Bio Chapter 4 Form 4 Part 1

PUSAT TUISYEN MARTIN PUDU, DESA PANDAN, CHERAS
SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELL
4.1 Chemical composition of cell

Komposisi kimia sel.
1. Organisms are made from organic and inorganic compounds.

Organisma diperbuat dengan menggunakan struktur sebatian organik dan inorganik.
MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

2. There are many kind of elements that combined chemically to make the organic and inorganic `
compounds.
Pelbagai unsur akan melalui tindakan kimia untuk menghasilkan sebatian organik dan
inorganik.
3. The major elements that makes organic compounds are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)
Unsur-unsur yang paling banyak ditemui dalam sebatian organik adalah unsur seperti karbon
(C), hydrogen (H) dan Oxygen (O).
4. Organic molecules are bigger and complex.

Sebatian organik adalah besar dan kompleks.
5. Examples of organic molecules are glucose , amino acids, fats, cholesterol, deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), citric acid, ethanoic acid, and etc.
Contoh sebatian organik adalah seperti glukosa, asid amino, lemak, kolesterol, asid
deoksiribonukleik (DNA), asid sitrik, asid etanoik dan lain lain lagi.
6. Inorganic compounds are simpler and smaller molecules.

Sebatian inorganik adalah molekul yang lebih ringkas dan kecil.
7. Examples of inorganic compound are carbon dioxide gas (CO2), Oxygen gas (O2), sodium (Na),
water molecule (H2O) and etc.
Contoh sebatian inorganic adalah seperti gas carbon dioksida (CO2), gas oksigen (O2), natrium
(Na), molecule air (H2O) dan lain-lain.
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FB: TutorMrSun Mr.Sun (Your Bio Coach) Insta: Suntharan

Water
Air
1. Water molecules is made from two main elements that are Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ratio of
two hydrogen and one oxygen (2H:1O).
Molekul air terhasil dengan menggunakan dua jenis unsur iaitu unsur hydrogen dan oksigen
dalam nisbah dua hydrogen kepada satu oksigen (2H:1O)

2. All organism needs water for survival.
Semua organisma memerlukan air untuk meneruskan kehidupanya.
3. Water is the best solvent and also it is called as universal solvent and it can dissolve almost all
solute.
Air adalah pelarut yang terbaik malah ia dikenali sebagai pelarut universal dan dapat melarut
hampir kesemua bahan larut.
4. Water helps regulate body temperature, metabolic activities and it keeps the organisms hydrated.
Air membantu menyelaraskan suhu badan, menjalankan akitiviti metabolik dan mengekalkan
organisma terhidrat.
5. Organisms lack water in its cells or body is known to be dehydrated.

Organisma yang tidak mencukupi air dalam sel atau badan dikatakan berada dalam keadaan
kontang.
Carbohydrate
Karbohidrat

1. Carbohydrates are biochemical compounds that are made up of three important elements that are
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Karbohidrat adalah sebatian biokimia yang terhasil dengan menggunakan tiga jenis unsur iaitu
karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.
2. The basic monomer of carbohydrate molecules are composed of 3 carbon, 5 carbon or 6 carbon
structure.
Unit asas molekul karbohidrat teridiri daripada struktur yang dibina dengan menggunakan 3
karbon, 5 karbon atau 6 karbon.
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3. Glucose, galactose and fructose that are categorised as 6 carbon sugars.
Glukosa, galaktosa dan fruktosa adalah dibawah kategori struktur 6 karbon.

4. The ratio of elements in glucose molecules is 6C:12H:6O
Nisbah unsur untuk molekul glukosa ialah 6C:12H:6O
5. The chemical formula of glucose molecule is C6H12O6.

Formula kimia molekul glukosa ialah C6H12O6.
6. There are many types of carbohydrate based on the degree of polymerisation.

Terdapat pelbagai jenis kabohidrat yang terbentuk melalui tahap proses polimerisasi
Monosaccharide
Monosakarida

1. The general formula of monosaccharide is [CH2O]n where n = 3,5 or 6 carbon atoms.
Formula asas monosakarida adalah [CH2O]n, dimana n = 3,5 atau 6 atom karbon.
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2. The most common monosaccharide is the 6-carbon hexoses sugar with formula (C6H12O6).
Monosakarida yang paling banyak ialah gula heksosa 6-karbon dengan formula C6H12O6).
3. Glucose are sweet, soluble in water and can be crystallized.

Molekul glukosa adalah adalah manis, larut dalam air dan boleh menghablur.
4. Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar that will polymerise to form complex polysaccharides.

Monosakarida adalah molekul yang paling ringkas dan ia akan melalui proses polimerasi untuk
membentuk molekul polisakarida yang lebih compleks.
5. It is the main source of energy for many cells and organisms.

