Group 1 - Alkali Earth Metals - Extracted by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen from

the mineral lepidolite.

Characteristics
Cesium
- Low Ionization Energy
- Isolated by Carl Setterberg (1882) wherein
- Highly Reactive
he heat cesium and rubidium ores along with
- Metallic Properties sodium metal to form an alloy and to be
separated through fractional distillation.
- Valence Electron - elements in this group
contain only one valence electron Francium

- Conductivity - high thermal and electrical - It is extracted by bombarding thorium with

conductivity protons or by bombarding radium with
neutrons.

Discovery
Properties
- 1807 - Sodium and Potassium by Sir Humphry
Davy - Electronegativity (lowest among other groups)
- decreases down the group
- 1817 - Lithium by Johan August Arfvedson
- Ionization Energy - decreases down the group
- 1860 - Cesium by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff - Alkali metals are reactive that they completely
oxidize as soon as they have contact with air
- 1861 - Rubidium by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen
and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

- 1939 - Francium by Marguerite Perey Reactions

- Reaction with Oxygen - burn vigorously and

becomes dull.
Isolation
- Reaction with Halogens - exothermic;
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium produces ionic compounds/salts.
- Isolated by Humphry Davy wherein he used - Reaction with Hydrogen - produces metallic
electrolysis in Lithium oxide, Sodium hydroxide, hydride
and Potassium hydroxide.
- Reaction with Water - produces metal
Rubidium hydroxide and hydrogen gas
Properties Reactions

