 There are 3 basic international quantities:

Length
Time
Mass
 How to plan a experiment:
Aim:
Apparatus:
Experimental setup: Equipment required carrying out experiment.
Procedure:
1. L
2. B
3. H
4. Now calculate the formula V=b*h*l
5. Repeat the experiment to increase the accuracy
Tabular Column:
Trial No. Length (cm) Breadth( cm) Height(cm) Volume (cm)

Water displacement is a method to find out the volume of an irregular shape by putting the solid
in water and measuring its displacement. Density of water is 1000 Kilogram per meter cube.
Density= Mass/Volume
 Plan an experiment to find the density of an irregular object :
Aim: Experiment to find the density of an irregular object.
Apparatus: Measuring Cylinder (3-4 times bigger than the object), irregular object, enough
water to cover object, Top pan balance, Mass Balance
Experimental Setup: (Photos of Apparatus)
Procedure:
1. Find the mass of the irregular object.
2. Fill the Measuring Cylinder with water, measure its volume, and denote it as V1.
3. Put the irregular object in the Measuring Cylinder slowly.
4. Take the new reading and denote it as V2.
Mass of the given irregular object = m= __ g
Initial volume of the water is V1=___ml
Final volume of water with irregular shaped object V2= __ml
Therefore the volume of irregular shaped object V= V2-V1 = ___ml
Calculation:
Density=Mass/Volume

Homework Questions (09/09/2020)

1.1 A rectangular block of wood has dimensions 240mm x 20.5cm x 0.040m. Calculate its
volume in cm3.
Answer:
Aim: Find the volume of block of wood that has dimensions 240mm x 20.5cm x 0.040m.
Apparatus: Wooden Block and Calculator.
Experimental Setup: (Photos of Apparatus)
Procedure:
1. 240mm = 24cm
2. 0.040m = 40cm
3. Volume formula = 24cm( length) x 20.5cm(breadth) x 40cm(height) = 19,680 cm3
4. Repeat the experiment to increase the accuracy.

1.2 Ten identical lines of wire are laid closely side-by-side. Their combined width is measured
and found to 14.2mm. Calculate :
a) The radius of single wire:
b) The volume in mm3 of a single wire if its length is 10.0 cm ( Volume of cylinder = 3.14*r2*h,
where r= radius and h= height)
Answer:
Aim:
a) The radius of single wire:
b) The volume in mm3 of a single wire if its length is 10.0 cm (Volume of cylinder = 3.14*r2*h,
where r= radius and h= height)
Apparatus: 10 wires and Calculator.
Experimental Setup: (Photos of Apparatus)
Procedure:
a) Considering no Paralox error, 14.2mm = 10*diameter of each identical wire.
Therefore, 14.2mm/10 = diameter of each identical wire.
Diameter = 2*radius
Radius = 1.42mm/2
Radius = 0.71mm
b) Height = 100mm
3.14 Or 22/7
Radius = 0.71mm
Formula = 3.14*r2*h
3.14*(0.71mm) 2*100mm = 158.367mm3
Volume of single identical wire = 158.367mm3
1.3 The volume of a piece of wood (which floats in water) can be measured as shown.
Write a brief paragraph to describe the procedure. State the volume of the wood.

Answer:
Anvil and spindle are the two parts of a Micrometer Screw Gauge

Anvil Spindle
Question 1:
MSR(Main Scale VSR(Vernier Diameter, TR=
Trail No.
Reading) Scale Reading) MSR+(VSR*LC)
2.2cm+(7*0.01)=
1 2.2cm 7
2.27cm
3.7cm+(2*0.01)=
2 2.7cm 2
3.72cm
2.6cm+(3*0.01)=
3 2.6cm 3
2.63cm
Average = D1+D2+D3/3
Average = 2.27cm+2.72cm+2.63cm/3
Average = 2.54cm
Radius= 2.54cm/2
Radius= 1.27
MSR(Main Scale VSR(Vernier Height, TR=
Trail No.
Reading) Scale Reading) MSR+(VSR*LC)
3.7cm+(6*0.01)=
1 3.7cm 6
3.76cm
3.7cm+(6*0.01)=
2 3.7cm 6
3.76cm
3.4cm+(6*0.01)=
3 3.4cm 6
3.46cm
Average = h1+h2+h3/3
Average = 3.76cm+3.76cm+3.46cm/3
Average = 3.66cm
Volume = (π *r2)*h
Volume = (π *1.6129)*3.66cm
Volume = 18.545cm3

