Example

Solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦

𝑥𝑦3 = –108 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 = –3

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Inequalities
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – I (Transitivity)

If a > b and b > c ⇒ a > c

Example: 3 > 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 > 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 3 > 1

Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – II (Addition / Subtraction)

❑ If a ≤ b ⇒ a + c ≤ b + c

Example: If x ≤ y  y + 1 ≤ z + 1

❑ If a ≤ b ⇒ a – c ≤ b – c

Example: If x ≤ y  y – 1 ≤ z – 1
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – III (Multiplication /Division)

Case-1 : (c > 0)
❑ a ≥ b ⇒ ac ≥ bc

Example: 3 > 2 ⇒ 5 × 3 > 2 × 5

𝒂 𝒃
❑ a≥b⇒ ≥
𝒄 𝒄

3 2
Example: 3 > 2 ⇒ 10 > 10
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – III (Multiplication /Division)

Case-2 : If we multiply or divide an inequality by a negative number,
we must reverse the sign. (c < 0)
❑ a ≥ b ⇒ ac ≤ bc

Ex. 3 > 2 ⇒ –5 × 3 < 2 × –5

𝒂 𝒃
❑ a≥b⇒ ≤
𝒄 𝒄

3 2
Ex. 3 > 2 ⇒ –10 < –10
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – IV (Reciprocal {only for non-zero reals})

❑ When a and b are both positive or both negative, taking reciprocal

changes the direction of the inequality relation.
𝟏 𝟏
i. a and b are both positive: a ≤ b ⇒ ≥
𝒂 𝒃
1 1
Example, 5 < 10 ⇒ >
5 10

𝟏 𝟏
ii. a and b are both negative: a ≤ b ⇒ ≥
𝒂 𝒃
–1 –1
Example, –10 < – 5 ⇒ >
10 5
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – IV (Reciprocal {only for non-zero reals})

❑ When a and b are of opposite signs, taking reciprocal retains the

inequality relation as it is.

𝟏 𝟏
iii. a < b ⇒ <
𝒂 𝒃
–1 1
Example, –10 < 5 ⇒ <
10 5
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – V (Squaring)

❑ When a and b are both positive, squaring retains the inequality

relation.
I. If a ≤ b ⇒ 𝒂𝟐 ≤ 𝒃𝟐
Ex. 2 ≤ 3 ⇒ 4 ≤ 9

❑ When a and b are both negative, squaring changes the direction of

the inequality relation.
II. If a ≤ b ⇒ 𝒂𝟐 ≥ 𝒃𝟐
Ex. –3 ≤ –2 ⇒ 9 ≥ 4
Inequalities
➢ Properties of Inequalities

✓ Property – V (Squaring)

❑ When a and b are of opposite signs, nothing can be concluded about the
direction of the inequality relation, after squaring.
III. Ex. –2 < 3 and 𝟒 < 𝟗 .
But –3 < 2 and 9 < 4.
Examples
Example
Example

Solve for 'x’

3𝑥 + 4 4 – 3𝑥
>
5 2

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Solve for '𝑥’

7𝑥 – 8  8𝑥 + 4

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

3𝑥+4
Solve: 1  <8
5

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Arrange 334, 251, 717 in descending order

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Find largest among 21/2, 31/3, 41/4, 61/6, 81/8.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Equations Reducible to Quadratic
𝒂(𝒇(𝒙))2 + 𝒃(𝒇(𝒙)) + 𝒄 = 0, where 𝑓(𝑥) is expression of 𝑥.
Put 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦

𝒎𝒂2𝒙 + 𝒏(𝒂𝒃)𝒙 + 𝒓𝒃2𝒙 = 0 (𝒂 & 𝒃 > 0)

𝑎 𝑥
Divide the equation by 𝑏2𝑥 and put = 𝑡, for 𝑡 > 0
𝑏
Inequalities
Property – I (Transitivity): If a > b and b > c ⇒ a > c

Property – II (Addition / Subtraction): If a ≤ b ⇒ a + c ≤ b + c

If a ≤ b ⇒ a – c ≤ b – c

Property – III (Multiplication /Division):

𝑎 𝑏
Case-1 - (c > 0): a ≥ b ⇒ ac ≥ bc. a≥b⇒ ≥
𝑐 𝑐
Case-2 : If we multiply or divide an inequality by a negative
number, we must reverse the sign.
𝑎 𝑏
(c < 0): a ≥ b ⇒ ac ≤ bc a≥b⇒ ≤
𝑐 𝑐
Inequalities
Property – IV (Reciprocal {only for non reals})
When a and b are both positive or both negative, taking reciprocal
changes the direction of the inequality relation.
1 1
i. a and b are both positive: a ≤ b ⇒ ≥
𝑎 𝑏
1 1
ii. a and b are both negative: a ≤ b ⇒ ≥
𝑎 𝑏
When a and b are of opposite signs, taking reciprocal retains the
inequality relation as it is.
1 1
iii. a < b ⇒ <
𝑎 𝑏
Inequalities
Property – V (Squaring)
When a and b are both positive, squaring retains the inequality
relation.
I. If a ≤ b ⇒ 𝑎2 ≤ 𝑏2 ,
When a and b are both negative, squaring changes the direction of
the inequality relation.
II. If a ≤ b ⇒ 𝑎2 ≥ 𝑏2 ,
III. When a and b are of opposite signs, nothing can be concluded
about the direction of the inequality relation, after squaring.
𝒂𝒎 𝒏
𝒙 𝒑(𝒙) S𝒙𝒊2

FUNDAMENTAL OF ALGEBRA
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟑
SOS Inequalities
SOS Inequalities

The square of any real number is non-negative. So if x is

real, then 𝒙2  0.

