ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING AND

GRAPHICS

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Introduction to Various Architectural Instruments

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Projection

• The easiest way to define the projections is “It is the game of lines used in
technical drawings on either three dimensional or on plane surface i.e. 2D
page”.

• 3D projections although gives a clear view of the design object

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Classification of Projections

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Perspective Projection
• It is the way of projection in which the drawing is made on a plane in such a way that the near objects
looks larger than the far one.
• Perspective projection is the one in which rays other object converges at one point.

• One-point: • Two-point • Three-point

A System of representing 3D A System of representing 3D A System of representing 3D
objects and space on a 2D objects and space on a 2D objects and space on a 2D
surface by means of surface by means of surface by means of
intersecting lines that are drawn intersecting lines that are drawn intersecting lines that are
vertically and horizontally and vertically and horizontally and drawn vertically and
that radiate from one point on a that radiate from two point on a horizontally and that radiate
horizon line horizon line. from two point on a horizon
line.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Parallel Projection
• It is a type of projections in which the lines/rays of the 3D object do never intersect with each other i.e.
the rays always remains parallel to each other.
• Parallel Projection is INFINITE.

• Orthographic : • Oblique Projection :

A way to project the object’s views on a 2D
plane surface in which the projection lines are
perpendicular to the surface
Multiview:
When more than one projection planes are
used the result is a Multiview projection
Method of drawing an object in a way that
face parallel to the picture plane is
represented in in exact/accurate manner but
the other faces are drawn on any convenient
angle other than 90.
Cavalier: Cabinet :

Axonometric: Axonometric means “to

measure along axes.
 Orthographic Projection

• An Orthographic projection is a 2-D representation of a 3-D object.

• The 2-D drawing represents different sides of an object.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Orthographic Projection

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Orthographic Projection
How do we create the 6 principal
views?
 
•The object is placed in a glass box.
•The image of the object is projected on the
sides of the box.
•The box is unfolded.
•The sides of the box are the principal views .

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Orthographic Projection
How many views do we need to completely describe various objects ?
Orthographic Projection

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Orthographic Projection
Steps used to create an orthographic projection
1.Choose a front view. This is the view that shows the
most about the object.
2.Decide how many views are needed to completely
describe the object. If you are unable to determine
which views will be needed, draw the standard views
(front, top and right side).
3.Draw the visible features of the front view.
4.Draw projectors off of the front view horizontally and
vertically in order to create the boundaries for the top
and right side views.
5.Draw the top view. Use the vertical projectors to fill in
the visible and hidden features.
6.Project from the top view back to the front view. Use
the vertical projectors to fill in any missing visible or
hidden features in the front view.
7.Draw a 45° projector off of the upper right corner of
the box that encloses the front view.
8.From the top view, draw projectors over to the 45°
45 degree angle line and down in order to create the boundaries of the
right side view.
9.Draw the right side view.
10.  Project back to the top and front view from the
right side view as needed.
11.  Draw center lines where necessary.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Orthographic Projection

Vertical Plane

Reference Line

Horizontal Plane

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Orthographic Projection

Vertical Plane

Reference Line

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 Orthographic Projection
1st Angle Quadrant 3rd Angle Quadrant

This is done by taking an object's views and placing them on their

respective planes. Front view on frontal, top view on horizontal,
and side view on profile.
When viewing the object is always in the opposite of the viewer
and the object is always in the middle in view of the observer.
 Orthographic Projection
1st Angle Quadrant 3rd Angle Quadrant

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Orthographic Projection
1st Angle Quadrant 3rd Angle Quadrant

•Front and top form under and over each other

•Front shows a objects length and height
•Side shows the breadth and height
Rules •Top shows length and breadth
•Side forms besides the front
•Projection lines form by meeting two surfaces
•Hidden details of the object is shown by dotted lines
 Axonometric
& Oblique
Projection

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Axonometric Projection
Parallel & normal
to picture plane
B
A