Question 2:
Formula for the Volume of Sphere= 4/3 * π*r3

MSR(Main Scale VSR(Vernier Diameter, TR=

Trail No.
Reading) Scale Reading) MSR+(VSR*LC)
2.1cm+(7*0.01)=
1 2.1cm 7
2.17cm
2.1cm+(8*0.01)=
2 2.1cm 8
2.18cm
2.1cm+(7*0.01)=
3 2.1cm 7
2.17cm

Average = D1+D2+D3/3
Average = 2.17cm+2.18cm+2.17cm/3
Average = 2.173cm
Radius= 2.173cm/2
Radius= 1.086cm
Formula for the Volume of Sphere= 4/3 * π*r3
4/3*π*(1.086cm)3= 5.100670cm3
Question 3:
Formula for the Volume of Hollow Cylinder = πh (r12 – r22)

MSR(Main Scale VSR(Vernier Diameter, TR=

Trail No.
Reading) Scale Reading) MSR+(VSR*LC)

Pendulum and Oscillation:

One back and forth movement of a Pendulum is known as Oscillation. Time-Period is the time
taken for by a Pendulum to complete one Oscillation. Time-Period is denoted by the letter,”T”,
and is calculated in seconds. Time-Period= Number of Oscillation/ time taken to complete x
number of Oscillations. Amplitude

BREAKOUT ROOM 1 - Ansh, Maitrey, Hashir, Anas, Shalin and Trisha

Aim: To find the Time-Period of a Pendulum and the comparison of length of the string/ wire
with the Time-Period.
Apparatus: Pendulum, Stopwatch
Experimental Setup: (Photos of Apparatus)
Procedure:
1. Take the pendulum and make sure it is in its mean position
2. Reset the stopwatch and keep it near the pendulum
3. Slightly lift the pendulum and let go; starting the stopwatch simultaneously
4. Stop the timer once the pendulum has completed 10 oscillations
5. Then calculate the Time-Period of the pendulum by dividing the reading by 10.
6. Repeat the same steps three times with different pendulum lengths
7. Calculate the average of these values
Tabular Column:

Graph:

Result: The shorter the length of the string, the shorter the amount of time taken for one
oscillation.
Distance-Time Graph:
In a Distance-Time graph, time is always an Independent variable while distance is a Dependent
Variable.
Q) An object moving at 10kmph in circle will have a constant speed but not a constant velocity.
Why?
Answer: Velocity being a vector quantity it has to have a direction. In a circular path, having a
constant direction is impossible; therefore, we cannot say that it has a constant velocity.
The Graph, which is plotted using distance along the Y-axis and Time along the X-axis, is called
a Distance-Time graph or Position–Time graph.
Acceleration= Speed/Time
Instantaneous Speed is the speed of the object at particular moment of time. If direction is
included, it will be called Instantaneous Velocity. Average Speed= Total distance traveled/Total
time taken.
Acceleration=V - U /T
Increasing acceleration: Is when the rate of acceleration whereby the acceleration is variable at
each point of the journey.

Gradient of VT graph gives the acceleration and area under the graph gives the distance traveled.
Gravity= Weight/Mass
Newton’s Law of Motion:
1st Law) Statement: An object will continue in a state of rest or a uniform motion unless acted
upon by an external force.
2nd Law) Statement: Force = mass*acceleration. The rate of change of momentum of an object
is directly proportional to the force acting on it and takes place in the direction of force. F = m(v-
u/t) where acceleration is not given.
Acceleration = Force/Mass
Force ∝ Acceleration
Mass ∝ 1/Acceleration
3rd Law) Statement: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Whenever an object is freely falling, it is falling due to gravity therefore; its acceleration is
equal to gravity. On Earth, its acceleration will be 10m/s2.
Circular motion is the movement along a circular path.
Centripetal Force:
Centripetal Force is the force that keeps an object moving in a circular path. It is always directed
towards the center of the circular path.

