, 8 H atoms, 2 Cr atoms, 7 O atoms
(iii)
6 Fe atoms, 9 S atoms, 36 O atoms
(iv)6 Na atoms, 3 C atoms,
39 O atoms, 60 H atoms
(b) 2Pb3O4(s) ® 6PbO(s) + O2(g)
A11.6
(a) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ® Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
(b) 3Mg(s) + 2Al3+(aq) ® 3Mg2+(aq) + 2Al(s)
A11.7
1. Yes. Magnesium is more reactive than iron.
2. No. Magnesium is much more expensive than iron.
3. (a) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) ® 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)
(b) 2AgO(s) ® 2Ag(s) + O2(g)
43
Chapter 11 Reactivity of metals
1. (a) oxides
(b) hydroxide, hydrogen, oxide, hydrogen
(c) chloride, hydrogen
(d) reactivity, same, reactivity, metal reactivity series
2. formulae, symbols, physical states, relative, products
3. electrons, positive, electrons
4. more, displace, oxides, compounds
5. lower
6. heat, reactive, carbon.
7. ions, ions, Ions, spectator ions
8. position, electrolysis, carbon, gold, impurities.
9. B
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. C
16. D
17. (a) copper

(b) potassium
(c) gold
(d) iron
(e) aluminium
(f) potassium
18. (a) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g)→2Al2O3(s)

(b) 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)→4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
(c) 2Cu(NO3)2(s) →2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(d) 2KClO3(s) →2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
(e) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)→4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(f) 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g)→3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
(g) 4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g)→2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2 (g)
(h) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)→4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
(i) Mg3N2(s) + 3H2O(l)→3MgO(s) + 2NH3(g)
(j) 2Al(s) + 3Fe2+(aq)→2Al3+(aq) + 3Fe(s)
19. (a) A reaction takes place. Magnesium dissolves and colourless bubbles are
evolved.
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) à MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(b) A reaction takes place. Calcium burns quite vigorously with a brick-red
flame to produce a white powder.
2Ca(s) + O2(g) à 2CaO(s)
(c) No reaction takes place.
44
(d) No reaction takes place.
(e) No reaction takes place.
(f) A reaction takes place. Copper slowly dissolves and some shiny cru=ystals
form on the copper surface. The solution gradually turns blue.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) à Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)
20. (a) Oxygen gas

(b) Silver
(c) Hydrogen gas
(d) Sodium
(e) (i) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) à ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(ii) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) à Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(f) A<C<B
21. Electrolysis of molten ore:

Reactive metals can be obtained from their ores by electrolysis. During the
process, the purified ore is melted. Electricity is then passed through the ore to
separate the metal from it.
electricity
e.g. aluminium oxide à aluminium + oxygen
Reduction of the metal ore with carbon:
Some less reactive metals can be extracted from their ores by heating with
carbon.
e.g. iron(III) oxide + carbon à iron + carbon dioxide
Heating the metal ore in air:
Metal oxides of some unreactive metal decompose on heating to produce the
metal and oxygen.
e.g. silver oxide à silver + oxygen
The method used to extract a metal from its ore depends on the position of the
metal in the reactivity series.
45
Chapter 12 Reacting masses
A12.1
1 mole of silver contains 6.02 ´ 1023 silver atoms.
Number of moles of silver atoms
= number of atoms/L
= 1.204 ´ 1023 = 0.200 mol
6.02 ´ 1023
Molar mass of silver (Ag)
= 108 g mol-1
Mass of pure silver metal to be weighed out (for counting indirectly)
= number of moles ´ molar mass
= 0.200 ´ 108 g
= 21.6 g
A12.2
1. (a) 55.8 ´ 2 + (32.1 + 16.0 ´ 4) ´ 3 = 399.9
(b) 399.9 g mol-1
(c) 399.9 ´ 0.2000 = 79.98 g
2. Molar mass of silver (Ag)
= 108 g mol-1
Number of moles of silver atoms
= mass (g)
molar mass (g mol-1)
= 27.0 mol
108
= 0.250 mol
Number of silver atoms
= number of moles ´ L
= 0.250 ´ (6.02 ´1023)
= 1.51 ´ 1023
A12.3
1. (a) 0.200 ´ 35.5 = 7.10 g
(b) 0.200 ´ (35.5 ´ 2) = 14.2 g
(c) 1.20 mol of chlorine (Cl2) contains the same number of molecules as 1.20
mol of water (H2O).
Mass of chlorine
= 1.20 ´ (35.5 ´ 2) g
= 85.2 g
2. (a) Molar mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
= 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0 g mol-1
= 40.0 g mol-1
Mass of NaOH
= 0.250 ´ 40.0 = 10.0 g
Number of formula units of NaOH
46
= 0.250 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 1.51 ´ 1023
(b) Since helium is monoatomic, molar mass of He = 4.0 g mol-1.
Number of moles of He molecules
= 0.20 = 0.050 mol
4.0
Number of He molecules
= 0.050 ´ 6.02 ´ 1023
= 3.0 ´ 1022
(c) Molar mass of sulphur dioxide (SO2)
= 32.1 + 16.0 ´ 2 g mol-1
= 64.1 g mol-1
Number of moles of SO2
= 3.01 ´ 1024 mol
6.02 ´ 10 23
= 5.00 mol
Mass of SO2 = 5.00 ´ 64.1 g = 321 g
(d) Number of moles of X
= 3.01 ´ 1023 mol
6.02 ´ 10 23
= 0.500 mol
Molar mass of X = 23.0 g mol-1
0.500
= 46.0 g mol-1
A12.4
1. Number of moles of Na
= 100/23 = 4.35 mol
Since number of moles of Na : number of moles of NaNO3 = 1 : 1
\number of moles of NaNO3 = 4.35
Mass of NaNO3 = 4.35 ´ (23.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 ´ 2) = 300.15
% by mass of N in NaNO3 = 14.0
23.0 + 14.0 + 16.0 ´ 2
= 20.1%
Mass of N = 300.15 ´ 20.1% = 60.3 g
2. Number of moles of Na
= 4.6/23 = 0.2 mol
Since number of moles of Na : number of moles of Na2CO3•10H2O = 2 : 1
\number of moles of Na2CO3•10H2O = 0.1
Mass of Na2CO3•10H2O = 0.1 ´ (23.0 ´ 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 ´ 3 + 10 ´ (1 ´ 2 + 16))
= 28.6
% by mass of H2O in Na2CO3•10H2O = 10 ´ (1 ´ 2 + 16)
(23.0 ´ 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 ´ 3 + 10 ´ (1 ´ 2 + 16))
= 62.9%
Mass of H2O = 28.6 ´ 62.9% = 17.99 g
3. Let the relative atomic mass of M be a.
Fraction by mass of M in MO = relative atomic mass of M
formula mass of MO
79.87 = a
47
100 a + 16
\a = 63.5
4. % by mass of Cl in MCl = 5.68/26.88 = 21.13%
\% by mass of M in MCl = 100% - 21.13% = 78.87%
Let the relative atomic mass of M be a.
Fraction by mass of M in MCl = relative atomic mass of M
formula mass of MCl
78.87 = a
100 a + 35.5
\a = 132.5
A12.5
(a) C4H8
(b) CH2
A12.6
1. Let CxHyOz be the empirical formula of the compound.
Number of moles CO2 = 1.173/44.0 = 0.0267 mol
\number of moles of C = 0.0267 mol
Number of moles of H2O = 0.24/(1.0 ´ 2 + 16.0) = 0.0133 mol
\number of moles H = 0.0133 ´ 2 = 0.0266 mol
Mass of C in the compound = 0.0267 ´ 12.0 = 0.3204 g
Mass of H in the compound = 0.0266 ´ 1.0 = 0.0266 g
\mass of O in the compound = 1.2 – 0.3204 – 0.0266 = 0.849 g
\number of moles of O in the compound = 0.849/16.00 = 0.053 mol
C H O
Masses (in g) 0.3204 0.0266 0.849
Number of moles 0.0267 0.0266 0.053
Relative number 0.0267/0.0266 ~ 1 0.0266/0.0266 = 1 0.053/0.0266 ~ 2
of mole
\the empirical formula of the compound is CHO2.
2.
C H
Masses (in g) 0.857 0.143
Number of moles 0.857/12.0 = 0.07142 0.143/1.0 = 0.143
Relative number of 0.07142/0.07142 = 1 0.143/0.07142 ~ 1
mole
\the empirical formula of the compound is CH2.
A12.7
Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from the compound,
12.0
mass of C in the compound = 1.32 g ´ = 0.36 g
12.0 + 16.0 ´ 2
0.45 g ´ 1.0 ´ 2
mass of H in the compound = = 0.05 g
1.0 ´ 2 + 6.0
The rest of the compound must be oxygen.
48
∴mass of O in compound = (0.81 – 0.36 – 0.05) g = 0.40 g
Now go on to find the empirical formula as follows:
C H O
Masses (in g) 0.36 0.05 0.40
Number of moles of atoms 0.36 0.05 0.40
(mol) = 0.03 = 0.05 = 0.025
mass in g 12 1.0 16
( =
molar mass )
Relative number of moles 0.03 0.05 0.025

