Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

(AAiT)
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Structural Engineering
Steel structures(CE-6507)
Proposal for Semester Project

Prepared by
No. Name ID
1 Etsub Seyfu GSR/8856/14
2 Kedus Stiphanos GSR/7951/14
3 Kirubel Hailegeorgis GSR/5792/14
4 Tewele Brahne GSR/1507/14
5 Tewodros Tilahun GSR/3840/14

Submitted to. Dr. Shifferaw T.

 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 General objective ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Specific objective ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 statement of the problem .................................................................................................. 2
Chapter 2: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………..3
2.1 Types of Lifting Machineries ........................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Gantry Cranes ........................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Jib Cranes .................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.3 Bridge Cranes............................................................................................................ 5
2.1.4 Workstation Cranes ................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 3: Problem modeling for analysis and design…………………………………………….6
3.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Design............................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 4 Numerical Experience………………………………………………………………….7
4.1 Example of models ........................................................................................................... 7
4.1.1 Evaluation of Jip Crane as an example ..................................................................... 7
4.1.2 Numerical Analysis of the Jib Crane Using Etabs .................................................... 7
4.1.3 Results & Discussions............................................................................................... 8
Chapter 5: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………9

Page i
 List of Figures
Figure 1-1 Common examples of lifting machines......................................................................... 1
Figure 2-1 Gantry cranes ................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 Jib Cranes ...................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2-3 Single girder &Double Girder ...................................................................................... 5
Figure 3-1 General structure work flow.......................................................................................... 6
Figure 4-1 Frame structure of jib crane .......................................................................................... 7

Page ii
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background
Lifting machines are those machines that are used for lifting loads. The force (or effort) is applied
at one point of the machine and weight (or load) is lifted at the other point of the machine. Pulleys
used to lift water from a well and screw jacks used to lift buses are some of the common examples
of lifting machines.
A crane, winch, pulley block, or any other device other than a hoist or lift that is used to raise or
lower people, commodities, or materials is referred to as a lifting machine. The goal is to increase
or decrease the force required to lift something. A bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum) is
used to do tasks.
Heavy machinery such as patient lifts, overhead cranes, forklifts, building cradles, and passenger
lifts are examples of lifting equipment, it can also include smaller accessories such as chains,
hooks, and rope.
For a number of uses, lifting machines are used to raise and transport big loads, machines,
materials, and items. Construction, manufacturing, shipbuilding, and material loading and
unloading are just a few of the industries that use them. For instance, in Construction, Railways,
Cargos, Shipments, and others

Figure 1-1 Common examples of lifting machines

Page 1
1.2 Objective
1.2.1 General objective
The main aim of the project is to integrate the knowledge that we have grasped in the design and
analysis of steel structures.

1.2.2 Specific objective

To design the different structural elements, connection and foundation of the lifting machines in
order to sustain the applied loads on it.

1.3 statement of the problem

The building sector in our country is rapidly expanding, and in order to provide efficient project
outputs, we must follow the civilized path and raise our productivity. One method to achieve
this is to implement lifting machines, and knowing how to design and build one would be really
beneficial.

The primary goal of these technologies is to: -

 in order to reduce labor costs
 Increase the project's efficiency
 Assist in reducing the need for foreign currency by eliminating the need to import
heavy lifting machineries like crane.

Page 2
 Chapter 2: Literature Review
As the economy develops and human beings progress to more complex levels of utilization of
goods, the transfer of commodities has become a time-consuming and costly duty. Ethiopia has
been in this region for quite some time. In such a big industry with frequent movement of goods,
it is essential that there be a machine to assist with these. Jobs performed by such machines not
only improve efficiency, but also allow for the completion of tasks that would be impossible to do
with a labor force. This type of machinery has recently become highly prevalent and in high
demand. This necessitates the design and manufacture of certain instruments in order to address
this issue.
With the advancement of innovation and technology, there are numerous lift machines that can be
successfully built using steel design expertise. There was a time when people would use their hands
to raise a heavy thing. The modern day has made the assignment quite simple for everyone. In this
day and age, the lifting machine takes every necessary step of moving a heavy object, making the
task of lifting less difficult for workers. Heavy duty lifting equipment is used to move an object
with a lot of weight from one location to another. Similarly, you may move any large-sized item
with ease, beginning with one corner and progressing to the next. Mechanical purposes are served
by the lift machines.

