NATURAL HAZARDS, MITIGATION and 2.

Submersion – happens because of the changes in the sea

ADAPTATION level, especially the rising in sea level.
3. Saltwater Intrusion – movement of saltwater into the
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD freshwater aquifier.

 Caused by extreme meteorological and climate PROCESSES that CAUSES EROSION

events such as floods, drought, hurricanes, tornadoes,
1. Corrosion – when waves pick up beach material and hurl
landslide and mudslide.
them at the base of the cliff.
TORNADOES (IPO-IPO) (TWISTER) 2. Abrasion (sandpaper effect) – occurs as breaking waves
which contain sand and larger fragments erode on the
 A narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends shoreline or head land.
from the base of a thunderstorm to the ground. 3. Attrition – when waves cause rocks and pebbles to bump
 Composed of water deposit, dust and debris into each other and break up.
 Characterized by its condensation funnel. 4. Corrosion/Solution – when certain types of cliff erode as a
HOW THEY ARE FORMED: result of weak acids in the sea.
1. SUPERCELL
a. Warm and cold air meet. DROUGHT
b. Instability of both airs  Destruction of crops, soil erosion, shortage of water
c. Thunderstorm (cumulus nimbus)
supply.
2. UPDRAFT
a. The pressure accumulated is high that TYPES of DROUGHT
it makes the tornado to stand or rise
up  Meteorological
3. TOUCH DOWN  Varies in different regions
a. The cloud reach the earth’s surface  Agricultural
and can now destroy.  Water supply on crops
 Hydrological
LANDSLIDE  D
 Socioeconomic
 Several forms of mass wasting that include a wide range  The demand is more than the supply.
of ground movement.
 Occurs when the slope changes from a stable to an INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE
unstable condition.
THEORIES on the ORIGIN of LIFE
HAZARDS CAUSED by LANDSLIDE
1. Special Creation Theory
1. Volcanic Eruption  Emphasizes that the source of all creation is God.
2. Volcanic Landslide 2. Abiogenesis Theory (Spontaneous Generation)
a. Volcanic Gases (carbon dioxide CCO , water  Life originated as a spontaneous event.
vapor, hydrogen sulfide)  Hypothetical process
3. Lava flows – a molten rock that flows out of a volcano or  Miller-Urey Experiment (a chemical experiment
volcanic vent that stimulated the conditions though at the
4. Pyroclastic Density Current – explosive eruptive time to be present on the early earth and tested
phenomena. A mixture of pulverized rock, ash and hot the chemical origin of life under those
gases and can move at the speed of hundred miles per conditions.)
hour. 3. Biogenesis Theory
5. Lahars – specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic  Living things come from living things.
debris.  Francisco Redi (1668) – meat in a jar experiment
6. Pyroclastic Falls (Volcanic Fallout) – occurs when tephra- (unsealed, sealed, covered)
fragmented rocks is ejected from the volcanic event during  Lazzaro Spallanzani (1768) – broth experiment
an eruption and falls to the ground. (sealed, unsealed)
 Louis Pasteur (1859) – broth in a flask
HURRICANES
experiment (covered in curve tube, no curve
 Tropical cyclones/Typhoons tube)
 a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low
CHARACTERISTIC of LIFE
pressure center, a closed low-level atmosphere circulation,
strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorm 1. Response to Stimuli – ability of living things to react to the
that produce heavy rain. factors of the environment such as life, temperature,
pressure, chemicals and gravity.
HAZARDS CAUSED by TROPICAL CYCLONES
2. Metabolism – the sum total of the chemical reaction
1. Storm Surge – an abnormal rise of water generated by a taking place in an organism.
storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tides. 3. Reproduction –ability of living things to produce new
2. Floods and Flash Floods – gradual rise in water. individuals closely resembling them.
4. Growth and Development – capacity to grow and develop.
FLOODS – caused by heavy rain, river overflow, tsunami, and ice They either grow new parts or increase in size.
meltdown. 5. Homeostasis –maintaining a specific interval environment.
Organism maintain the right pH, temperature, and
TYPES OF FLOOD:
electrolyte concentration among others to survive. Not
1. Slow-on-set flood being able to regulate the interval environment would lead
a. Gradually expanding to death.
2. Rapid-on-set flood 6. Adaptation – one of the organism means to survive. Living
a. Takes a day or two organism over the course of time have adapted various
3. Flash flood changing environment conditions.
a. Doesn’t give time to prepare. 7. Organization – living organism is composed of cells which
are also composed of organelles and their organelles such
MARINE and COSTAL PROCESSES HAZARDS as the cell membrane is again composed of
macromolecules and these macromolecules such as fats is
1. Coastal Erosion – wearing down of the coastlines by the
composed of atoms such as carbon, hydrogen and other.
movement of the wind and water.
UNIFYING THEMES in the STUDY of LIFE
1. Biological System
2. Cellular Basis of Life
3. Structure and Function
4.