ZOOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

(Senior Secondary, Affiliated to CBSE, Delhi)

Study Materials August 2022-23
Class : IX Subject : Science

PHYSICS
( CHAPTER - 4 ) ( FLOATATION )
• Thrust : The force acting normally on a surface called thrust. Thrust is a vector quantity Thrust has
same unit as the force.
In S.I system the unit of thrust is Newton (N) while gravitational unit of thrust is Kgf.
1 Kgf = 9.8 N
Pressure : The thrust (or normal force) acting per unit area pressure of surface is called the pressure.
Thrust F
P = =
Area A
Unit of pressure is pascal
Pascal = I newton/m² i.e, 1Pa = JNm-2
Examples of Pressure in our daily life:
1. The railway tracks are laid on large sized wooden, iron or cement sleepers.
2.Tractors have broad tyres.
3. The school bag is provided with wide strips.
4. The tip of a needle is sharp.
5. It is easier to walk on soft ground if we have flat shoes rather than shoes with small heels.
Liquid Pressure : The force exerted per unit area of the wall is the pressure of liquid.

Factors affecting the pressure at a point in a liquid

i) Depth of point below the free surface (h)

ii) Density of liquid (p) and

iii) Acceleration due to gravity (g)

• Examples of Liquid Pressure :

i) The driver wears metallic cover while going into the sea.

ii) The walls of a dam are made thick at the bottom and then upwards.

Buoyancy : This force is exerted by every liquid on every body immersed in it. The tendency of liquid to
exert upward force on a body immersed in it is called buoyancy.

Unit of Buoyant : As buoyant force is a force its unit is same - as that of force. Therefore, the SI unit of
buoyant force is Newton (N).

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Factors affecting the byoyant forces :

1. Volume of the body submerged in liquid (V)

2. The density of liquid ( )

3. Acceleration due to gravity (g)

Achimedes Principle:
When a body is immersed in a liquid, two forces act on the body:
i) Weight of body (W) in downward direction
ii) Force of buoyancy on body (B) in upward direction.
Net force on the body = (W-B) in downward direction.
For an iron piece, the weight is more than the upthrust B. So the net weight of body (W-B) acts down-
ward, therefore an iron piece appears lighter in water. For wooden piece the weight is less than the up
thrust; so net weight of body (B-W) acts upward. Hence the wooden piece rises to the surface of water
and begins to float. On the basis of such experiences of daily life,
Archimedes stated a principle -
When a body is immersed partially or completely in a liquid it experiences upward force, which is equal
to the weight of liquid displaced.
Suppose a body is immersed partially or completely in a liquid of density ‘’ If 'M' is the mass of the body;
weight of body in air, W= Mg .If V is the volume of body immersed in liquid, then weight of liquid dis-
placed by body is (Volume X Density X g) = V g
This is the loss in weight of the body
Loss in weight of body = upthrust, B=Vg
Apparent weight of body immersed in liquid
W’=W-B=Mg -Vg
• Floating Bodies:
Upthrust on body = Weight of floating body by Archimedes principle.
Upthrust on body = weight of fluid displaced. Therefore, weight of floating body = Weight of fluid dis-
placed
Condition for a Body Floating in liquid in terms of Density
If a body floats in a Liquid
Upthrust = Weight of body - (1)
If ‘d’ is the density of liquid, ‘’ is the density of solid, V is the volume of solid and V is the volume of liquid
displaced, then
Upthrust = Vdg
and weight of body = mg
= Vg
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Equation 1 gives
V'dg= Vg
V
= d
V
For a body floating partially immersed,
V<V ; so <d
For a body floating fully immersed.
V<V ; so =d
Thus it is the comparative value of the density of the material () of the object and density of liquid (d)
that decides whether the object will sink or float in the liquid.
Laws of Floatation:
When a solid body is partly or completely immersed in a liquid, there is a loss in the weight of the body.
The loss in weight of body is due to upthrust acting on it.
Thus, a body submerged in a liquid is under the action of two forces.
i) Weight of body (W) acting downward and
ii) The upthrust of liquid (B) acting on the body upward
The apparent weight of a body submerged in liquid = W-B
The floating and sinking of a body in a liquid depends on the relative magnitudes of these factors.
Case - (i) W>B that is weight of a body is greater than the upthrust. In this case the net weight of body
acts downwards.
Case-ii) W=B that is weight of body is equal to the upthrust. In this case body will float just below the
surface of the liquid.
Case-iii) W<B that is weight of a body is less than the upthrust. In this case the net force on body - (B-
W) will act upwards.
Uses of Law Floatation :
1] Ship : Ship is made of special shape. It's form is made concave, so it contains hollow space continuing
air. The density of air is much less than that of water. When ship is in water; it replaces so much water
that the weight of water displaced is greater than the weight of (ship+ air contained) therefore, the ship
floats in water.
2] Submarine: A submarine is a fish shaped water tight boat, which can move downward and upward in
water by the weight of displaced water. When it desired to go downward in water it fills its ballast tank
with water and incase of upwards it removes all water from ballast tank and becomes lighter.
Density and Relative Density
Mass
Density =
Volume
If the mass is measured in Kg and the volume in m3 the density is measured in Kg/m3

