preliminaries FCL u re

vector Space Let k be a fied ad

Cst is an abelian
vector
goop We Say
That V is a
space over the

field k if there is a scale

multiplication Kxv 3 u at
that
i M Lie are taek
it
4K M V EV

ii Lt B ne VAPE K
Lat Bre
Kneer
iii Bu Capone
IV I ne ne Freev

Module Let R be a
ring and
 og

Cst is an abelian
vector
goop We Say
That V is a
space over the
ring k if there is a scale
multiplication Rxv 3 u at
that
i Lu are taek
QQ.tn
4K M V EV

ii Lt B ne
Lay pre VIPER
Kneer
iii Bu Capone
IV line a freer

IR x MCR MEIR

XX ECK KC
 let k be vector
Def
a

let W wa
space
be two subspaces of V We
that V direct sum of
By is
W and wa y i e
2,37 2 0
103
V W Wr
if
1 Ve me me MEW MEW
I're for every VET F me WI
and Nz E Wa S t

U neither

Ii W n wz 03

KR
f
e g

Wis 1,0 2 any

Wz Co 177 Y anis

R2 W We

N ans Y anis
Sinitta IR x1 m Finnigan
I 767,3 20,07 00,07 1093

2,3 07 2 0,0 30 3,0 ooo

5 vector space
IR LR a

R Cho Con

to 932,6ns
Bais
6,37 Ceu
digit and

R n
2,07
ans y ans

Be t
pl R

K x IR
 2 3 2,07 013

ve Wi
if i V E Wi
5 1

ii W nw 03
E

let k Sea vector span

Wi ien are ksubspassafv
We say that

V
É Wi of

is N É Wi t e

for eve ve v st

Veneitnes Basi
nestheati aimed
Va
É Kei
 re Mi their t i
this
7
WE
Wi

Exopf
pay is an R vector space

RA aotaintaz n't tana is EIR

MENU o

R Basis I x a3x3

Fink 21 5 At 3m21 MY
I tht ult n't r
Rfa

Rfa IR IR.x R.x IRI

I
IR.pt IR n is a k vector
coma

let Rx Si
 the Phil si
1 0

Note that Si Sj I Sit

37C ES
IN EST
571

GondedRif We
let
Say
R be
that
a

R
rig

is graded rig of R can be

written direct sum of k subspace Ri s

of R Ji e

called
R R Ri is
the homogeneous
170
component ofi
That
teh degree
Ri Rj E Rie
Ro Ri R2 near
Rfa R KIRIERY CRARY'tRay
INGI Esty Ray
R

di R
R
I
diner 2
 R2 3 R 4
diz dig
dim Rs 6

Ri mid ga y
dim
4 dat
Rs
fan Q _g
tI
RB
Ri Ri E Rit

Ri
Rfa's
IQ Ri
Rat By IRL
4tpyo w

K flop
span n 7,3 Kami

ILYA
BOER
 RATT Rj

Can KA
8 82 4 BERND

bobcat
a yo P Con L BE IR

IR lo t R 011

R2 a
Span 235,5 no azz