Applications

Lithium Cesium

- Dry Cells and batteries - Photoelectric cells

- Pharmaceuticals Francium

Sodium - No uses, because of radioactivity

- Production of Elements and Compounds

- Salt Flame Test

Potassium

- Biochemical functions

- Fertilizers

- Matches, fireworks, and other explosives

Rubidium

- “Getter” in vacuum tubes

- Photocell component
Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals
Discovery and Isolation
Beryllium
- Louis-Nicolas Jaquelin in 1798
- Fredrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy
independently isolated the metal in
1828 by reacting potassium with
beryllium chloride.
Magnesium
- found in large deposits of magnesite
and dolomite, and in mineral waters
where the Mg2+ ion is soluble.
- Isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy
via the electrolysis of a mixture of
magnesia and mercury oxide
Calcium
- 1808 when Sir Humphry Davy
electrolyzed a mixture of lime and
mercuric oxide (HgO).
Strontium
- Discovered in lead mines in 1787.
- Mineral strontianite was named after
the Scottish village of Strontian.
- Metallic strontium was first isolated by
Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 using
electrolysis of a mixture containing
strontium chloride and mercuric oxide.
Barium
- First isolated as Ba2+ in solution by Sir
Humphry Davy in 1808.
Radium
- Discovered by Marie Curie and her
husband Pierre in 1898 while studying
pitchblende.
- In 1910, radium was isolated as a pure
metal by Curie and André-Louis
Debierne through the electrolysis of a
radium chloride solution by using a
mercury cathode and distilling in an
atmosphere of hydrogen gas.
Properties
- Shiny
- Silvery-white
- Somewhat reactive metals at standard
temperature and pressure
- Readily lose their two outermost
electrons to form cations with a 2+
charge
- Low densities
- Low melting points
- Low boiling points
- General electronic configuration: ns2
Facts
Beryllium
- Highly toxic
Magnesium
- Sold as ribbons.
- Plays a role in over 300 different
enzyme reactions in the human body.
Strontium
- Toothpaste designed for people with
sensitive teeth.
Radium
- Radioactive, most are luminescent.
- Marie Curie and her husband spent
hundreds of hours refining tons of
pitchblende in order to isolate 0.1
grams of radium chloride in 1902. They
successfully isolated Radium in 8 years.
Periodic Trend
Atomic Radius
- one-half the distance between the
nuclei of two atoms.
- The valence electrons are further away
from the nucleus as ‘n’ increases.
Electron shielding prevents these outer
electrons from being attracted to the
nucleus; thus, they are loosely held, and
the resulting atomic radius is large.
Ionization Energy
- The energy required to remove an
electron from a neutral atom in its
gaseous phase.
- Decreases as we go down the group due
to the shielding or screen effect of the
outer electrons from the nucleus and so
the attraction is weaker, and they are
more easily removed.
Electron Affinity
- The ability of an atom to accept an
electron.
- Decreases down a group of elements
Electronegativity
- Is a chemical property describing an
atom's ability to attract and bind with
electrons.
- Decreases downward because as you go
down a group, the number of energy
levels (n) increases, and so does the
distance between the nucleus and the
outermost orbital.
Metallic Character
- Is defined as how readily an atom can
lose an electron.
- Increases as the atomic size increases
Reactivity
- Is the measure of how readily a
substance undergoes a chemical
reaction.
- Metal reactivity increases down a group
because as nuclear shielding increases
and the nucleus' hold on the valence
electron weakens, therefore it is easier
to remove valence electrons.
Additional Information
- All alkaline earth metals react
vigorously with the halogens (group 17)
to form the corresponding halides
which is (MX2).
- Reactions of the alkaline earth metals
with oxygen are less complex than
those of the alkali metals. All group 2
elements except barium react directly
with oxygen to form the simple oxide
MO. The reactions of the alkaline earth
metals with the heavier chalcogens (Y)
are like those of the alkali metals.
- When heated, all alkaline earth metals,
except for beryllium, react directly with
carbon to form ionic carbides with the
general formula MC2.
- Beryllium does not react with hydrogen
except at high temperatures.
- All alkaline earth hydrides are good
reducing agents that react rapidly with
water or aqueous acid to produce
hydrogen gas.
- Alkaline earth metals form a wide
variety of simple ionic salts with
oxoanions, such as carbonate, sulfate,
and nitrate.
Applications
Beryllium
- Employed in metal alloys
- Useful in radiology
Magnesium
- Flares and fireworks
- Material for airplanes, missiles, and
rockets.
- Photosynthesis
- Main ingredients in antacids, laxatives,
and Epsom salts.
Calcium
- Key component in the structures of
living things including bones, teeth,
shells, and exoskeletons.
- Limestone, Marble, Chalk
- Used to make plaster, cement, drywall,
and other building materials.
- Deicer and limestone as a white
pigment in paints and toothpaste.
Strontium
- Fireworks and magnets
Barium
- X-rays
- Fireworks to give off green light when
heated.
- Paint pigments
- Filler for rubber, plastic, and resins.
Group 13 – Boron Group
Discovery
Boron
- French chemists named Joseph Louis Gay-
Lussac and Luois Jacques Thenard found in a
form of Borax.
Aluminum
- Named by Sir Humpry Davy
- Discovered by Friedrich Wohler
- 1850 - considered to be a precious metal.
- The word Aluminum comes from the ancients,
alum, KAl(SO4 )2 x 12H2O, and it is utilized as an
astringent.
- Isolated using Electrolysis
Gallium
- 1875- discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de
Boisbaudran
- Isolated with the use of electrolysis of the
hydroxide and potassium carbonate solution.
Indium
- 1863 - discovered by Ferdinand Reich and
Hieronymus Theodor Richter.
- Found using spectroscopy
Thallium
- 1861- Sir William Crookes
- Found using spectroscopy
Occurrence
Boron
- Found as an orthoboric acid and
borates in some volcanic springs, and it
can also be found in trace amounts that
are combined in borates in borax
- occur in two allotropic forms,
amorphous and crystalline boron.
Aluminum
- Occurs in igneous rocks.
- also, the third most plentiful element in Nihonium
the earth's crust.
- Does not naturally occur in the earth's
- Can occur in bauxite ore and iron-rich
crust.
laterite.
- Synthetically made by the Riken
- Can be found in nature in chemical
Research Institute in Japan.
compounds such as Sulfur, silicon, and
- First element created in Asia.
oxygen.
Gallium
Extraction
- Very rare mineral occurs in the earth's
crust at a concentration of 19 ppm. Aluminum
- Does not occur in a pure form or an
elemental form. - Requires a large amount of electricity to
- Can be found in small trace amounts in mine.
bauxite, coal, diaspore, germanite, - Extracting bauxites in the ground
sphalerite ores, zinc, and germanium containing aluminum.
ore - Bauxite ores are processed into
aluminum oxide.
Indium - Obtaining pure aluminum, the
electrolytic reduction is used.
- Fairly abundant in the earth's crust.
- Does not occur by itself but is
uncombined. Gallium
- Occur in trace amounts in zinc where it
is commonly found in, Iron, lead, and - By-product of Aluminum when
extracting from bauxite ore using the
copper ores. Rare as Iron.
Bayer process.
Thallium - Also be extracted in sphalerite ore for
zinc.
- Abundant in the earth's crust at a
- Requires a large amount of electricity,
concentration of 0.7ppm.
and it is labor-intensive.
- Mainly be found in potassium minerals
such as sylvite and pollucite.
- Rarer than Tin
Boron
- Occur in a concentration in some
elements that do not have any - Extracted on a larger scale in minerals
commercial value, such as Antimony, such as borax Na2B4O7 or colemanite
arsenic, copper, lead, and silver, which Ca2B6O11.
are purely a source of thallium.
Indium Oxidation State Group 14 – Carbon Group