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 Mass of substance (m)
Density,  =
Volume of substance (v)
The S.I. unit of density is Kg m-3
Relative Density :
The ratio of density of substance and density of water is called the relative density
Density of substance
i,e, Relative density =
Density of water
Mass of body
Relative density of body =
Mass of an equal volume of water

Weight of body W
= =
upthrust B

Weight of body in air

Relative density = Weight of body in air- Weight of body in water

Relative Density of Liquid :

The relative density of a liquid is the ratio of density of liquid and density of water.
If V is the volume of body, then loss in weight of body when fully submerged in liquid = V liquid g- (1)
Loss in weight of body when fully submerged in water = V water g - (2)
Dividing (1) and (2)

 liquid Loss in weight of body in liquid

=  water = loss in weight of body in water

Wair - W liquid
=
Wair- W water

SOLVED CORNER
1. A wooden block floats in glycerine in such away that its 2/5th volume remains above surface.
If relative density of wood is 0.78, calculate the relative density of glycerine

Density of wood
Ans. : Relative density of wood =
Density of water

 Density of wood = Relative density of wood x density of water

= 0.78 x 1g /cm3
=0.78g/cm3
Fraction of volume of wood submerged in glycerine
Density of wood
= Density of glycerine

3 0.78
 =
5 Density of glycerine
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 5
 Density of glycerine = 0.78 x= 1.30g/cm3
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2. The volume of 500g sealed packet is 350cm3, will the packet float or sink in water if the density
of water is 1g/cm3? What will be the mass of water displaced by this packet ?

Mass 500
Ans. : Density of packet, = = g/cm3
Volume 350
10
= g/cm3
7

= 1.43 g/cm3

As density of packet is more than, the density of water, so the packet will sink in water. Weight of water
displaced by the packet
= Volume of packet x Density of water
= (350cm3) x (1g/cm3)
= 350g
obviously, the force of buoayancy, B= 350g wt and weight of packet, W= 500g-wt : ie, B<W , so the
packet sinks in water.
3. A solid cube of dimension 50cm x 50cm x 50cm & weight 25N placed on a table. Calculate the
pressure exerted on the table
Ans : Side of cube, l= 50cm =0.50m
Area of base of cube = lx l = 0.50 x 0.50
= 0.25m2
Force on base = Weight of cube = 25N
Force 25
Pressure = Area = 0.25 = 100 Nm-2 or 100 Pa.

