Tích Vô Hư NG

TOÁN 10 – Tích vô hướng Thầy Võ Hữu Lê Trung
TÍCH VÔ HƯỚNG CỦA HAI VECTO

1) GIÁ TRỊ LƯỢNG GIÁC CỦA MỘT GÓC (CUNG).
1.1) 1. Định nghĩa.

Trong mặt phẳng tọa độ Oxy .Với góc  0 o    180 o , ta xác định  y
được duy nhất điểm M trên trên đường nửa đường tròn đơn vị tâm O
M(x;y)
 , biết M x; y .
, sao cho   xOM   Q
Khi đó:
O P x
y x
sin   y; cos   x; tan   (   90 o ); cot   (   0 o ,180 o )
x y
Hình 2.1
Các số sin  ,cos  ,tan  ,cot  được gọi là giá trị lượng giác của góc  .
Chú ý:  Với 0 o    180 o ta có 0  sin   1;  1  cos   1
1.2) Dấu của giá trị lượng giác.

Góc  0o 90o 180o
sin  + +
cos + -
tan  + -
cot  + -
1.3) Tính chất

 Góc phụ nhau  Góc bù nhau
sin(90o  )  cos  sin(180 o  )  sin 
cos(90 o  )  sin  cos(180o  )   cos 
tan(90o  )  cot  tan(180o  )   tan 
cot(90o  )  tan  cot(180o  )   cot 
Trang 1 Liên hệ: 0776754064

1.4) Các góc đặc biết

Góc  00 300 450 600 900 1200 1350 1500 1800
1 2 3 3 2 1
sin  0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 1 2 3
cos 1 0    –1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
tan  0 1 3   3 1  0
3 3
3 3
cot   3 1 0  1  3 
3 3
1.5) CÁC HỆ THỨC LƯỢNG GIÁC CƠ BẢN

Công thức:
sin 
tan   (   90o ) ;
cos 
cos 
cot   (  0 o ; 180 o )
sin 
tan .cot   1 (   0 o ; 90 o ; 180 o )
sin 2   cos 2   1
1
1  tan 2   2
(  90 o )
cos 
1
1  cot 2   (  0 o ; 180 o )
sin 2 
2) TÍCH VÔ HƯỚNG
2.1) Góc giữa hai vecto
  
Cho hai vectơ a và b khác vectơ 0 . Từ một điểm O, vẽ
    a
 được gọi là số
OA  a và OB  b Khi đó, số đo của AOB A
 
đo của góc giữa hai vectơ a và b .
O
 
 
Ký hiệu: a, b B
 Nhận xét: b
 Góc giữa hai vectơ không phụ thuộc vào việc chọn
vị trí điểm O.

 
  
0  a, b  180
  
 a, b  90  a và b vuông góc với nhau, ký hiệu: a  b
2.2) Định nghĩa tích vô hướng của 2 vectơ
 Định nghĩa:
   
Tích vô hướng của hai vectơ a và b là một số, ký hiệu là a  b , được xác định bởi
     
 
công thức: a .b  a . b .cos a, b
 2
 Bình phương vô hướng: Tích vô hướng a.a được ký hiệu là a
     2
Ta có: a 2  a.a  a . a .cos 0  a
Vậy: Bình phương vô hướng của một vectơ bằng bình phương độ dài của vectơ đó.
2.3) Tính chất của tích vô hướng

 Định lý:
  
Với ba vectơ a, b, c tùy ý và một số thực k, ta có:
   
1) a  b  b  a (tính chất giao hoán)
   
2) a  b  0  a  b
     
   
3)  ka   b  a  kb  k a  b
      
 
4) a  b  c  a  b  a  c (tính chất phân phối đối với phép cộng)
      
 
a  b  c  a  b  a  c (tính chất phân phối đối với phép trừ)
 Nhận xét:
   
 a và b cùng hướng  a, b  0 
   
 
 a và b ngược hướng  a, b  180
 Các hệ thức:
  2    
 
 a  b  a 2  2a  b  b 2
  2    
 
 a  b  a 2  2a  b  b 2
       2 
  
2
 a  b  a  b  a 2  b2  a  b
Bài toán 1: Điều kiện cần và đủ để hai đường chéo của tứ giác ABCD vuông góc nhau là:
AB2  CD 2  BC 2  AD 2
 
Bài toán 2: Cho đoạn thẳng AB có độ dài 2a. Tập hợp các điểm M sao cho MA  MB  k 2
 k    là đường tròn tâm O, bán kính R  k 2  a 2 với O là trung điểm AB.

 
Bài toán 3: Cho hai vectơ OA, OB . B’ là hình chiếu của B trên đường thẳng OA. Khi đó,
 
vectơ OB gọi là hình chiếu của vectơ OB trên đường thẳng OA.
   
