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Design of Hydraulic structure

Lecture 5
design of floors of hydraulic structure and protection work

Correction on khosla’s theory

The percentages pressure observed from the curve for simple form into which the
profile has been broken up is valid for profile as whole If corrected for :

1. Mutual interference of piles

2. The floor thickness and
3. The slop of floor

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1- Correction for mutual interference of plies Cp

Cp=±19 ×
Cp: correction applied as percentage of head
D:depth of pile line, the influence of which has to be determined on the neighboring pile
d: depth of pile on which the effect is to be determined ( without floor thickness )
b: total floor length
b’ : the distance between two piles.

This correction is positive for points in rear of back

Water and subtractive for point forward in direction
- +
Of flow
Effective of D/S pile on U/S pile is (+ve) - + - +
Effective of U/S pile on D/S pile is (- ve)

2- correction for floor thickness Ct

The thickness of floor is assumed to be negligible and pressure is found at point E,C from the curve.
The pressure at point E’, C’ are interpolated by assuming straight line
Floor of structure
Khosla’s graphs gives the E C ∅C
∅E
Pressure percentage at the top t
Level of the floor, while the actual∅E’ E’ C’
∅C’
Junction located at bottom. d
Therefore the pressure percentage
Should be corrected by following
Equation ∅D ∅D
D

C∅C= + ( D − C)
C∅E= − ( E − D)

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Apply Floor correction according pile location

C∅C1’= + ( D1 − C1) C∅E2’= − ( E2 − D2) C∅E3’= − ( E3 − D3)

C∅C3’= + ( D3 − C3)

E3 C3
E1 C1 E2 C2
t
t1 t2
E2’ C2’ E3’ C3’
E1’ C1’
d
d1 d2

D1 D2 D3

3- Correction for floor slope Cs

=± ×
Slope V:H Correction factor

The correction been plus for the downward slope 1:1 11.2
1:2 6.5
and minus for the upward slope following the
1:3 4.5
direction of water. 1:4 3.3
The correction given in the table is to be multiplied 1:5 2.8
by the horizontal distance of slope and divided by 1:6 2.5
1:7 2.3
the distance between two piles.
1:8 1

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Example: Determine the corrected pressure head at each key points shown in fig below
Solution :
153
1- Upstream pile:
151
150 1
2 1
149 1 3
2
1
147
E1 C1 E3 C3
1 145.
5
145 E2 C2
D1 D3
141
D2
0.75 15.5 40 0.75

Correction for floor thickness Ct at C1

153
Correction for mutual interface of piles
151
at C1 150
2
1
1
149 1 3
2
1
147
E1 C1 E3 C3
1 145.5

145 E2 C2
D1 D3
141
D2
0.75 15. 40 0.75
5

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2- Intermediate pile

Correction for floor thickness Ct at E3

Correction for mutual interface of piles at E3

Correction for floor thickness Ct at C3

Correction for mutual interface of piles at C3

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Correction for slope at C3

3- Downstream pile

Correction for floor thickness Ct at E2

Correction for mutual interface of piles at E2

Junction points ∅ 1 ∅ 1 ∅ 1 ∅ 3 ∅ 3 ∅ 3 ∅ 2 ∅ 2 ∅ 2

Uncorrected ∅

Corrected ∅

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Cutoff depth
All hydraulic structure should be designed against scour which occur due to surface
flow, suitable protection work are provided to prevent the scour hole traveling
close to impervious floor and damaging the main structure.
The sheet pile should provided at upstream and downstream ends of structure
floor up to deepest scour level.
The normal scour depth is given by
!" $
= 1.35( # )% lacey’s theory in alluvial soil Y1
R Y2
R= scour depth in m measured below floor level
q= discharge intensity ( discharge per unit width)
f silt factor obtained from the equation below (0.65-1)
& = 1.76 ) where d is median size of bed material in mm

The maximum depth of scour at particular location depends upon the type of
structure and river shape ( curvature ), lacey divided the river reaches in four
classes depending on the curvature.
Classes Type of reach Max. scour depth
for some hydraulic structure: A straight river 1.25 R
B Moderate bend 1.50 R
Upstream scour depth is 1.25R
C Severe bend 1.70 R
Downstream scour depth is 1.5R
D Right angle ben 2.00 R