- By-product of zinc refining. - Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, and Indium. Discovery

- A zinc concentrate and coal mixture are o +3
Carbon
heated - Thallium
- Leaching o +1 - 3750 BC – Naturally occurring metal.
- Purification - 1789 – Antoine Lavoisier
- Can also be extracted from electronic
waste. Silicon
Periodic Trends
- 1824
- Atomic Radius increases down the
- Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovered pure
Thallium group, due to increase electron shells.
silicon elements by heating silica and
- Electrode potential increases down the
potassium.
- Can be extracted when smelted from group.
- Latin words “silex and silicis” which
copper, lead, zinc, and other sulfide - Ionization Energy decreases down the
means “flint or hard stone”.
ores. group.
- Obtained as a by-product of zinc and - The boiling point decreases down the Germanium
lead refining and recovered from the group
flue dust in smelters or residues such as - 1885
slag collected at the end of the smelting - Clemens Winkler and named as a
process. tribute to his country.
Network
- Leached either by using a base or Tin
sulfuric acid from the material. Boron
- Precipitated several times - Ancient Times - It is known to exist in
- Diagonal effect
- Extracted by electrolysis the past.
- Uniqueness Principle
- Metal and Nonmetal line Lead

Physical and Chemical Properties Aluminum - 300BC - Ancient Romans used it for
water pipes and bath lining.
General: - Diagonal effect
Flerovium
- ns 2p 1 valence electrons in outermost Indium and Thallium
shell. - Produced in 1998 by scientist at Joint
- Inert-pair effect
- Metal silvery color and good conductors Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.
of heat and electricity.
Characteristics

- Solid at room temp.

- Form covalent bond
- Have an outer electron shell of ns^2
np^2
- They become more metallic as it goes
down the group

Properties

Carbon - Can form catenations - carbon is the
only one that can perform catenation
because of its relative atomic size. The
shorter the bond length the stronger
the bond
- Can form a triple covalent bond with
itself
- Hydrocarbons - naturally occurring and
highly combustible and a base of crude
oil
- Commonly found in silicate compounds.
- One silicon atom and double bonded to
two oxygen atoms.
- Can be found in sand, rock, clay, and
soil
Germanium

Silicon
 - Can form bonds covalently with organic
halides.
- If reacted with other elements, it can be
used as a transistor
- Can be sourced from zinc ores through
smelting
- It is a byproduct of burning coal
- Its name came from the Latin word
“stannum” which means “alloy of silver
and lead”
- Tin bonds with halogens
- Pure Tin can be formed through cold
reduction.
- Can also be found in ore catheterized
- Its name came from the Latin word
“plumbum” which means “waterworks”
- It reacts with chloride and fluorine
which forms a poisonous dihalide
- It can be found in lead compounds
- Toxic