Công thức: OA  OB  OA  OB gọi là công thức hình chiếu.
  
(Tích vô hướng của hai vectơ a và b bằng tích vô hướng của a với hình chiếu của vectơ
 
b trên giá của vectơ a )
Bài toán 4: Cho đường tròn  O; R  và điểm M cố định. Một đường thẳng  thay đổi, luôn
đi qua M cắt đường tròn tại hai điểm A và B. Khi đó:
 
MA  MB  MO 2  R 2
 Chú ý:
 
1) Giá trị không đổi MA  MB  d 2  R 2 (với d = OM) gọi là phương tích của điểm M đối với
đường tròn (O). Ký hiệu: PM/(O).
 
PM/(O) = MA  MB  d 2  R 2 (với d = OM)
2) Khi M nằm ngoài đường tròn (O), MT là tiếp tuyến của đường tròn đó (với T là tiếp
 2
điểm) thì: PM/(O) = MT  MT 2
Bài 1 : Cho tam giác đều ABC, đường cao AH. Hãy vẽ và tính các góc của các cặp vectơ
sau:
   
a) (AB , AC) b) (AB , BC)
   
c) (AH , BC) d) (HA , AB)
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Bài 2 : Cho ABC vuông cân có AB  AC  a , AH là đường cao. Tính các tích vô hướng
   
a) AB  AC b) AH  BC
   
c) AC  CB d) AB  BC
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Bài 3 : Cho ABC đều cạnh a và AM là trung tuyến của tam giác. Tính các tích vô hướng
sau
     

a) AC  2AB  3AC  
b) AC  AC  AB 
     
c) AM  AB 
d) AB  AC AB  AC  
   

e) CA  BC CA  CB  
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  300
Bài 4 : Cho hình bình hành ABCD với AB = 3 ; AD=1 và BAD
   
a) Tính AD.AB ; BA.BC
 
b) Tính độ dài đường chéo AC và BD và cos( AC, BD )
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 
Bài 5 : Cho tam giác ABC có AB = 3a, AC = a, A = 600. Tính AB.AC . Suy ra độ dài BC và
độ dài trung tuyến AM.
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Bài 6 : Cho tam giác ABC.

  1
a) Chứng minh rằng: AB . AC  AB2  AC2  BC 2
2
 
 khi AB = 5, BC = 7, AC = 8.
b) Suy ra giá trị của BAC
c) Trong trường hợp AB = 2, BC = 4, AC = 3. Gọi I là trung điểm của AB, J là điểm thoả
 2     
AJ  AC . Tính AC.AB và AI.AJ , suy ra độ dài đoạn IJ.
3
 
d) Gọi M là trung điểm BC. Chứng minh rằng: AB . AC  MA2 – MB2
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Bài 7 : Cho ABC vuông tại A có BC  a 3 , M là trung điểm của BC. Biết rằng
  a 2
AM  BC  . Hãy tính AB, AC.
2
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Bài 8 : Cho ABC có AB = 5, BC = 7, CA = 8.

 
a) Tính AB  AC và suy ra số đo góc A..
 
b) Tính CA  CB
 
c) Gọi D là điểm trên cạnh CA sao cho CD = 3. Tính CD  CB
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Bài 9 : Cho hình chữ nhật ABCD có AB  a 2 , AD  2a . Gọi K là trung điểm của cạnh
AD.
   
a) Phân tích BK,AC theo AB và AD.
 
b) Tính tích vô hướng BK.AC
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Bài 10 : Cho tam giác ABC có BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. Chứng minh rằng điều kiện cần và
đủ để
 
a) Tam giác ABC vuông tại A là BA.BC  AB2
b) Trung tuyến BM và CN vuông góc với nhau là b2 + c2 = 5a2
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Bài 11 : Cho tam giác ABC có trực tâm H và trung điểm cạnh BC là M. Chứng minh rằng
  1
MH.MA  BC2 .
4
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Bài 12 : Cho tam giác ABC với ba đường trung tuyến AD, BE, CF. Chứng minh rằng:
     
BC.AD  CA.BE  AB.CF  0
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Bài 13 : Cho ABC đều cạnh 3a, M, N, P lần lượt nằm trên các cạnh BC, CA, AB sao cho
BM = a, CN = 2a, AP = x (0  x  3a) .
  
a) Tính AM theo AB và AC .
 1   x  
b) Chứng minh rằng PN   AC  AB  .
3 a 
c) Xác định x để AM  PN.
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3) BIỂU THỨC TỌA ĐỘ

3.1) Các hệ thức quan trọng:
 
Cho hai vectơ a   x; y  và b   x; y  . Khi đó:

 a.b  x.x  y.y

 a  x2  y2
    
  
cos a, b 
x.x  y.y
x 2  y 2 . x 2  y  2
 a  0, b  0 
 
Đặc biệt: a  b  x  x  y  y  0
3.2) Hệ quả:
Trong mặt phẳng tọa độ, khoảng cách giữa hai điểm M , N là:

MN MN   x N  x M    y N  y M 
2 2
Bài 14 : Cho tam giác ABC có A(5; 3), B(2; –1), C(–1; 5).
a) Tính toạ độ trực tâm H của tam giác.
b) Tính toạ độ chân đường cao vẽ từ A.
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Trang 12 Liên hệ: 0776754064

Bài 15 : Cho ABC có A(10 ; 5) ; B(3 ; 2) ; C(6 ; –5)

 
a) Tính AB.CA
b) Chứng minh rằng: ABC vuông cân tại B.
c) Tìm tọa độ trọng tâm G của ABC .
d) Tìm tọa độ trực tâm H của ABC .
e) Tìm tọa độ chân đường cao kẻ từ B.
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Bài 16 : Trong mặt phẳng toạ độ cho bốn điểm A(2; 3), B(–1; –1), C(6; 0) và D(x; –3).
a) Chứng minh tam giác ABC vuông cân tại A
b) Tìm x để A, B, D thẳng hàng
c) Tìm điểm M thuộc trục Oy sao cho tam giác ABM vuông tại M
d) Tìm điểm N(3; y – 1) sao cho N cách đều hai điểm A và B
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HỆ THỨC LƯỢNG TRONG TAM GIÁC

1) LÝ THUYẾT
1.1) Định lý cosin
BC 2  CA 2  AB2  2.CA.AB.cos A
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc.cos A
CA 2  BC 2  AB2  2.BC.AB.cos B
b 2  a 2  c 2  2ca.cos B
AB2  BC 2  CA 2  2.BC.CA.cos C
c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab.cos C
 Hệ quả
b2  c 2  a 2 c 2  a 2  b2 a 2  b2  c 2
cos A  cos B  cos C 
2bc 2ca 2ab
1.2) Định lý sin trong tam giác

Định lý: Với mọi ABC , ta có:
BC CA AB a b c
   2R hay    2R
sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C
trong đó R là bán kính đường tròn ngoại tiếp ABC.
1.3) Công thức đường trung tuyến của tam giác

 Tổng bình phương hai cạnh
Cho ABC , có AM là đường trung tuyến ứng với cạnh BC.
BC 2
Ta có: AB2  AC 2  2AM 2 
2
 Công thức trung tuyến
Cho ABC với m a , m b , m c lần lượt là độ dài các đường trung tuyến ứng với các cạnh
BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. Ta có:
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b2  c 2 a 2 c 2  a 2 b2 a2  b2 c 2
m a2   m 2b   m 2c  
2 4 2 4 2 4
1.4) Diện tích tam giác
Xét ABC có các cạnh BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
Ký hiệu:
 h a , h b , h c lần lượt là độ dài các đường cao ứng với các cạnh BC, CA, AB.
 R, r lần lượt là bán kính đường tròn ngoại tiếp, nội tiếp tam giác.
abc
p= là nửa chu vi tam giác.
2
 S là diện tích ABC .
Diện tích ABC có thể tính theo các công thức sau đây:
1 1 1
1) S  a.h a  b.h b  c. h c
2 2 2
1 1 1
2) S ABC  ab.sin C  bc.sin A  ca.sin B
2 2 2
abc
3) S ABC 
4R
4) S ABC  p.r
5) S ABC  p  p  a  p  b  p  c  (Công thức Hêrông)
2) BÀI TẬP
Bài 1 : Cho tam giác ABC có góc A = 1200, cạnh AB = 1 và cạnh AC = 2.
a) Tính cạnh BC.
b) Trên CA kéo dài lấy điểm D sao cho BD = 2. Tính độ dài AD.
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  60 ; BC  19 . Tính AC.

Bài 2 : Cho ABC có AB  2 ; A
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Bài 3 : Cho tam giác ABC

a) Có cạnh a = 7, b = 24, c = 23. Tính góc A của tam giác ABC
b) Có a = 12, b = 13, c = 15. Tính cosA và góc A
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 ; R; m ; S; r; h .
Bài 4 : Cho ABC có AB  4 ; BC  2 ; CA  10 . Tính B c c
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 h ,R.
Bài 5 : Cho tam giác ABC có a  7; b  8; c  5 . Tính A,S, a
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3
Bài 6 : Cho tam giác ABC có b  7 , c  5 , cos A  . Tính độ dài đường cao h a của tam
5
giác ABC .
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  60
Bài 7 : Cho ABC có AB  6 ; AC  8 ; A
a) Tính diện tích ABC
b) I là tâm đường tròn ngoại tiếp ABC . Tính diện tích IBC
c) Tính bán kính đường tròn nội tiếp ABC
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Bài 8 : Cho ABC . Chứng minh rằng:

a) 4m a2  b 2  c 2  2bc.cos A
b) S  2R 2 sin A.sin B.sin C

1 1 1 1
c)   
r ha h b hc
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Bài 9 : Tìm đặc điểm của ABC nếu:

a) bc.cos A  ca.cos B  ab.cos C  a 2
b) a.cos B  b.cos A  a.sin A  b.sin B
 1 1 1 
c) a 2  b2  c 2  2S    
 sin A sin B sin C 
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Bài 10 : Cho tam giác ABC có góc B nhọn, AD và CE là hai đường cao.
S BDE BD.BE
a) Chứng minh 
S BAC BA.BC
b) Biết rằng SABC = 9SBDE và DE = 2 2 . Tính cosB và bán kính đường tròn ngoại tiếp
ΔABC.
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Bài 11 : Tính các góc, các cạnh, m a , h a , R, r của ABC biết:

3
a) b  7 , c  5 và cos A 
5
b) a  6 , b  2 , c  3  1 .
  60 , b  7 , c  6
c) C
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 và S
Bài 12 : Cho ABC , kẻ đường cao AH. Cho HA = 12, HB = 4, HC = 6. Tính A .
ABC
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Bài 13 : Cho ΔABC có a = 8, b =10, c = 13.

a) Tam giác ABC có góc tù không?
b) Tính độ dài trung tuyến MA, diện tích, bán kính đường ngoại tiếp và nội tiếp của
ΔABC.
c) Lấy điểm D đối xứng với A qua C. Tính độ dài BD.
d) Cho ABC có a  3 , b  7 , c  5 . Tính số đo góc tù của tam giác. Tính độ dài trung
tuyến AM, CN và độ dài đường cao AH, CK của ABC .
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  45 , C
Bài 14 : Cho ABC có B   60 , b  20 . Tính c, R, độ dài đường cao AH và a.
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Bài 15 : Cho ΔABC có A = 1200, b = 8, c = 5. Tính cạnh a; các góc B, C; diện tích tam giác;
bán kính đường tròn ngoại tiếp; nội tiếp; trung tuyến MA và đường cao AH.
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  1200 và AB  AC  a . Lấy điểm M trên cạnh BC

Bài 16 : Cho tam giác cân ABC có A
2BC
sao cho BM  . Tính độ dài AM .
5
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Tích Vô Hư NG

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Tích Vô Hư NG

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TOÁN 10 – Tích vô hướng Thầy Võ Hữu Lê Trung

TÍCH VÔ HƯỚNG CỦA HAI VECTO

Chú ý:  Với 0 o    180 o ta có 0  sin   1;  1  cos   1

1.2) Dấu của giá trị lượng giác.

1.3) Tính chất

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1.4) Các góc đặc biết

1.5) CÁC HỆ THỨC LƯỢNG GIÁC CƠ BẢN

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2.3) Tính chất của tích vô hướng

 k    là đường tròn tâm O, bán kính R  k 2  a 2 với O là trung điểm AB.

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Bài 6 : Cho tam giác ABC.

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Bài 8 : Cho ABC có AB = 5, BC = 7, CA = 8.

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b) Trung tuyến BM và CN vuông góc với nhau là b2 + c2 = 5a2

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c) Xác định x để AM  PN.

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3) BIỂU THỨC TỌA ĐỘ

b) Tính toạ độ chân đường cao vẽ từ A.

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Bài 15 : Cho ABC có A(10 ; 5) ; B(3 ; 2) ; C(6 ; –5)

b) Chứng minh rằng: ABC vuông cân tại B.

c) Tìm tọa độ trọng tâm G của ABC .

d) Tìm tọa độ trực tâm H của ABC .

e) Tìm tọa độ chân đường cao kẻ từ B.

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HỆ THỨC LƯỢNG TRONG TAM GIÁC

1.2) Định lý sin trong tam giác

1.3) Công thức đường trung tuyến của tam giác

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5) S ABC  p  p  a  p  b  p  c  (Công thức Hêrông)

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  60 ; BC  19 . Tính AC.

Bài 3 : Cho tam giác ABC

b) Có a = 12, b = 13, c = 15. Tính cosA và góc A

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c) Tính bán kính đường tròn nội tiếp ABC

Bài 8 : Cho ABC . Chứng minh rằng:

b) S  2R 2 sin A.sin B.sin C

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Bài 9 : Tìm đặc điểm của ABC nếu:

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Bài 11 : Tính các góc, các cạnh, m a , h a , R, r của ABC biết:

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Bài 13 : Cho ΔABC có a = 8, b =10, c = 13.

c) Lấy điểm D đối xứng với A qua C. Tính độ dài BD.

tuyến AM, CN và độ dài đường cao AH, CK của ABC .

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  1200 và AB  AC  a . Lấy điểm M trên cạnh BC

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