(divided by the smallest = 1.2 =2 =1
number) 0.025 0.025 0.025
multiplied by the smallest 1.2 ´ 5 = 6 2 ´ 5 = 10 1´5=5

possible whole number (5
here) to turn all values into
whole number
∴empirical formula of compound is C6H10O5
Let its molecular formula be (C6H10O5)n, where n is a whole number.
Relative molecular mass of (C6H10O5) n = 80
n(12 ´ 6 + 1 ´ 10 + 16 ´ 5 ) = 320
162n = 320
n=2
A12.8
(a) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Mole ratio of Ca : Ca(OH)2 = 1 : 1
Molar mass of Ca = 40.1 g mol-1
Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 40.1 + (16 + 1) ´ 2 = 74.1g mol-1
1.50
Number of moles of Ca used = mol
40.1
= 0.0374 mol
Number of moles of Ca(OH)2 formed = 0.0374 mol
∴theoretical mass of Ca(OH)2 formed = 0.0374 ´ 74.1 g
= 2.77 g
49
Chapter 12 Reacting masses
1. relative atomic masses

2. Avogadro constant (L)
3. 12, carbon-12.
4. formula mass, gram
5. molar mass
6. Relative atomic mass, number
7. empirical
8. composition
9. relative molecular mass
10. theoretical
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. D
16. B
17. A
18.
Formula Relative Relative Molar mass
atomic molecular
mass mass
a. Na 23.0 n.a. 23.0
b. NO3- n.a. n.a. 62.0
c. N 14.0 n.a. 14.0
d. N2 n.a. 28.0 28.0
e. H2O n.a. 18.0 18.0
f. NaCl n.a. n.a. 58.5
g. [Cu(NH3)4]2+ n.a. n.a. 131.5
19. (a) (i) 1.204 ´ 1024 atoms

(ii) 7.525 ´ 1022 atoms
(iii) 2.709 ´ 1024 atoms
(iv) 1.084 ´ 1025 atoms
(v) 6.578 ´ 1023 atoms
(b) (i) 213 g
(ii) 6 mol
(iii) 2 mol
(iv) AlCl3
20. (a) (i) CH4

(ii) Na2SO3
(b) Sodium oxide forms in air: NaO.
Sodium oxide forms in pure oxygen: Na2O.
50
21. (a) 4.84 g
(b) 106
(c) 0.0457 mol
(d) 0.457 mol
(e) 10
22. (a) 2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) à 4Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

(b) 0.226 kg
(c) 1.398 kg
23. 1. Weight a clean, dry crucible and lid.