Sum of squares (SOS) of real numbers is non negative.

That is S𝒙𝒊2  0.

This is know as SOS inequality.

Equality holds if 𝒙𝒊 = 0 " i .

Examples
Example
Example

If 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛  ℝ, then prove that 𝒙2 + 𝒚2 + 𝒛2  𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

If 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄  ℝ, & 𝒂2 + 4𝒃2 + 10  2𝒂 + 12𝒃 then 3𝒂 + 4𝒃 =

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Ratio & Proportion
 Ratio

If 𝑎 and 𝑏 be two quantities of the same kind, then their ratio is 𝒂 :

𝒂
𝒃; which may be denoted by the fraction (This may be an integer
𝒃

or fraction).
A ratio may represented in a number of ways
𝒂 𝒎𝒂 𝒏𝒂
e.g. = = =… where 𝒎, 𝒏, ...... are non-zero numbers.
𝒃 𝒎𝒃 𝒏𝒃
Let 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅 be positive integers now to compare two ratios 𝑎 : 𝑏
and 𝑐 : 𝑑 we use following :

• (𝒂 : 𝒃) > (c : 𝒅) if 𝒂𝒅 > 𝒃𝒄
• (𝒂 : 𝒃) = (𝒄 : 𝒅) if 𝒂𝒅 = 𝒃𝒄
• (𝒂 : 𝒃) < (𝒄 : 𝒅) if 𝒂𝒅 < 𝒃𝒄
Note

𝒂 𝒂+𝒙
If 𝒂 > 𝒃 > 0 and 𝒙 > 0, then > .
𝒃 𝒃+𝒙
41 45
e.g. >
40 44

𝒂 𝒂+𝒙
If 0 < 𝒂 < 𝒃 and 𝒙 > 0, then < .
𝒃 𝒃+𝒙
Proportion

When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities compositing
them are said to be proportional.
𝒂 𝒄
So, if = , then it is written as 𝒂 : 𝒃 = 𝒄 : 𝒅 or 𝒂 : 𝒃 :: 𝒄 : 𝒅 .
𝒃 𝒅

Where '𝒂' and '𝒅' are known as extremes and '𝒃′ and ′𝒄' are known
as means.

01 An important property of proportion :

Product of extremes = product of means.
𝒂 𝒄 𝒆 𝒂+𝒄+𝒆
02 If = = then each is equal to .
𝒃 𝒅 𝒇 𝒃+𝒅+𝒇

𝒂 𝒄 𝒃 𝒅
03 If 𝒂 : 𝒃 = 𝒄 : 𝒅, then 𝒃 : 𝒂 = 𝒅 : 𝒄 (Invertando) i.e. =  =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒂 𝒄
Proportion

04 If 𝑎 : 𝑏 = 𝑐 : 𝑑, then 𝑎 : 𝑐 = 𝑏 : 𝑑 i.e. (Alternando)

𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃
=  =
𝒃 𝒅 𝒄 𝒅

𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
05 If 𝑎 : 𝑏 = 𝑐 : 𝑑, then = i.e. (Componendo)
𝑏 𝑑
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒄
=  +1 = + 1
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 𝒅

𝑎–𝑏 𝑐𝑑
06 If 𝑎 : 𝑏 = 𝑐 : 𝑑, then = i.e. (Dividendo)
𝑏 𝑑
𝒂 𝒄 𝒂 𝒄
=  –1 = – 1
𝒃 𝒅 𝒃 𝒅
Proportion

07 If 𝑎 : 𝑏 = 𝑐 : 𝑑, then
𝒂+𝒃 𝒄+𝒅
= 𝒄–𝒅 (Componendo and dividendo)
𝒂–𝒃

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
i.e. 𝑏 = 𝑑  𝑏 + 1 = 𝑑 + 1  = ... (1)
𝑏 𝑑

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎–𝑏 𝑐–𝑑
–1 = 𝑑 –1  = ... (2)
𝑏 𝑏 𝑑

Dividing equation (1) by (2) we obtain

𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
= 𝑐–𝑑
𝑎–𝑏
Examples
Example
Example

In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk and water is 2 : 1. Quantity of

water should be added to make this ratio 1 : 2 is

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

Seats in Mechanical, Electrical & Chemical branch in a N.I.T. are in the ratio
5 : 7 : 8. There is a proposal to increase these seats by 40%, 50% & 75%
respectively. What will be ratio of increased seats.

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

A sum of money is to distributed among A, B, C & D in the proportion of 5 : 2

: 4 : 3. If C gets 1000 more than D then what is B's share

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Example

𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers such that = =
3 4 5
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 𝑎
= , then is : −
6 𝑏 + 2𝑐 + 3𝑑
(A) 1/2 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) Not determinable

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