Ia adalah komponen tenaga yang paling utama bagi kebanyakan sel dan organisma.
6. Monosaccharide are reducing sugar.

Monosakarida adalah gula penurun.
7. Reducing sugar is the ability of a monosaccharide or disaccharide to reduce copper (II) sulphate
(CuSO4) [Benedict solution] into copper oxide and form brick red precipitation.
Gula penurun adalah kebolehan monosakarida atau disakarida untuk menurunkan kuprum (II)
sulfat (CuSO4) [larutan Benedict] kepada kuprum oksida dan membentuk mendakan merah
bata.
8. Monosaccharide can polymerise and combine with protein or lipid molecules and become
glycoprotein or glycolipid.
Monosakarida boleh melalui proses polimerasi dan bergabing dengan molekul protein atau

lipid untuk membentuk struktur glikoprotein atau glikolipid.
Disaccharide
Disakarida
1. Disaccharide is a complex sugar.

Disakarida adalah gula yang kompleks.
2. Two monosaccharide molecules combine together by condensation process to produce one

disaccharide molecule and releases one water molecule.
Dua molekul monosakarida akan bergabung secara proses kondensasi untuk membentuk satu
molekul disakarida dan melalui proses ini satu molekul air akan terbebas.
3. Two monosaccharide molecus are combined using covalent bonding (glycosidic bonding).
Dua molekul monosakarida yang bergabung akan membentuk ikatan kovalen (ikatan glikosida).
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4. Disaccharide molecules can be hydrolysed into two molecules of monosaccharide by addition of

water and enzymes. This process is known as hydrolysis.
Air dan enzim boleh memecahkan molekul disakarida melalui proses hidrolisis dan menukarnya
kembali kepada dua molekul monosakarida.
Condensation process
Proses kondensasi

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water (maltose is malt sugar from germinating barley seed)
Glokosa + Glukosa = Maltosa + Air (Maltosa adalah gula malta dari benih barli yang bercambah)
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + Water (Lactose is a milk sugar from milk)

Glokosa + Glukosa = Laktosa + Air (Laktosa adalah gula didalam susu)
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + Water (Sucrose is a cane sugar from sugar cane or fruits)
Glokosa + Glukosa = Sukrosa + Air (Sukrosa adalah gula dari tebu atau buah-buahan)
5. Disaccharide is also soluble in water, taste sweet and it can form crystals.
Disakarida juga boleh larul dalam air, berasa manis dan boleh menghablur.
6. Maltose and Lactose is reducing sugar.

Maltosa dan laktosa adalah gula penurun.
7. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar.

Sukrosa adalah bukan gula penurun.

8. Sucrose does not reduce the Copper (II) Sulphate (CuSO4) [Benedict solution] into Copper (I)
Oxide. Therefore no brick red precipitate is formed.
Sukrosa tidak dapat menurunkan kuprum (II) sulfat (CuSO4) [larutan Benedict] kepada kuprum
oksida dan tidak dapat membentuk mendakan merah bata.
Hydrolysis of disaccharide:
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Polysaccharide

Polisakarida
1. Polysaccharide molecule are polymers containing long chains off monosaccharide molecules.
Molekul polisakarida adalah polimer yang diperbuat oleh rantaian molekul monosakarida.
2. Each monosaccharide is combined using glycosidic bonding. This process is also known as
condensation process and multiple water molecules will be released during this process.
Setiap molekul monosakarida bergabung antara satu sama lain dengan menggunakan ikan
glikosidik dan beberapa molekul air yang akan terhasil melalui proses ini.
3. Examples of polysaccharides are Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose.

Contoh molekul polisakarida adalah seperti kanji, glikogen dan selulosa.
4. Starch can be found in plants as starch granules in the leaves, tuber or seeds.

Kanji terkandung dalam daun, tuber atau benih sebagai granular kanji.
5. Glycogen is the carbohydrate storage in animal cells.

Glikogen adalah karbohidrat yang disimpan dalam sel haiwan.
6. Cellulose fibers builds the cell wall of plants cells.

Dinding sel tumbuhan diperbuat daripada gentian selulosa.
7. To test for starch granules, iodine solution is used. Starch causes brown colour iodine solution
turn into blue or dark blue.
Kehadiran kanji boleh diuji dengan menggunakan larutan iodin. Kanji menyebabkan larutan
iodin yang berwarna perang bertukar warna kepada biru gelap.
8. All polysaccharides are non-reducing sugar.