Tin

Lead

Flerovium
 - Discovered by Nicolas Lemery, a French
chemist, in 1707.
Bismuth
- Discovered by Johann Heinrich Pott in
1739 and by Frenchman Claude-
Francois Geoffroy in 1753
Nitrogen
- Discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and
Joseph Priestly in 1770.
- Highly Reactive
Isolation
Arsenic
- Heating arsenic (III) sulfide with
eggshells or lime that it was followed by
charcoal
Phosphorus
- Brandt attempted to look for a
substance that is capable enough to
convert silver into gold. Consequently,
he chose to investigate human urine
Group 15 – Nitrogen Group
which produced a white, waxy
Discovery substance that glowed in the dark.
Arsenic Nitrogen
- Discovered by Albertus Magnus around - Daniel Rutherford isolated the element
1250. using the leftover after carbon-
containing substances were and the
Phosphorus
carbon dioxide removed.
- Discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669. Occurrence
Antimony
Arsenic
- It is a highly poisonous metalloid
- three allotropic forms of arsenic are
yellow, black, and gray; the gray
allotrope is the most common.
- Compounds of arsenic are used in
insecticides, weed killers, and alloys.
- oxide of arsenic is amphoteric.
- mainly obtained by heating arsenic-
containing sulfides.
Antimony
- exhibits allotropy
- four allotropes of antimony: one
metallic form and three metastable
forms.
- metallic allotrope is stable, while the
three metastable forms are unstable.
- metastable forms present themselves
as yellow, black, and explosive solids.
- obtained mainly from its sulfide ores,
and it vaporizes at low temperatures.
- commonly used in alloys.
- Arsenic, antimony, and lead form an
alloy with desirable properties for
electrodes in lead-acid batteries.
- classified as a metalloid.
Bismuth
- Metallic element
- Does not exhibit allotropy, unlike the
other elements.
- The average abundance of bismuth in
the Earth’s crust is about 0.00002%.
- Most found as an oxide, sulfide, or
carbonate in silver, lead, zinc, and tin
mineral deposits.
 - a by-product of the smelting of the - Nitrogen is classified as a nonmetallic
mentioned ores. element.
- Commonly used in cosmetic products
and medicine

Phosphorus

- The most important allotropic forms are

black, white, and red phosphorus.
- The eleventh most abundant element,
making up 0.11% of the earth’s crust.
- The main source of phosphorus
compounds is phosphorus rocks.
- Not found pure in nature, but in the
form of apatite ores.
- Fluorapatite, in fluoridated water, is
used to strengthen teeth.
- Hydroxylapatite, is a major component
of tooth enamel and coal material.
- Non-metallic

Nitrogen

- One allotrope which is dinitrogen

- Makes up about 0.002% of the earth’s
crust but constitutes 78% of the earth’s
atmosphere by volume.
- Found naturally in animal and plant
proteins and in fossilized remains of
ancient plant life.
- Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) for dental
work, childbirth, and to increase the
speed of cars.
- Nitrogen oxide in smog and
neurotransmitters.
- Hydrazine(N2H4) is a good reducing
agent.
- Methylhydrazine (CH3NH2) is
commonly used as rocket fuel.
Trends

- The Periodic Law Ionization Enthalpy

- The Uniqueness Principle
- Decreases down the group
- The Diagonal Effect
- The Inert-pair Effect Electronegativity
- The metal-nonmetal line
- The acid-base character of the metal - Decreases down the group
and nonmetal oxides in an aqueous
solution.
- The trends in reduction potentials
- The variations of dpi-ppi bonding that
involve elements of the second and
third periods
- Found in the p-block elements
- Generally, non-metals, while the
remaining are metalloids and metals
- Can either lose 5 electrons or gain 3
electrons
- Common oxidation states of these
elements are -3, +3, and +5
- Tendency to gain three electrons to
create a -3-oxidation state that
decreases down the group.

Electron Configuration

- 5 valence electrons
- Completely filled s-orbitals and half-
filled p-orbitals.

Atomic and Ionic Radii

- Atomic Size increases down the group Structure

due to the addition of new orbitals.
- There is a small increase in ionic radius
due to their completely filled d and/or f
orbital/s.
 Nitrogen As we go down the group:

- Large array of oxidation states. - Increase in Metallic Character

- High ability to form ppi bonds. - Decrease in Electronegativity
- Inability to use d orbitals to expand its
octet.
Occurrence
Phosphorus
Oxygen
- Expand its octet by using d orbitals
- Phosphazenes combine the ppi ability - Sustains life
of nitrogen with the due ability of - Third most abundant in the universe
phosphorus. - Most common
- It exists 20% in the atmosphere, 45% in
Reactions and compounds of chemical
oxide materials, and 89% in mass of
importance
water.
- Nitrogen Fixation
Sulfur
- Nitrates as fertilizers, explosives, and
food additives - 10th most abundant
- Nitrates as food additives - 17th most common
- Nitrogen gas and sodium azide in - Can be found as elemental sulfur, and
automobile airbags. can be seen in mineral sulfides and
- Phosphates in fertilizers, baking organo sulfur
products, soft drinks, and toothpaste.
Selenium