The depth of cut off ( D) is computed from equation below

D=xR-y
Where : x is factor of safety ( 1.25 for upstream and 1.5 for downstream )
y is water depth

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Design of protection works:

In order to avoid possibility of the scour take place and travelling close to the floor of the
structure at both ends it is necessary to provide the Protection work at both upstream and
downstream of the structure.
The factors to be considered are:
1- Velocity of water flow in the US or DS of structure.
2- Depth of scour may happen .
3- Slope of the launched apron.
The materials used for protection must be large so that they are not washed away during
maximum flood. USBR, recommended:
*+ = 4.915 )
Where:
*+ = average velocity of water flow in m/sec, and )= mean diameter of stone in (m).
Note :If large stone are less than (40 – 50) Kg, then concrete blocks or stones packed in wire may be
used which is called (Gabions).

I-Protection for downstream (DS), consist of:

1-Inverted filter protection, generally 0.6 to 1m thick cubic concrete blocks
over about 0.4m gravel or stone, joints filled with filtering materials.
Length of inverted filter (L) = 1.5D
2-Launching apron: Slope of stones {each stone not less than (40 – 50) Kg}
launched 2:1 or stones packed in wire crate
Volume of lunching apron = 2.25 D (m3/m)

Note: The possibility of piping can be reduced by provided an inverted filter.

An inverted filter consists of layers of materials of increasing permeability

from bottom to top. It must be of such gradient that will allow free flow of
seepage water and the foundation materials does not penetrate or clog the
filter.

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II-Protection for upstream (US), consist of:

1-Block protection, generally 0.6 to 1m thick cubic concrete blocks over

about 0.4m loose stone.
Length of Block (L) = D

2-Launching apron: Slope of stones {each stone not less than (40 – 50)
Kg} launched 2:1 or stones packed in wire crate

Volume of lunching apron = 2.25 D (m3/m)

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Critical exit gradient

Exit gradient ( Ge ) can be defined as local hydraulic gradient ( dh/dl) at the exit end.
1
-=
./
The exit gradient (Ge ) can be taken as safe if a factor of safety as below
F=4 for the rock,
F=5 for the small rock,
F=6 for the gravel,
In Iraq, the factor F is taken from range 8-10 for alluvial soil
Value of safe exit gradient for some sub soil are given in table below
Type of soil Khosla’s safe exit gradient
Shingle 0.25-0.20
Coarse sand 0.20 to 0.17
Fine sand 0.17 to 0.14

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The exit hydraulic gradient can be found form the following equation

1 1
.0 = ×
) 2× 3
Where: H; upstream water level – downstream water level
d: depth of cutoff depth at downstream
b: horizontal length of floor
4"
3= , 5=
If d= 0 the Ge = ∞, and the floor will be unsafe against piping
The length of floor (b)has very little effect on Ge as compired to (d),
therefore to reduce the exit gradient, it is much more economic to
increase (d) and (b)

Example; for the following head regulator structure, calculate the hydraulic exit gradient by using
khosla’s theory , assume critical exit gradient =
6
28.79
Solution :

25.16

23.90 24.23

22.90
22.23

18.10 16.10
25 m

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Example: A regulator was constructed on river to pass discharge to a canal with allowable head loss
(∆ H) equal to 0.145 m, the following data are available:
Depth of DS sheet pile d2= 3 m
Length of horizontal floor (b)= 15 m ( assume horizontal )
Width of regulator gate Sw = 6m
Ge= ( for case of no flow at DS), f=0.712, Cd=0.92 US WL ∆H=0.145
7 DS WL
Gc=2.4 ton/m3 , neglect ha at entrance
H=Y1 Yt

A- find approximate design discharge (Q) of the regulator,

A
for full open case. d1 d2=3m

B- Find thickness of floor at point (A) using Bligh’s theory. 2.5

C- Is the structure safe against piping by using Bligh’s 15m

theory use 809: =

Solution: A-

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B-
US WL ∆H=0.145
DS WL
H=Y1 Yt

A
d1 d2=3m
2.5
15m

C-

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