Centripetal Force = (m*v2)/r

Radius ∝ 1/Force
Centripetal Force ∝ Mass ∝ Velocity
A large Centripetal Force is required if Mass is bigger, Velocity is bigger or Radius is small.
Small Centripetal Force is required if Mass is smaller, Velocity is less or Radius in big.
Gravitational Potential Energy = weight*height
While calculating this formula the height should be measured from a constant base, where by the
measurements are taken from the same platform giving fair measurements.
It is the change in the center of gravity that we must consider.
Resultant Force Formula= √ F12 + F22 + 2(F1*F2*Cos θ)
Forces at an angle to each other:
When two forces act on an object at an angle to each other the Resultant force is found by Law
of Parallelogram of Vector addition, which states that,”If the two forces are equal, the two
adjacent side of a parallelogram the Resultant force is equal to the diagonal of the Parallelogram,
drawn from the point of origin of two forces.”
Question 1) Find the Resultant force between 1000N and 800N acting at an angle 500?
Answer 1) Find an appropriate scale; 1000N= 1cm and 800N= 0.8cm
Therefore the Resultant Force= 1630N acting at an angle 24o towards 1000N and 26o towards
800N.

26o
24o

Moment of Force:
Turning Effect of Force is called moment. Moment = Force*Perpendicular Distance from the
Pivot or M = F*d. Moment is a Vector quantity. The sum of clockwise moment is equal to the
sum of anti-clockwise moment. Sum of forces in one direction are equal to sum of forces in
opposite direction. If a system of force is not turning (equilibrium), the sum of forces clockwise
moment is equal to sum of forces in anti-clockwise moment.