- A rare element
Group 16 – Oxygen Group - there are 90 parts per billion in the
Earth’s crust
- Group 16 is also known as chalcogens
- Can be seen in combination with heavy
- Greek word “chalkos” = “bronze” or
elements
“ore”
- English word “-gen” = “a producer of Tellurium
something”
- A rare element
- there are 0.001 parts per million in the
Earth’s crust.
- There are rarely seen uncombined in
Trend nature.
Other Network Components
Polonium
- Extremely rare
- There are only 1 part in 10^5 in the
Earth’s crust.
- Can be found in radioactive decay
products of uranium, thorium, and
actinium in nature.
Livermorium
- Does not occur naturally
- and can be made by bombarding atoms
with calcium.
History and Discovery
-Oxygen
- Named by Antoine Lavoisier by using
the Greek word “oxys” and “genes”
which means “acid former”
- It is discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele
in 1772 by burning manganese oxide
which resulted to “fire air”
- It was also discovered by Joseph Priestly
in 1774 by using 12 in burning glass-
aimed sunlight at mercuric oxide.
Sulfur
- It was classified as an element by
Antoine Lavoisier in 1777.
- Initially, it was first thought that sulfur
is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen,
however, the elemental nature was
established by Joseph Gay-Lussac and
Loius Thenard.
Selenium
- It came from the Greek word “Selene”
which means “Moon”
- It was discovered by Jons Jacob
Berzellius in 1817 as he noted the red
substance found in sulfide ores.
Tellurium
- It’s original name was Tellus.
- It was discovered by Franz Joseph
Muller Von Reichenstein in an ored in
Sibiu, Romania mining site near Zalatna
Polonium
- It was named after Marie Curies
Homeland, Poland.
- It was discovered by Pierre and Marie
Curie in 1898 by radiochemical analysis
through an investigation of uranium
ore.
Livermorium
- In 2000, researchers from Joint
International Nuclear Research in Russia
and Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in California have made an
entire discovery procedure review
- It was then accepted by IUPAC in 2011
Properties
Oxygen
- Non-metal
- In the gaseous state, it is colorless but
in a liquid state, it is pale blue.
- It is orderless
- It is a poor conductor of electricity
- Electronegativity: 2.55
Sulfur
- Non-metal
- It is light yellow but turns dark yellow
after it was boiled
- It is orderless
- It is a poor conductor of electricity
- Electronegativity: 3.44
Selenium
- Non-metal
- it is color gray in the metal state while it
is amorphous red when allotrope
- It smells like a decayed horse radish-like
when heated
- It is a semiconductor and a
photoconductor
- Electronegativity: 2.55
Tellurium
- Semimetal
- It is color silvery white in solid-state
while it is dark gray when it is powder
- It smells like garlic
- It is a poor conductor of heat but it is a
fair conductor of electricity.
- Electronegativity: 2.1
Polonium
- Radioactive metal
- It can be either silver-gray or black in
solid-state
- It is orderless
- Electrical conductivity decreases as the
temp. increases
- Electronegativity 2.0
Livermorium
- Post Transition Metal
- Presumably, it is either color silver gray
or gray in solid-state.
Extraction
Oxygen
- Can be separated using Fractionated
Liquefaction and Distillation
Sulfur
- Can be extracted directly in metal
sulfides, pyrites
- Can be extracted using Frasch Process
wherein superheated water and
compressed air will draw liquid sulfur to
the surface
- By reducing H2S which is found in Oil
and Natural Gas
Selenium
- Can be extracted in anode slimes
- Can be extracted as a byproduct of
copper refining
Tellurium
- Can be obtained industrially from
byproducts of electrolytic copper and
nickel
Polonium
- Can be found in Uranium Ores but it is
considered to be uneconomical
Livermorium
- Can be synthetically made by
bombarding the curium atoms with
calcium.
Application
Oxygen
- Burning of combustible materials
- Melting, refining, manufacturing, and
other metals
- Manufacturing chemicals
- Rocket Propulsion
- Stone and Glass products
- Medical ad biological support
Sulfur
- Pigment and tonic
- Fungicide
- Fertilizer industry
- Cellophane and Rayon
Selenium
- Manufacturing red-colored glass
- Electronic equipment
- Solar cells
- Laser Printers
- Explosive Meters (Photography)
Tellurium
- Machining Quality (Metal Products)
- Colors glass and ceramics
- Thermoelectric devices
Polonium
- Antistatic devices
- Research purposes
- Eliminate static electricity
- Source of Neutron
- Source of Heat (space equipment)
Livermorium