2. Clean a magnesium ribbon with sandpaper and put it into the crucible.
3. Cover the crucible with the lid and weigh again. Calculate the mass of
magnesium used
4. Heat the crucible strongly until the magnesium catches fire.
magnesium ribbon
crucible
rocksil
pipeclay triangle
tripod heat very

strongly
5. From time to time, lift the lid slightly so as to let in air to react with
magnesium.
6. When reaction completed, allow the crucible to cool.
7. Weigh the lid, crucible and the contents.
8. Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide formed. Then calculate the mass of
oxygen in the compound.
9. The empirical formula can be worked out by changing the composition by
mass to the simplest whole number mole ratio.
51
Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection
A13.1
1. In Tube 1, moisture in air has been absorbed by anhydrous calcium chloride. In
Tube 2, dissolved air in water has been driven out by boiling. Besides, the oil
layer on top prevents air from dissolving in water again.
Iron nail is immersed in distilled water in Tube 3, and in sea water in Tube 4.
Distilled water and sea water both contain dissolved air.
2. No; there is no air on the Moon.
(In 3/1998, NASA revealed that there was strong evidence for the existence of a
large quantity of ice at the poles of the Moon. Thus the old idea that there was no
water on the Moon might have to be changed.)
A13.2
Stainless steel is too expensive to be used in large objects.
52
Chapter 13 Corrosion of metals and their protection
1. Corrosion, air, water

2. rusting
3. water, iron(III) oxide
4. (a) acidic solutions, soluble salts
(b) temperature
(c) less
(d) Uneven, pointed
5. blue, Fe2+(aq)
6. (a) paint, oil, grease, metal
(b) alloys
(c) Sacrificial, galvanizing
(d) Cathodic
7. aluminium oxide, anodizing (or anodization)
8. A
9. B
10. B
11. B
12. B
13. C
14. (a) The anhydrous calcium chloride can absorb moisture (water) in air.
(b) The oil layer can prevent air from dissolving in water.
(c) Tubes 2, 3 and 4. This is because all these tubes have both water and air
inside.
(d) Tubes 1 and 5. This is because tube 1 has no water inside wheras intube 5
the boiled distilled water does not contain air.
(e) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2nH2O(l) à 2Fe2O3•nH2O(s)
(f) Adding acidic solutions or soluble salts to the test tubes can increase the
speed of rusting.
15. (a) Dish 1: A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail.
Dish 2: A blue colour appears, mainly around the head and tip of the nail.
The blue areas are larger than the ones observed in Dish 1.
Dish 3: No blue colour appears but gas bubbles appear around the
magnesium ribbon.
(b) Dish 1: A blue colour appears, showing that the iron nail rusts. The blue
colour appears mainly around the head and tip of the iron nail because these
regions are sharply pointed. Iron loses electrons more readily in these
regions.
Dish 2: A blue colour appears, showing that the iron nail rusts. The iron
wrapped with copper rusts more quickly than iron alone. This is because the
copper is less reactive than iron, causing iron to lose electrons more readily.
This speeds up the rusting of the iron nails.
Dish 3: A blue colour does not appear, showing that the iron nail does not
rust. This is because magnesium is more reactive than iron, preventing iron
53
from losing electrons. However, magnesium reacts with hot water in the gel
to form hydrogen. This explains why there are gas bubbles around the
magnesium.
(c) Magnesium > Iron > Copper
16. Both water and air are necessary for rusting to occur. Any method which can
keep out one or both of them from iron will prevent rusting. Methods include:
Applying a protective layer:
Coating with paint, plastic, oil or grease as well as tin-plating prevents oxygen
and water from contacting with iron for rusting to occur.
Sacrificial protection:
When iron is in contact with a more reactive metal, the more reactive metal loses
electrons in preference to iron. This would prevent iron from rusting.
Use alloys of iron:
Stainless steel can be made by alloying steel with other metals like chromium,
nickel and manganese.
Cathodic protection:
Electricity can prevent iron rusting by supplying electrons to the iron. Thus,
preventing the iron from losing electrons.
54
Part III Metals
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. D
9. A
10. A
11. (a) Y>X>Z