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 BIOLOGY
CHAPTER : 4 DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS
• Biodiversity : It in referred as the varieties of life forms existing in the earth on a particular region
• Classification: The method of arranging organisms into groups or sets on the basis of similarities
and differences is called classification
Need or Purpose of Classification :
i) to organize vast number of known plants and animals into groups and categories.
ii) help to get a broad idea of life in this world
iii) help to identify and remember easily the plants and animals by arranging them in a definite plan.
Advantages of classification :
i) Easy study of wide variety of organisms.
ii) Help to understand inter- relationship among different groups of organisms.
iii) It shows evolutionary trends in various groups of organisms.
iv) Helps in interpreting poorly developed structures of the fossil organisms.
• Classification and Evolution :
All living organisms are classified on the basis of their body designs in forms and function.
Organisms arise by the accumulation of changes in it's body design that allow the organisms possessing
them to survive better. This gives the idea of evolution. Charles Darwin first described evolution in his
book "The Origin of Species" in 1839.
Organisms whose ancient body design have not changed much are called primitive or lower organisms.
There are other group of organisms that have evolved their particular body design relatively recently are
called advanced or higher organisms
Primitive Advanced
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Bryophytes Gymnosperms
Amphibians Birds
Thus older organisms are simple and younger organisms are more complex.
•Taxonomy: The branch of science that deal with identification, nomenclature and classification of
organisms is called
Characteristics Used for Classification :
i) Whether cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
ii) Whether cells are present single or in groups.
iii) Whether organisms make their own food or not .
v) Level of organisation of their body.
v) Whether specialised organs found for different functions.
• Taxonomic Hierarchy : It is the arrangement of taxonomic groups in a definite order, from higher to
lower categories.
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The categories used in the clasification of animals are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and
species.
In case of plants phylum is replaced by division while the remaining categories remains same.
• Nomenclature : It is the system of naming plants, animals and other objects.
Taxonomists or systematics give a scientific name to every living organism as common names
i) may be misleading eg jelly fish, cuttle fish are not fishes;
ii) no scientific basis is followed in selecting a common name;
iii) common name develop the problem of multiple naming in which same organism is named differently.
So, to avoid all these inconveniences scientific names are used. Corlus linnaeus first proposed the
binomial system of nomenclature.
• Rules of Binominal Nomenclature :
i) Each scientific name must be formed of two words - generic name and specific name.
ii) Generic name must start with capital letter and specific name must start with small letter.
iii) Scientific name is generally derived from Latin words or may be from Greek words.
iv) When printed the scientific name should be printed in italics.
v) When hand written or typed, the generic and specific names must be separately underlined.
• System of Classification :
 Two -kingdom classification provided by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 where he classified living
organisms into plants and animals. Before that Aristotle also classified plants and animals, where he
further classified animals as - animals that can fly and that can not fly.
Five - Kingdom classification provided by R.H. Whittaker - The five kingdoms are Monera, Protista.,
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
The main criteria for classifying organisms into five kindgdom are -
i) Complexity of cell structure.
ii) Body organisation.
iii) Modes of nutrition.
iv) Phylogenetic relationship.
The five kingdom classification is thus shown by the following chart.

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 Organisms

Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes

Unicellular

Unicellular Multicellular
Monera

Protista

With cell -wall Without cell -wall

Animalia

Performs
Do not perform
photosynthesis
photosynthesis

Plantae
Fungi

The key characteristics of five kingdoms are given below :

A) Monera :
i) These are unicellular, prokaryotic.
ii) They may have outermost, complex, protective cell wall or may not.
iii) Membrane bound structure like mitochondria, golgi body are absent.
iv) Mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Eg: Bacteria, blue green algae (cyanobacteria) and Mycoplasma, Nostoc, Anabaena etc
Kingdom - Monera include two major groups Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
B) Protista :
i) These are unicellular, eukaryotic.
ii) Most of them have cell wall made of cellulose and have hair-like cilia on whip- like flagella.
iv) Cells contain membrane bound cell organelles.
iv] Mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or heterotrophic (saprophytic or parasitic)
Eg: Chlamydomonas, diatoms, Euglena,Amoeba etc.
C) Fungi :
i) These are multicellular, eukaryotic.
ii) Presence of cell wall which is made of chitin (Cellulose present in some also).