- Scientific purposes
Group 17 – Fluorine Group
- Also known as Halogens
- Comes from the word “hals” + “gennan”
which means ‘to form salt’
- All diatomic except astatine
- Very reactive
Discovery
Chlorine
- 1774 - discovered by Carl Wilhelm
Scheele
- 1810 - Sir Humphry Davy named it
chlorine.
Iodine
- 1811 - Addition of sulfuric acid to the
potassium nitrate, the element was
discovered by Bernard Courtois in which
he observed a purple fume that led to
the formation of crystals that exhibited
metallic luster
- 1811 - Gay-Lussac and Davy confirmed
the assumption but Davy was
mistakenly credited for the discovery of
 iodine after he passed the report to the
Royal Institute in London.
Occurrence and Extraction
Fluorine
Fluorine
- 1813 - discovered by Humphry Davy
- Found in nature only in chemical
and Andre Marie Ampere who coined
compound forms except in fluorspar
the term.
subjected to radium that makes up
Bromine about 0.065% of the Earth’s crust.
- Can be found in principal fluorine-
- 1826 - Antoine-Jerome Balard
containing minerals such as fluorspar,
discovered brome after extracting it
cryolite, fluoroapatite, topaz, lepidolite.
from saltwater in Montpellier, France.
- It was isolated by electrolysis of dry
- 1826 - Also discovered by Carl Loewing.
potassium hydrogen fluoride and dry
- 1826 - Also discovered Justus von
hydrofluoric acid by Henri Moissan
Liebig.
Chlorine
Astatine
- Usually found in the form of chemical
- 1940 - discovered by Dale R. Carson,
compounds; small amounts found in
K.R. McKenzie, and Emilio Segre by
volcanic gases
bombarding bismuth-209 with
- Found in evaporate minerals such as
cyclotron-accelerated alpha particles
chlorapatite and sodalite.
- Direct oxidation was initially used
before electrolytic methods, wherein it
Atomic Properties and Periodic Trends is used in the Deacon process and
It increases as you go down the group: heating of manganese dioxide and brine
with acid.
- Atomic Radii - Three industrial methods of extraction
- Melting Point and Boiling Point by electrolysis:
It decreases as you go down the group: o Mercury cell electrolysis
o Diaphragm cell electrolysis
- Electronegativity o Membrane cell electrolysis
- Ionization Energy
Bromine
- Electron Affinity
- Found in nature only in compounds as
soluble as well as insoluble bromides.
- Natural salt deposits and brines are the
main sources of bromine and
compounds.
- Some occur in ocean water, some
thermal springs, the Dead Sea, and in
rare insoluble silver bromide minerals
(ex. bromyrite)
- To extract from seawater, Vacuum
Distillation is used with high bromine
extraction efficiency and purity.
- Another method is to pump steam,
under reduced pressure, through the
liquid until it is boiling then the bromine
is collected with steam and separated
into two layers.
Iodine
- Never found uncombined as it is not
concentrated sufficiently to form
independent minerals; it is found in
seawater and formed in seaweeds.
- Iodine in the human body is in the
compound thyroxine which is produced
in the thyroid gland.
- The only naturally occurring isotope is
stable iodine-127
- Iodine compounds are also used in the
field of medicine.
- Iodine can be obtained from brine that
contains iodide ions and nitrate ores.
- Two ways iodine can be obtained from
brine:
o blowing out method
o ion-exchange method
Applications
Fluorine
 - It was used in World War II specifically - Present in small amounts in living things
atom bombs and nuclear energy - Bromine compounds such as sodium
projects bromide and potassium bromide are
- Teflon or polytetrafluoroethylene used as sedatives and anticonvulsants
(PTFE) during the 19th and 20th century
- Cable insulation - Royal purple dye (since ancient times)
- Chlorofluorocarbons
Iodine
- Fluoride in toothpaste
- Photography
Chlorine
- Iodine salts
- Disinfectant - Polarizing filters for LCD displays
- Papers, paints, textiles, and insecticides - Added to table salt to prevent iodine
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) deficiency
- Used as an oxidizing agent in chemical - Isotope iodine-131 is sometimes used
reactions to treat cancerous thyroid glands
- Chloroform, carbon tetrachloride - Needed by the thyroid gland for growth
- Weapons in World War I (due to its and regulating body temp., prevents
toxicity) goiter
- Balances the positive (potassium) ions - Seen in seaweeds
in the body Properties
Reactivity and Valence Electrons
- Utilized by extracellular fluids, such as
blood, to balance positive (sodium) ions
in the body
- Common salt or sodium chloride.

