Module 3

AMAL JYOTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
KANJIRAPPALLY
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Department of Computer Science, Amaljyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirapally

Projections – Parallel and perspective projections – vanishing
points.
Visible surface detection methods– Back face removal- Z-
Buffer algorithm, Depth-sorting method, Scan line algorithm.
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Projections
It is the process of converting a 3D object into a 2D object. It is also defined as

mapping or transformation of the object in projection plane or view plane.
The view plane is displayed surface.
There are two graphical projection categories,
❑ Parallel projection
❑ Perspective projection
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Parallel projection
A parallel projection is a
projection of an object in
three-dimensional space onto a
fixed plane, known as the
projection plane or image
plane, where the rays, known
as lines of sight or projection
lines, are parallel to each other.
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Orthographic Projection
In orthographic projection the direction of projection is normal to the
projection of the plane. There are three types of orthographic projections −
•Front Projection
•Top Projection
•Side Projection
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Oblique Projection
In oblique projection, the direction of projection is not normal to the projection of

plane.
In oblique projection, we can view the object better than orthographic projection.
There are two types of oblique projections − Cavalier and Cabinet.
The Cavalier projection makes 45° angle with the projection plane. The
projection of a line perpendicular to the view plane has the same length as the line
itself in Cavalier projection. In a cavalier projection, the foreshortening factors for
all three principal directions are equal.
The Cabinet projection makes 63.4° angle with the projection plane. In Cabinet
projection, lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are projected at ½ their actual
length.
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Isometric Projections
Orthographic projections that show more than one side of an object are
called axonometric orthographic projections.
The most common axonometric projection

is an isometric projection where the
projection plane intersects each coordinate
axis in the model coordinate system at an
equal distance.
In this projection parallelism of lines are
preserved but angles are not preserved.
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Perspective Projection
In perspective projection farther away object from the viewer, small it

appears. This property of projection gives an idea about depth. The artist use
perspective projection from drawing three-dimensional scenes.
Two main characteristics of perspective are
vanishing points and perspective
foreshortening. Due to foreshortening
object and lengths appear smaller from the
center of projection. More we increase the
distance from the center of projection,
smaller will be the object appear.
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Vanishing Point
It is the point where all lines will appear to meet. There can be one
point, two point, and three point perspectives.
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One Point: There is only one vanishing point
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Two Points: There are two vanishing points. One is the x-direction and
other in the y -direction
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Three Points: There are three vanishing points. One is x second in y
and third in two directions.
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Parallel Projection Perspective Projection
Parallel projection represents the Perspective projection represents
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object in a different way like telescope. the object in three dimensional way.
The distance of the object from the The distance of the object from the
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center of projection is infinite. center of projection is finite.
Parallel projection can give the accurate Perspective projection cannot give
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view of object. the accurate view of object.
The lines of parallel projection are The lines of perspective projection
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parallel. are not parallel.
Three types of perspective
Two types of parallel projection : projection:
5 1.Orthographic, 1.one point perspective,
2.Oblique 2.Two point perspective,
3. Three point perspective,
6 It does not form realistic view of object. It forms a realistic view of object.
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Visible surface detection methods
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When we view a picture containing non-transparent objects and
surfaces, then we cannot see those objects from view which are
behind from objects closer to eye.
We must remove these hidden surfaces to get a realistic screen
image. The identification and removal of these surfaces is
called Hidden-surface problem.
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Classification of Visible-Surface Detection Algorithms:
There are two approaches for removing hidden surface problems

− Object-Space method and Image-space method.
The Object-space method is implemented in physical coordinate

system and image-space method is implemented in screen
coordinate system.
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1. Object-space Methods
Compare objects and parts of objects to each other within the scene
definition to determine which surfaces, as a whole, we should label as
visible:
❑ Compare each object with all other objects to determine the visibility of
the object parts.
❑If there are n objects in the scene, complexity = O(n2 )
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❑ Calculations are performed at the resolution in which the objects are
defined
❑ Display is more accurate but computationally more expensive as
compared to image space methods because step 1 is typically more
complex, eg. Due to the possibility of intersection between surfaces. –
❑ Suitable for scene with small number of objects and objects with simple
relationship with each other.
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Image-space Methods (Mostly used)
Visibility is determined point by point at each pixel position on the projection

plane.
- For each pixel, examine all n objects to determine the one closest to the
viewer.
- If there are p pixels in the image, complexity depends on n and p ( O(np) ).
- Accuracy of the calculation is bounded by the display resolution.
- A change of display resolution requires re-calculation.
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Back-Face Detection
When we project 3-D objects on a 2-D screen, we need to detect the faces
that are hidden on 2D.
Back-Face detection, also known as Plane Equation method, is an
object space method in which objects and parts of objects are compared
to find out the visible surfaces.
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In a solid object, there are surfaces which are facing the viewer (front faces)
and there are surfaces which are opposite to the viewer (back faces).
These back faces contribute to

approximately half of the total
number of surfaces. Since we
cannot see these surfaces anyway,
to save processing time, we can
remove them before the clipping
process with a simple test.
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Depth-Buffer Method
This approach compares surface depths at each pixel position on the

projection plane.
Object depth is usually measured from the view plane along the z axis of a
viewing system.
This method requires 2 buffers: one is the image buffer and the other is
called the z-buffer (or the depth buffer).
Each of these buffers has the same resolution as the image to be captured.
As surfaces are processed, the image buffer is used to store the color values
of each pixel position and the z-buffer is used to store the depth values for
each (x,y) position.
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Advantages
•It is easy to implement.
•It reduces the speed problem if implemented in hardware.
•It processes one object at a time.
Disadvantages
•It requires large memory.
•It is time consuming process.

Uses
The Z-buffer is a technology used in almost all contemporary computers,

laptops and mobile phones for performing 3D graphics, for example for
computer games.
Furthermore, Z-buffer data obtained from rendering a surface from a

light's point of view permits the creation of shadows by the shadow
mapping technique

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To facilitate the search for surfaces crossing a given scan-line, an active list of
edges is formed.
The active list stores only those edges that cross the scan-line in order of
increasing x.
Also a flag is set for each surface to indicate whether a position along a scan-line
is either inside or outside the surface.
Pixel positions across each scan-line are processed from left to right.
At the left intersection with a surface, the surface flag is turned on and at the right,
the flag is turned off.
You only need to perform depth calculations when multiple surfaces have their
flags turned on at a certain scan-line position.
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AMAL JYOTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Department of Computer Science, Amaljyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirapally

It is the process of converting a 3D object into a 2D object. It is also defined as

The view plane is displayed surface.

There are two graphical projection categories,

In oblique projection, the direction of projection is not normal to the projection of

The most common axonometric projection

In perspective projection farther away object from the viewer, small it

There are two approaches for removing hidden surface problems

The Object-space method is implemented in physical coordinate

Visibility is determined point by point at each pixel position on the projection

These back faces contribute to

This approach compares surface depths at each pixel position on the

Department of Computer Science, Amaljyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirapally

The Z-buffer is a technology used in almost all contemporary computers,

Furthermore, Z-buffer data obtained from rendering a surface from a

Department of Computer Science, Amaljyothi College of Engineering, Kanjirapally

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