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iii) They lack in chlorophyll. They are spore producing.
iv) Mode of nutrition parasitic or may symbiotic.
Eg: Agaricus, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.
D) Plantae :
i) These are multicellular eukaryotes.
ii) Presence of cell wall made of cellulose.
iii) Presence photosynthetic pigment plastids. Growth is unlimited due to presence of meristematic
tissues
iv) Nutrition autotrophic and may be absorptive in some cases.
Eg: Thallophytes (Spirogyra), Bryophytes (Riccia) etc.
E ) Animalia :
i) These are multicellular eukaryotes without cell wall.
ii) These are heterotrophs and devoid of plastids and photosynthetic pigments.
iii) They can be classified on the basis of symmetry and germ layers.
iv) Nutrition is ingestive with digestion in an internal cavity. Cells have the ability to contract and transmit
impulses. Eg: Chordates, non- chordates.
SOLVED CORNER
1. Which is the basic unit of classification?
Ans : Species (it is a group of living being which can reproduce among themselves).
2. Why Viruses are not considered as living?
Ans:- Viruses are not cellular and are not considered as living because they are incapable of reproduction
when remain outside and can reproduce only when they enter inte a cell.
3. Who is also known as father of Taxonomy?
Ans:- Carolus Linnaeus.
4. On what basis plants and animals put into different categories?
Ans: On the basis of their mode of nutrition, locomotion, branching, response, cell wall and growth.
5. In which kingdom will you place an organism which is single celled, enkaryotic and
photosynthetic?
Ans: Protista
6. What are lichen ?
Ans:- The association of algae with fungi is known as lichen where they remain in symbiotic relationship.
7. Name the criteria used by Whittaker for five kingdom classification.
Ans: (a) Complexity of cell structure (b) Body organisation
(c) Modes of nutrition (d) Phyllogenetic relationship.

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 CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 3 : ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Atoms : An atom is the smallest particle of an elements which takes part in chemical reactions.
Atoms are so small that we cannot see them even with a microscope.
The size of an atom is indicated by its radius which is called atomic radius. It is generally expressed in
nanometer (nm); where 1nm = 10-9m
Atomic mass unit - It is defined as the quantity of atom of 1/12 (one-twelvth ) of the mass of an atom of C-
12 i.e. 1 a.m.u=i.e, Mass of a 1 C atom
12
Relative atomic mass - Relative atomic mass of an element is expressed as the number of times an
element of that atom is heavier than 1/12 of an atom of C-12
Mass of a 1 C atom
So, relative atomic mass =
1/12 x mass of 1 atom of C-12
Gram atomic mass - The atomic mass of an element when expressed in gram is called the gram atomic
mass of that element.
Mass of the elements in grams
Number of gram - atoms = Atomic mass of the element

Molecules - A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance (element or compound) which can exist in
the free state under normal conditions.

Atomicity - It is the total number of all types of atoms in one molecule of a substance . For example -the
atomicity of H2O is 3, CH4 is 5, of PCl5 is 6 and so on
Depending upon the number of atoms, the molecules can be classified as-
i) Monoatomic molecule like noble gases (He, Ne, Ar etc)
ii) Polyatomic molecules like H2, Cl2 HCl (diatomic), CO2, H2O, NO2, etc(triatomic)NH3, PCI3 etc (tetratomic)
etc.
Ion - An ion is a charged particle and can be negatively or positively charged ie, anions or cations.
Anions are formed when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons, for example Cl +e- Cl
Cations are formed when a neutral atom losses one or more electrons, for example Na-e- Na+
When a group of atoms are joined together and carry a charge a Polyatomic ion is formed. For example
SO42-, NH4+ etc
Valency - It is the combining capacity of an element. In BF3 the valency of B is 3.
Avogadro’s Law - Under the same conditions of tempertaure and pressure , equal volumes of gases
contains equal number of molecules.
Mole - Mole may be defined as the amount of a substance which contains the same number of particles
(i,e, atoms, molecules, ions etc) as the number of carbon atoms present in exactly 12g of C-12 isotope.
Molar Volume - The volume occupied by one mole of a substance at STP is 22.4 litre or 22400cc, which
is known as molar volume.
Avogadro’s Number - The number of atoms of an element present in one gram- atom of it or the number
of molecules of a substance present in one gram-molecule of it is called the Avogadro’s number.
It is represented as NA and this number is 6.022x1023