Bromine

- Agricultural chemicals, insecticides

- Pharmaceutical and chemical
intermediates
- Flame retardants
- Added into furniture foams, plastic
casing for electronics and textiles
- Film photography - silver bromide
- Halon fire extinguishers -
organobromides
- Used in leaded fuels to prevent engine
knock
Halogen Compounds

GROUP 18 – Noble Gas

 - They are famous for their reluctance to
make compounds. The reason is that
the noble gases all have a full set of
electrons on their outer energy shell, so
they are very content.
Oganesson
Discovery
Helium
- Discovered by Pierre Jansen in 1868.
- Confirmed by Sir William Crookes
- Sir Edward Frankland proposed the
name "Helium"
- Helios, Greek god of the Sun
Neon
Compounds
- Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and
Helium
Morris Travers.
- Discovered after Krypton in 1898.
- Neos, New
Argon
- Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and
Lord Rayleigh in 1894.
- Byproduct of oxygen and nitrogen.
Neon
- Argos, The lazy one
Krypton
- Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and
Morris Travers in 1898.
- Kryptos, The Hidden One.
Argon
Xenon
- Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and
Morris Travers in 1898.
- Xenos, Strange
Radon of this limitation, argon fluorohydride
has no uses outside of basic scientific
- Discovered by by Friedrich Ernst Dorn
research.
1900.
- Nitens, Marvelous Krypton
- Krypton difluoride (KrF2) is the easiest
krypton compound to make and gram
- Created by the scientist in Joint Institute
amounts of it have been produced.
for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia
and U.S. Department of Energy's Xenon
Lawrence Livermore National
- Xenon hexafluoroplatinate (XePtF6)
Laboratory in 2006.
- Xenon difluoride (XeF2)
- Yuri Oganessian
- Xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4)
- Xenon hexafluoride (XeF6)
- Xenon tetroxide (XeO4)
Radon
- Radon fluoride (RnF) is the only
- Helium is an inert gas and does not
confirmed compound of radon.
easily combine with other elements.
There are no known compounds that Oganesson
contain helium, although attempts are
- Since only a few atoms of oganesson
being made to produce helium
have ever been produced, it currently
diflouride (HeF2).
has no uses outside of basic scientific
research.
- Neon is highly inert and forms no
known compounds, although there is
some evidence that it could form a
compound with fluorine.
- Once thought to be completely inert,
argon is known to form at least one
compound. The synthesis of argon
fluorohydride (HArF) decompose once it Properties
warms above -246°C (-411°F). Because
 - Radon shift to liquid phase in
Antarctica.
- Noble gases are sparingly soluble in
water, and radon is highly soluble.
- Krypton-81 can be used to determine
the age of ice in Antarctica.
- If neon signs are orange, they contain
pure neon; otherwise, they contain
multiple gases.
- Xenon has a higher anesthetic potency
than nitrous oxide.

Applications
Krypton
Helium
- photographic flashes used in high-speed
- Balloons photography
Neon Xenon
- Cryogenic refrigerant - Xenon is an interesting anesthetic as it
appears to lack negative inotropicy and
Argon
vasodilatation.
- It is used to fill incandescent and
Radon
fluorescent light bulbs to prevent
oxygen from corroding the hot filament. - Small amounts of radon are sometimes
used by hospitals to treat some forms
of cancer.

Fun Facts