ACM = CM
F*D = F*D
10N*6M = d*30N
60Nm = d*30N
d = 60Nm/30N
d = 2M
Centre of mass is the point at which the distribution of mass is equal in all directions, and does
not depend on gravitational field. Centre of gravity is the point at which the distribution of
weight is equal in all directions, and does depend on gravitational field.
Types of Equilibrium:
Stable Equilibrium: The object has a wide base and low center of gravity.
Unstable Equilibrium: The object narrow base and high center of gravity.
Neutral Equilibrium: Centre of mass will remain in the same position always.
Forces and Matter:
Robert Hooke’s Law, “The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load provided the
elastic limit is not exceeded.” Hooke’s Law is given by F=k*x, where “F” is the force in
Newton, “x” is the extension in Meters or Centimeter and “k” is the Spring Constant in Newton-
per-meter.
As load increases, extension also increases. If load exceeds the elastic limit, the spring will not
go back to its original length, it is permanently deformed, and Hooke’s Law will not hold good.
Extension is equal to New Length – Original Length. K is the spring constant, in Newton per
meter (N/m), and x is the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium position.
Q) Spring requires a load of 2.5 Newton to increase its length by 4 centimeter. The spring obeys
Hooke’s Law. What load gives it an extension of 12 centimeter?
Answer: 2.5 Newton/4 centimeter = 0.625
0.625*12 = 7.5 Newton
Pressure in Solids:
Pressure = Force/Area
1 Pascal = 1 Newton/ (Meter) 2
Q) The average wind pressure on a wall is 100 Pascal. If the area of the wall is 6m2 calculate the
force.
Answer:
F= P*A
Force = 100*6m2
Force = 600N
Q) A block of density 3000kg/m3 is 2 meters high and stands on a square base of 0.5 meters.
i) What is the base area of the block?
ii) What is the volume of the block?
iii) What is the mass of the block?
iv) What is the weight of the block?
v) What is the pressure excreted by the weight of the block on to the surface, which stands on?
Answer (i):
0.25 Meters2
Answer (ii):
0.5 Meters3
Answer (iii):
Density = Mass/Volume
Mass = Density*Volume
Mass = (3000lg/m3)*(0.5 Meters3)
Mass = 1500 Kgs
Answer (iv):
Weight = Mass*Gravity
Weight = 15000 Newton
Answer (v):
Pressure = Force/Area
Pressure = 15000/0.25
Pressure = 60000 Newton/ (Meter) 2
Pressure in Fluids:
In Liquids, pressure increases with depth. Pressure acts in the directions. Pressure does not
depend on the shape of the container. Air pressure acts in all directions. Air pressure decreases
with height.
Vacuum Chambers are built in a special way so that they do not collapse even if there is no air
pressure inside the chamber. Dams are made broader at the bottom to sustain heavier pressures.
Pressure is fluids can be calculated using the formula:
Pressure = Density*Gravity*Height
1. Pressure acts in all directions.
2. Pressure increases with depth.
3. Pressure at a certain height [H]
Q) Explain why a can is crushed if the air inside the can is removed a placed in the atmosphere.
Answer:
Air pressure acts in all directions. Therefore, when the air inside the can is sucked out, the only
pressure acting on a can is atmospheric air pressure. Since there is pressure to balance the
atmospheric air pressure, the can is crushed.
Q) If the density of water 1000kg/meter3. What is the pressure due to water in a swimming pool
3 meters deep?
Answer:
Pressure = D*G*H
Pressure = 1000kg/meter3 * 10 Newton * 3 Meters
Pressure = 30000 Newton/ (Meter) 2
Manometer:
It is a simple instrument for showing difference in pressure between to gases or two liquids.
How to measure Gas pressure in any of the three types of Manometers:
 Why is Mercury used instead of Water in a Manometer?
Mercury has high density and low length is essential for pressure measuring. Its high density
helps to make small manometers. It does not evaporate like water would, and its lower freezing
point means it will not freeze up at 0oC. Simply it has compactness, visibility and stability.
Internal Energy:
Internal Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
The higher the heat, the more energy is supplied.
Factors that affect the rate of evaporation:
Temperature: Increase in temperature increases that rate of evaporation i.e. with increase in
temperature molecules gain energy to overcome the force of attraction and escape.
Surface Area: Increase in surface area increases rate of evaporation.
Wind: By blowing wind over the liquid, we can increase the rate of evaporation.
Humidity: The rate of evaporation increases with increase in humidity. On a particular
temperature, air cannot hold moisture hence; the high humidity reduces evaporation, as air cannot
hold any more water vapor.
Nature of Liquid: Liquids with lower boiling point
 Gas Laws
Charles’s Law
The volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature, if the pressure remains constant. Formula: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Boyle’s Law:
Boyle’s law states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant
temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. Formula: P1*T1 =
P2*T2

Gay-Lussac’s Law:
Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute
temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant. Formula: P1/T1 = P2/T2
Question 1)
P1= 1*105 Newton per Meter Square
T1= 0o C
T2= 150o C
P2=?
Answer:
P1= 1*105 Newton per Meter Square
T1= 0o C + 273o Kelvin
T2= 150o C + 273o Kelvin
P2= {100000 Newton per Meter Square/273o Kelvin}* 423o Kelvin
P2= 154945.054 Newton per Meter Square
Question 2)
A gas balloon has a volume of 106 liter when the temperature is 45 degrees calcium and the
pressure is 740 Hg. What will be its volume at 20 degree Celsius and 780 Hg?
Work done is defined as the product of force and displacement or work done is also the product
of energy transferred and displacement. It is given by the formula work done =
force*displacement.
(W = F*S) Work done is measured in joules. When work is done, it is transferred form one form
to another.
Power is defined as the ratio of work done over time or energy transferred over time. Where
work done and energy transfer in joules and time in seconds.
Power = work done/time
Power = Energy transferred/ times
Power is denoted in watts. Joules/second is equal to Watt.
Efficiency Formula = Useful Power output/total input power *100
Properties of Thermometer
Range: The difference between the smallest and largest reading in the thermometer. Range of a
thermometer can be increased by increasing the diameter of the capillary and decreasing the
volume of the bulb.
Sensitivity: The ability of thermometer to react to small changes in temperature. Sensitivity of a
thermometer can be increased by decreasing the diameter of the capillary tube and increasing the
volume of the bulb.
Linearity: Means that the scale is uniform i.e. length of each degree on scale is same at low and
high temperatures.