D
Line C
of B
A
sight
D
C

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Axonometric Projection
Type of axonometric drawing
Axonometric axis
a
1. Isometric All angles are equal.
b c

B
A B
a Axonometric axis
AC D
2. Dimetric b c Two angles are equal.
D

a Axonometric axis
3. Trimetric b c None of angles are
equal.
MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA
 Oblique Projection

Parallel & oblique

to picture plane

A
A
Line
B B
of C
sight C
D
D

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Oblique Projection
Oblique drawing angle

60o
45
o

A
30o
B

C
A B Type of Oblique drawing
D
1) Cavalier 2) Cabinet
C D
Full
scale Half
scale

45o 45o

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Isometric Projection
& Isometric drawing

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Isometric Projection
Rotate 45
about vertical axis

Tilt forward
(35o16’)

All edges foreshorten

about 0.8 time.
MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA
 Isometric Drawing
Isometric drawing is a drawing drawn on an isometric
axes using full scale.

Isometric projection Isometric drawing

(True projection) (Full scale)

Forshorten

Full scale
 Positions of Isometric Axes
Isometric axes can be arbitrarily positioned to create
different views of a single object.
Regular Reverse axis Long axis
isometric isometric isometric

View point is looking View point is looking View point is looking

down on the top of up on the bottom of from the right (or left)
the object. the object. of the object.
Distance in Isometric Drawing
True-length distances are shown along
isometric lines.
Isometric line is the line that run parallel to
any of the isometric axes.

Nonisometric lines

Isometric axes
 Isometric
Sketching

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 Sketch from an actual object

STEPS

1. Positioning object.

2. Select isometric axis.

3. Sketch enclosing box.

4. Add details.

5. Darken visible lines.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Sketch from an actual object
STEPS
1. Positioning object.
2. Select isometric axis.
3. Sketch enclosing
box.
4. Add details.

5. Darken visible lines.

Note In isometric sketch/drawing), hidden lines are omitted

unless they are absolutely necessary to completely
describe the object.
Sketch from multiview drawing

1. Interprete the meaning of lines/areas in

multiview drawing.

2. Locate the lines or surfaces relative to isometric

axis.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Example 1 : Object has only normal surfaces

Top
Regular H
Top View
Front
Side

W
D
Front View Side View
H
W D
Side
Reverse Front
Bottom View
Bottom
Example 2 : Object has inclined surfaces

D
Nonisometric line

q y

H
y

x
x Front View
W

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Example 3 : Object has inclined surfaces

C B A x

x x
B

C A

y
y

C
B A

Nonisometric line

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Example 4
Regular
x

y C
E
B D F
Front View
A
B

C D Reverse
A F E
 Circle & Arc in Isometric
In isometric drawing, a circle appears as an ellipse.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the centre of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.

3. Sketch arcs that connect the

tangent points.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Circle & Arc in Isometric
Four-centre method is usually used when drawn an
isometric ellipse with drawing instrument.

Sketching Steps
1. Locate the centre of an ellipse.
2. Construct an isometric square.
3. Construct a perpendicular
bisector from each tangent point.

4. Locate the four centres.

5. Draw the arcs with these centres
and tangent to isometric square.
MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA
Example 5

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 Irregular Curve in Isometric
Steps
1. Construct points along the
curve in multiview drawing.

2. Locate these points in the

isometric view.

3. Sketch the connecting lines.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Oblique
Sketching

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Object Orientation Guidelines
Place complex features (arc, hole, irregular shape
surface parallel to frontal plane.

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

 Object Orientation Guidelines
The longest dimension of an object should be
parallel to the frontal plane.

GOOD GOOD

WORSE WORSE

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Object Orientation Guidelines

Which orientation is better ?

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from actual object

ESTIMATE DEPTH
ESTIMATE LINES

45

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from multiview drawing

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from multiview drawing

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA

Sketch from multiview drawing

E
D

B
A

MR. PUSHPENDRA KUMAR SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, VIJAYAWADA