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Question -Answer :
1) Write the atomicity of hydrogen gas, neon gas and methane gas.
Ans. Hydrogen gas exists as H2 form so its atomicity will be 2, neon gas as Ne so its atomicity is 1 and
methane gas CH4 so its atomicity is 5.
2) Find the mass of 1.5g molecules of NH3 (Atomic masses of N= 14u, H=1u)
Ans. Molecular mass of NH3 =14+(1x3)g= 17g.
So, the mass of 1 gram molecule of NH3 =17g
Mass of 1.5 gram molecules of NH3=(17x1.5)g =25.5 g
3) Name the cations present in the following compounds (i) NaCl , (ii) NH4 NO3, (iii) CaCO3
Ans. (i) Sodium Cation (Na+)
(ii) Ammonium Cation (NH4+)
(iii) Calcium Cation (Ca2+)
4) Find the molecular mass of MgSO4 (Atomic masses of Mg = 24u, S = 32u, O= 16u)
Ans. Molecular of mass MgSO4 = [24+32+(16x4)]g=120g
5) Find the ratio by mass of the combinding elements in the following compounds :
(i) NaNO3 (ii) CaO (iii) CH3 OH
[ Atomic masses of Na=23u, N=14u, O=16u, Ca=40u, C=12, H=1u]
Ans. (i) Na NO3 (ii) CaO (iii) CH3OH
Na: N:O x 3 Ca : O C: H x 4:O
23 “ 14 : 16 x3 40 :16 12 :1x4 :16
23:14:48 5 :2 3 : 1 :4

6) Find the numbers of moles present in 88g of CO2 gas at STP (Atomic masses of C=12g, O=16g)
Ans. - Molecular mass of CO2 gas = [12 x (2x16)]g =44 g
Given mass of CO2 gas =88g
Given mass 88
Number of mole = = =2
Molecular Mass 44
7) Find the number of moles and molecules present in 49g of sulphuric acid (Atomic masses of
S = 32g, H=1g, O= 16g)
Ans. At STP Molecular mass of H2SO4 = [(1x2)+32 +(4x16)]g
= (2+32+64)g= 98g
Given mass of H2SO4 =49g
49
Number of moles = = 0.5
98
Now,
1Mole of H2SO4 contains 6.022x1023 molecules
=3.011x1023 molecules

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8. Find the volume occupied by 4 g of methane gas at STP (atomic masses of C= 12g, H= 1g)
Ans. At STP:-
Molecular mass of methane (CH4) is
[12+ (4x1)] g =16 g
4
So, Number of moles = = 0.25
16
Now, Volume occupied by 1 mole of CH4 =22.4 litre
Volume occupied by 0.25 mole of CH4 = (22.4x 0.25) litre =5.6 litre
9. Which One will have more number of atoms at S.T.P. ? 100g of SO2 or 100g of NO2 (Atomic
masses of S= 32g, O=16g, N= 14g)
Given mass of SO2
Ans. Number of moles in 100g of SO2 =
100 Molecular Mass of SO2
= = 1.56
64
Number of molecules present in 1.56 mole of SO2 =(6.022x1023x1.56) =9.394x1023
Number of atoms present will be (3x9.394x1023) =28.182x1023
Given mass of NO2 100
Number of mole in 100g of NO2 = = = 2.17
Molecular Mass of NO2 46
Number of molecules present in 2.17 mole of NO2 =(6.022x1023x 2.17) =13.067x1023
Number of atoms present will be (3x13.067x1023)=39.203x1023
Hence, 100g NO2 would have more atoms.
10. What is the percentage of oxygen in AI2 (SO4)3 ?
(Atomic masses of AI =27g, S= 32g, O=16g)
Ans. Molecular mass of AI2 (SO4)3 is
[(2x27)+ 3{32+(4x16) }] g
=[54+3 (32+64)]g
=[54+288)g
=342g
Now, there are 12 oxygen atoms in AI2 (SO4)3
So, mass of 12 oxygen atoms =(12x16) =192g
192
The required % of oxygen = x 100
342
=56.14%

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