Semua polisakarida adalah gula bukan penurun.
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Glycogen Starch
Lipid.
Cellulose fibers

lipid molecules are made from elements like carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Molekul lipid dibina dengan menggunakan unsur unsur seperti karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen.
Triglyceride
Trigliserida
Triglyceride molecules are produced by condensation of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid
chains.
Molekul trigliserida terbentuk melalui proses kondensasi diantara satu molekul gliserol dan tiga
molekul asid lemak.
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This process is also known as the esterification process because it involves the reaction between alcohol
and organic acids.
Proses ini juga dikenali sebagai proses esterifikasi sebab tindak balas berlaku yang berlaku adalah
diantara sebatian alkohol dan asid organik.
There are two types of fatty acids that are saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids
Terdapat dua jenis asid lemak iaitu asid lemak tepu dan asid lemak tak tepu.
Saturated fat molecule are made from carbon atoms that are connected only using single bondings with
maximum hydrogen atoms. Example is stearic acid.
Asid lemak tepu adalah molekul yang terdiri daripada unsur - unsur karbon yang bergabung dengan
ikatan tunggal sahaja dan dipenuhi dengan atom hidrogen dalam kuantiti yang maksima. Contoh, asid

stearik.
Non saturated fatty acids are made from carbon atoms that are connected using single bonding
however, there will be one or more double bonding between the carbon atoms and the hydrogen atoms
are not saturated and can react with free hydrogen atoms. Example are oleic acid and linoleic acid.
Asid lemak tak tepu adalah molekul yang terdiri daripada unsur unsur karbon yang bergabung dengan
ikatan tunggal dan mempunyai satu atau lebih ikatan ganda dua diantara beberapa karbon. Molekul ini
belum lagi dipenuhi dengan hidrogen yang maksima and boleh bertindak balas dengan hidrogen.
Contoh, asid oleik dan asid linoleik.
Triglyceride molecule produced from unsaturated fatty acids will exist as liquid oil at room temperature.
Examples are, vegetable oils like sesame oil and palm oil.
Molekul trigliserida yang terhasil dengan menggunakan asid lemak tak tepu akan berada dalam bentuk
(minyak) cecair dalam suhu bilik. Contohnya, minyak sayuran seperti minyak bijan dan minyak sawit.

Triglyceride molecule produced from saturated fatty acids will exist as solid fats at room temperature.
Example are animal fats and margarine.
Molekul trigliserida yang terhasil dengan menggukan asid lemak tepu akan berada dalam bentuk
pepejal dalam suhu bilik. Contohnya, lemak haiwan, mentega.
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Cholesterol
Kolesterol
Cholesterol is a type of lipid molecule that is used to strengthen the phospholipid bilayer that makes the
plasma membrane.
Kolesterol adalah sejenis molekul lipid yang digunakan untuk mengukuhkan struktur dwilapisan
fosfolipid membran plasma.
Cholesterol is a type of steroid molecule.

Kolesterol adalah sejenis molekul steroid.

There are many types of molecule that are derived from steroid molecule like the hormone testosterone,
progesterone and oestrogen.
Terdapat beberapa molekul yang lain yang terbentuk daripada molekul steroid seperti hormone
testosterone, progesterone dan oestrogen.
Several saturated fatty acids and cholesterol molecules interacts together with some protein molecule to
produce low density lipoproteins.
Jika beberapa asid lemak tepu dan molekul kolesterol berinteraksi dengan beberapa molekul protein ia
akan membentuk molekul lipoprotein ketumputan rendah.
Low density lipoproteins are dangerous and it can be the main cause for cardiovascular diseases like
arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and embolism.
Lipoprotein ketumpatan rendah adalah sangat berbahaya yang menyebabkan penyakit kardiovaskular
seperti atherosklerosis, trombosis dan embolisme.

Several non saturated fatty acids interacts with cholesterol molecules and some protein molecules to
produce high density lipoproteins.
Jika beberapa asid lemak tak tepu dan kolesterol berinteraksi dengan beberapa molekul protein, ia
akan membentuk lipoprotein ketumpatan tinggi.
High density lipoprotein is much healthier compared to low density lipoproteins, however, the intake of
food containing high cholesterol and lipid should be in control to avoid cardio vascular disease.
Lipoprotein ketumpatan tinggi adalah lebih sihat namun tetapi pengambilan lemak harus dikawal untuk
mengelakkan penyakit kardiovaskular.
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Lipids has several functions:

Lipid mempunyai beberapa fungsi:
The fat layer under the dermis of our skin is used as heat insulator.
lapisan lemak yang dibentuk dibawah lapisan kulit dermis berfungsi sebagai penebat haba.
Fat layer around our organs is to protect and lubricate the surface of organ to reduce the friction force
with other organs.
lapisan lemak sekeliling organ melindungi organ daripada daya gesaran.
Fat layer in-between the the skeletal muscle tissue is used as reserve energy storage and will be used

when the body lacks energy or during the we starve from waiting food that is high in carbohydrates.
Lapisan lemak diantara otot rangka digunakan sebagai tenaga simpanan dan akan digunakan apabila
badan tidak mencukupi tenaga atau semasa kekurangan makanan yang berkarbohidrat.
The basic unit of plasma membrane structures are phopholipid molecules.