2.1 Types of Lifting Machineries

Overhead cranes and their supporting runways, patient hoists, motor vehicle lifts, vehicle tail lifts,
cranes adapted to vehicles, a building cleaning cradle and its suspension equipment; cargo and
passenger lifts, tele handlers, and fork lifts are all examples of lifters. In terms of this research, it
is only studied for a fixed machine capable of lifting huge loads. Overhead Cranes are ideally
suited for this type.
Overhead cranes are classified as gantry cranes, jib cranes, bridge cranes, workstation cranes,
monorail cranes, top-running, and under-running.

2.1.1 Gantry Cranes

A gantry crane is an overhead crane that is supported by a gantry. A gantry is a mobile structure
that holds up heavy equipment. It is commonly used to support railroad signals, rockets, and
cranes.
A gantry crane, which can move several thousand pounds, can cost several thousand dollars.

Page 3
 Figure 2-1 Gantry cranes

2.1.2 Jib Cranes

Jib Cranes, an upside-down letter L-shaped machine that is normally floor attached through its
own specialized support or to a building's support beam. Jib cranes are often outfitted with an
electric chain hoist and may be operated by hand. As a result, they are particularly efficient at
doing several lifts over short distances.
A one-ton floor-mounted jib crane will cost roughly $3,000 to $4,000. The more weight it has to
lift, the greater the price, although they don't go much higher than a few tons.

Figure 2-2 Jib Cranes

Page 4
2.1.3 Bridge Cranes
When you think of an overhead crane, you probably think of bridge cranes. This type of overhead
crane is installed within a building and is usually supported by the structure of the building. A
hoist that can move left or right is nearly always seen on an overhead bridge crane. These cranes
are frequently mounted on tracks, allowing the entire system to travel forward or backward through
the structure.
Single-girder bridge cranes are less expensive than two-girder bridge cranes, but they do not have
as much lifting capability.

Figure 2-3 Single & Double Girder

2.1.4 Workstation Cranes

These are bridge cranes similar to the ones stated above, but instead of relying on the building for
support, they have their own floor-mounted supports.
These may start at $10,000 and go their way up from there, depending on how much weight has
to be lifted.

Page 5
 Chapter 3: Problem modeling for analysis and design.
3.1 Methodology
The structural design of lifting machine will be conducted using codes and standards applicable to
the task. Materials to be used for the construction of the machine will be selected using the criteria
of availability and cost effectiveness. Background knowledge of analyzing planar frame will be
used to determine internal actions on members. This analysis result will be checked for its
consistency with various structural analysis programs.
The design of members will be based on applicable codes. The same will hold true for connection
design too. The design result will also be checked for its consistency with structural analysis
programs.

3.2 Design
The general structure of the work flow that is to be followed is described in the figure below using
a tree diagram. It shall be noted that the process in in the figure is iterative. That is, the connections
between tasks flows in both directions.

Material
Selection

Choose Trial
Sections

Determination of internal actions on Structural Determination of actions imposed

members on connections

Beam Column Base Plate

Columns Beam Cable
Connection Connection

Detailed Design and verification against all possible types of failures

Verification of hand analysis and design results using structural softwares

Figure 3-1 General structure work flow

Page 6
 Chapter 4 Numerical Experience
4.1 Example of models
4.1.1 Evaluation of Jip Crane as an example
Jib cranes are part of material handling equipment that help in loading and offloading docks,
machining and assembly operations, industrial and construction sites. They come in different
configurations as application requires ranging from free standing jib cranes to wall bracket and
wall cantilever cranes. Several researches were conducted in different aspects of cranes to study,
analyses and solve variety of problems associated with them.

4.1.2 Numerical Analysis of the Jib Crane Using Etabs

Finite element method is used to analyze the crane frame-structure using Etabs.
software in other to compare and verify it with the theoretical solution. Its main advantage is that
it employs a different technique in its solution to the theoretical solution. However, results must
be subjectively analyzed.

Figure 4-1 Frame structure of jib crane

Page 7
4.1.3 Results & Discussions
In hand calculation (theoretical analysis) the lateral torsional buckling ꭕLT 0.755 But in soft
wear out put ꭕLT 0.823 Thus This result is almost the same as the Theoretical solution of a Jip
Crane with that of Numerical method But its more conservatives designing by numerical method
rather that theoretical calculation so The result tells us as a good indication of the effective of this
approaching of Numerical method.

Page 8
 Chapter 5: Conclusion
These machines have been widely used and have grown to dominate in terms of their use and
relevance in the market. However, as previously said, it is obvious that it is preferable to create
and make it rather than buy and face import duty.

Page 9