(b) Stored under paraffin oil.
(c) 2Y + 2H2O(l) à 2YOH(aq) + H2(g)
(d) Y floats on water and burns. Colourless gas bubbles evolved.
(e) X is calcium.
Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) à CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(f) Brick red flame
(g) Z is iron. Z can be extracted from its ore by heating with carbon.
Fe3O4(s) + 2C(s) à 3Fe(s) + 2CO2(g)
12. (a) 0.90 g

(b) 217 g
(c) No. of moles of Y = 2
Charge of an ion of X = 2+
(d) X(s) + 2Y+(aq) à X2+(aq) + 2Y(s)
13. (a) (i) 20.7 g

(ii) 220 g
(iii) 48 g
(iv) 292 g
(b) (i) CH
(ii) PbO2
(iii) Al2S3O12
(iv) C2NOH5
14. (a) To maintain a continuous flow of town gas over copper oxide and to burn
away excess town gas.
(b) Larger
(c) 2.58 g
(d) 2.06 g
(e) 0.52 g
(f) This oxygen was removed by combining with CO and H2 in town gas to
form CO2 and H2O respectively.
(g) 0.0324
55
(h) 0.0325
(i) CuO
15. (a) (i) Air and water

(ii) Sodium chloride and wet mud
(iii)Yes
(iv) The paint acts as a protective layer which keeps oxygen and water
from iron.
(b) Car exhaust contains acidic gas like nitrogen oxides which speed up the
rusting process. Also, the exhaust is very hot.
(c) Aluminium
56

HKDSE CHEMISTRY - Book 1 Ans

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY – A Modern View

Chapter 1 The Fundamentals of Chemistry

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

Clothing Food Housing

Transport Medical care Entertainment

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

1. science, observations, experiments

31. (a) Tasteless; no smell; colourless; liquid at room conditions

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

(b) Neon and helium.

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

1. crust, mantle , core, atmosphere

14. (a) Nitrogen

16. (a) Fractional distillation of liquid air

17. (a) Nitrogen and oxygen

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

1. sodium chloride (common salt), sodium, chlorine

20. (a) Filtration

mixture of sand and

receiver test tube

(e) Test for sodium ions: Flame test.

24. (a) Electrolysis means ‘decomposition by electricity’.

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

1. minerals, a mixture of minerals

34. (a) Calcium carbonate

35. (a) (i) Calcium oxide

Suggested Answers for Part Exercises

20. (a) Hydrogen – as fuel

22. (a) X: carbon dioxide; Y : water; Z : carbon dioxide.

23. (a) Refer to Book 1A p.69.

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

(b) (i) 2,8,7 (ii)

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

28. (a) Q and R

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

20. (a) Magnesium, silicon, chlorine. They are in Period 3.

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

21. (a) Calcium sulphate

22. (a) A: 2,5; B: 2, 8, 1; C: 2, 8, 2; D: 2, 8, 6

(c) Giant ionic structure

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

(b) (i) NCl3 (ii)

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

24. (a) Silane SiH4

(b) Hydrogen chloride HCl

(c) Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

(e) Phosphorus trichloride PCl3

25. (a) HBr

26. (a) A: 2,1; B: 2,4; C: 2,6; D: 2,8; E: 2, 8, 2; F: 2, 8, 7

27. (a) W: H–H

Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride.

Suggested Answers for Class Practice

Suggested Answers for Chapter Exercises

17. (a) Covalent bonding

18. (a) X: Giant ionic structure;

19. (a) Substance B

Suggested Answers for Part Exercises

(d) Neon has an octet of electrons which gives it an exceptional stability.

14. (a) (i) C

(b) A, since it is a metal while all others are non-metals.