Unit asas membran plasma adalah fosfolipid.
Nucleic acid
Asid nukleik
Nucleic acids contains genetic code or genetic information that is used to produce all the proteins and
enzymes needed by the organisms. It is also used to control and regulate all the activity of the cell.
Asid nukleik mengandungi kod genetik atau informasi genetik yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan
semua struktur protein dan enzim yang diperlukan oleh organisma. Ia juga digunakan untuk mengawal

dan menyelaraskan semua aktiviti didalam sel.
There two type of nucleic acids that are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA),
Terdapat dua jenis asid nukleik iaitu asid deoksiribonukleik (DNA) dan asid rinonukleik (RNA).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) consist of two nucleotide chains arranged in opposite orientation and
appear as double helix coil.
Asid deoksirobukleik (DNA) terdiri daripada dua rantai nukleotida yang disusun dalam orientasi
bertentangan dan berpilin antara satu sama lain untuk membentuk heliks ganda dua.
Nucleotide is the basic unit that makes the nucleic acids. Each nucleotide molecule are composed of
three important structures that are deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases.
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Nukleotida adalah unit asas asid nukleik. Setiap molekul nukleotida terhasil dengan menggunakan tiga
komponen yang penting iaitu gula deoksiribosa, molekul kumpulan fosfat dan bes bernitrogen.
There are four different type of nitrogenous bases that are adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and
guanine (G).
Terdapat empat jenis bes nitrogen iaitu adenina (A), tiamina (T), sitosina (S) dan Guanina (G).
Guanine will interact with cytosine and form three hydrogen bondings in between.
Guanina akan berinteraksi bersama sitosina dengan membentuk tiga ikatan hidrogen.
Adenine and thiamine will interact together with two hydrogen bondings.

Adenina dan tiamina akan berinteraksi dengan membentuk dua ikatan hidrogen.
Ribonucleic acids are single chain that are made from polymerisation of nucleotides
Asid ribonukleic ialah rantai asid nukleik tunggal dengan unit asas nukleotida yang sama.
The list of nitrogenous bases are little different whereby the thiamine will be replaced by uracil.
Bes bernitrogen adalah sedikit berbeza dimana tiamina digantikan dengan urasil.

RNA molecule are produced using DNA molecule whereby it carries the same genetic information that
is needed to produce all the type of protein and enzyme molecules that are needed for the cell.
Molekul RNA terhasil daripada molekul DNA dimana ia akan membawa informasi genetik yang
diperlukan untuk menghasilkan semua protein dan enzim diperlukan untuk organisma.
11

Compare saturated and unsaturated fats:
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Production of extracellular enzyme

[Based on Sun Sun Soya Factory Story]
Nucleus : Bilik Boss
DNA : Boss
RNA : Manager
Ribosome : Workers
Rough endoplasmic reticulum : working space

Transport vessicle : Transport vehicle
Golgi Apparatus : Quality Control Department
Secretory vesicle : Send out vehicle
Plasma membrane : Factory gate
Explain how extracellular enzyme is synthesised?
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PUSAT TUISYEN MARTIN PUDU, DESA PANDAN, CHERAS

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

4.1 Chemical composition of cell

1. Organisms are made from organic and inorganic compounds.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

4. Organic molecules are bigger and complex.

6. Inorganic compounds are simpler and smaller molecules.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

5. Organisms lack water in its cells or body is known to be dehydrated.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

5. The chemical formula of glucose molecule is C6H12O6.

6. There are many types of carbohydrate based on the degree of polymerisation.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

3. Glucose are sweet, soluble in water and can be crystallized.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

5. It is the main source of energy for many cells and organisms.

6. Monosaccharide are reducing sugar.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

1. Disaccharide is a complex sugar.

2. Two monosaccharide molecules combine together by condensation process to produce one

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

4. Disaccharide molecules can be hydrolysed into two molecules of monosaccharide by addition of

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + Water (Lactose is a milk sugar from milk)

6. Maltose and Lactose is reducing sugar.

7. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

3. Examples of polysaccharides are Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

5. Glycogen is the carbohydrate storage in animal cells.

6. Cellulose fibers builds the cell wall of plants cells.

8. All polysaccharides are non-reducing sugar.

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

Cholesterol is a type of steroid molecule.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

Lipids has several functions:

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

The basic unit of plasma membrane structures are phopholipid molecules.

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

SPM BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4: PART 1

Compare saturated and unsaturated fats:

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Production of extracellular enzyme

MR. SUN (YOUR BIO COACH)

Explain how extracellular enzyme is synthesised?