‫ﻃـﺮاﺣـﯽ و اﺟـﺮاي ﺳـﺎﻣـﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎي‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎن‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﭘﯿﻤﺎن اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻏﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﯿﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺗﻬﺮان‬
‫و ﻣـﺪرس رﺳﻤﯽ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ‬
‫داﻧﺶﭘـﮋوه دﮐﺘـﺮي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﯽ ﻣﮑـﺎﻧﯿﮏ‬
 ‫‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﯽ‪- 1361 ،‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻟﻔﺎن ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﻤﺎن اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽﻧﺎﻏﺎﻧﯽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان و ﻧﺎم ﭘﺪﯾﺪآور‬
‫‪ :‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ :‬ﻧﻮآور‪.1396 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫‪ 352 :‬ص‪ :.‬ﻣﺼﻮر)رﻧﮕﯽ(‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮدار‪ ،‬ﺟﺪول‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‬
‫‪978-600-168-295-7 :‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺑﮏ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻓﯿﭙﺎ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ‬
‫‪ :‬ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎﻣﻪ‪ :‬ص‪.352-[351] .‬‬ ‫ﯾﺎدداﺷﺖ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار ﭘﺎﯾﭗ ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Pipe Net (Computer software) :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ‪ --‬وﺳﺎﯾﻞ و ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Fire extinction -- Equipment and supplies:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Fires:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي ‪ --‬اﻋﻼم ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Fire alarms :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬ﮐﭙﺴﻮلﻫﺎي آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Fire extinguishers:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ آبﻓﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Fire sprinklers :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ‪ --‬ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ آب‪ ،‬آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ‪ --‬ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽﻫﺎي اﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪Fire extinction -- Safety measures ،Fire extinction -- Water-supply :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬
‫‪ :‬اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽﻧﺎﻏﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﭘﯿﻤﺎن‪- 1354 ،‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ اﻓﺰوده‬
‫‪/9360T :‬ف‪2‬ط‪1396 4‬‬ ‫رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﮐﻨﮕﺮه‬
‫‪9254/628 :‬‬ ‫رده ﺑﻨﺪي دﯾﻮﯾﯽ‬
‫‪4642229 :‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻃـﺮاﺣـﯽ و اﺟــﺮاي ﺳـﺎﻣـﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎي‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﺎن‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﭘﯿﻤﺎن اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻏﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﺮ‪ :‬ﻧﻮآور‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎرﮔﺎن‪ 1000 :‬ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻧﺼﯿﺮﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﭼﺎپ‪ :‬اول‬
‫ﺷﺎﺑﮏ‪978-600-168-295-7 :‬‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ‪:DVD‬‬

‫ﻧﻮآور‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮان‪ ،‬ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن اﻧﻘﻼب‪ ،‬ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن ﻓﺨﺮرازي‪ ،‬ﺧﯿﺎﺑـﺎن ﺷـﻬﺪاي‬

‫ژاﻧـﺪارﻣـﺮي ﻧـﺮﺳﯿﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎن داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن‪ ،‬ﭘﻼك ‪،58‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ دوم‪ ،‬واﺣﺪ ‪ 6‬ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪92 :‬ـ ‪www. noavarpub. com ،66484191‬‬

‫ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﭼﺎپ و ﻧﺸـﺮ اﯾـﻦ ﮐﺘـﺎب ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺑـﺎ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﻘـﻮق ﻣﺆﻟﻔـﺎن و‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺎن ﻣﺼﻮب ﺳﺎل ‪ 1348‬ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ و ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮاً ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮآور ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب )از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮع ﭼﺎپ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﮐﭙﯽ‪ ،‬اﺳﮑﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﮑﺲ ﺑـﺮداري‪ ،‬ﻧﺸـﺮ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑـﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮ ﻧـﻮع‬
‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘـﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳـﯽ دي‪ ،‬دي وي دي‪ ،‬ﻓـﯿﻠﻢ ﻓﺎﯾـﻞ ﺻـﻮﺗﯽ ﯾـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي و ﻏﯿﺮه( ﺑﺪون اﺟﺎزه ﮐﺘﺒﯽ از ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮآور ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﺑﻮده و ﺷﺮﻋﺎً ﺣـﺮام‬
‫اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺘﺨﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﯿﮕﺮد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول‪ :‬آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ‪27 ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫آﺗﺶ ‪27 ...............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎده ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ ‪27 ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ‪28 .........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫واﮐﻨﺶ زﻧﺠﯿﺮهاي ‪28 ........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ‪28 ...........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﯾﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪزﻧﯽ )‪28 .................................................................................. (Flash point‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﮥ آﺗﺶ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل( ‪29 .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‪29 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺳﻮزي ‪29 .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ‪29 ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ‪30 ................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﺮوع ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‪30 ..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ آزاد ‪30 .................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭘﺲﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ‪ ،‬دود ﮐﺮدن و ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن ‪30 ..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ‪30 ...............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ )‪31 ............................................................................................................... (Backdraft‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺮﯾﺐ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ‪31 ............................................................................ :‬‬
‫ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................... :‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﺶاُور )‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. (flash over‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................‬‬
‫دود ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ...............................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻧﻮاﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................‬‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ...............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎس ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................‬‬
‫رﺳﺎﻧﺶ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .........................................................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮﻓﺖ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 4

Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................... ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫واﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﺪن اﻧﺴﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................... ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﮑﺎنﻫﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined.«‫»دﺳﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................... ‫ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻬﺎي ﮐﻢ ﺧﻄﺮ‬.1
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... ‫ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻬﺎي ﭘﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ‬.2
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻬﺎي ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ‬.3
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................ ‫ ﮔﺮوه ﺗﺼﺮﻓﻬﺎي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﭘﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ‬.4
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﻟﻮزي ﺧﻄﺮ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................... ‫ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﻒ و اﻋﻼم ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬:‫ﻓﺼﻞ دوم‬
Error! Bookmark not defined.(Category of Protection)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ردهﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي اﻋﻼم‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫اﻧﻮاع ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ آدرسﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫آدرسﭘﺬﯾﺮ آﻧﺎﻟﻮگ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... (‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر)آﺷﮑﺎرﺳﺎز‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................ (Smoke Detector)‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر دودي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... (Ionization)‫ﯾﻮﻧﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... (Optical)‫ﻧﻮري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫ﺟﺎذب ﻧﻮر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫اﻧﮑﺴﺎر ﻧﻮر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. (Laser)‫ﻟﯿﺰري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... (Aspirating)‫ﻣﮑﺸﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...........................................................................‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................... (ROR)‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﻧﺮخ اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................... (Fix-ROR)‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................... (Linear Heat Detector)‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﺧﻄﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......... (Multi Sensor Detector)‫ دودي‬،‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......... (‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر ﺷﻌﻠﻪﺑﯿﻦ)اﺷﻌﻪ ﻣﺎوراءﺑﻨﻔﺶ و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺎدون ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... IR ‫ﻣﺎدون ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‬
5 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... UV ‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻓﺮاﺑﻨﻔﺶ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. UV ‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .....................................................................................IR‫دﺗﮑﺘﻮر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... UV /IR‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﺷﺴﺘﯽ اﻋﻼم ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................. ‫وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﻫﺸﺪاردﻫﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﻫﺸﺪار دﻫﻨﺪه ﺻﻮﺗﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................................. ‫آژﯾﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................. ‫زﻧﮓ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... ‫ﻫﺸﺪار دﻫﻨﺪهﻫﺎي دﯾﺪاري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﻧﺼﺐ دﺗﮑﺘﻮرﻫﺎ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................ ‫دﺳﺘﯽ‬ ‫ ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي‬:‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﮐﻼسﻫﺎي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................ (Common combustibles)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................ (Flammable liquids)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................... (Flammable gas)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................. (Live electrical equipment)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﺮﻗﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................. (Combustible metal)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻓﻠﺰات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................. (Cooking oil and fat fire)‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ روﻏﻦ ﺧﻮراﮐﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................... ‫دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................... ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﮐﻢ و ﺳﺒﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................... ‫اﻧﻮاع روشﻫﺎي اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﺳﺮد ﮐﺮدن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﺧﻔﻪ ﮐﺮدن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ :‫ﺣﺬف ﻣﻮاد ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................ :‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﯿﺮهاي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................. ‫اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺤﺘﻮي آب‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................. (‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﻮدري )ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 6

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. ‫ﻫﻮا‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﭘﻮدر و‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﭘﻮدر و ﮔﺎز‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫ﮐﺎرﺗﺮﯾﺞ داﺧﻞ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫ﮐﺎرﺗﺮﯾﺞ ﺑﯿﺮون‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... CO2 ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﮔﺎزي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻫﺎﻟﻮژﻧﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﮐﻒ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﭼﺮخدار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫ﻧﮑﺎت اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................. ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ و اﺟﺮا‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﮐﺎﺑﯿﻨﺖ ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﺑﮑﺎراﻧﺪازي ﺧﺎﻣﻮشﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................................ ‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﻨﻪ داﺧﻠﯽ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ......... ‫ ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎ و ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖﻫﺎي اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬:‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭼﻬﺎرم‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................................ ‫آب‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................ :‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................................... :‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................................... ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................... (‫ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ)ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮ آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓ آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...........................................‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓ آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺳﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﺑﺎﻗﯿﻤﺎﻧﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر اﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﺎده‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﺎده اﻓﻘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﺎده‬
 7 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not (‫اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ اﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﺎ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ)ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬

defined.
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﺧﺸﮏ ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﺗﺮ ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫راﯾﺰر ﺧﺸﮏ دﺳﺘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ دﺳﺘﯽ‬-‫ﺗﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................. ‫ﺧﺸﮏ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................ (FDC)‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺨﺼﻮص آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﻣﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫ﺑﺎل درﯾﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. :‫ﮐﻼسﺑﻨﺪي ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﺴﺘﺎده‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﻧﮑﺎت ﻟﻮﻟﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﺎده‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫اﻧﻮاع ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓ آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. ‫ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓ ﻻﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................ ‫ﻗﺮﻗﺮه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﻧﺎزل ﺷﯿﺮدار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻧﻮاري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined.‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓ ﻻﺳﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺨﺖ و ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻧﻮاري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................. ‫ﻧﮑﺎت اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓﻫﺎي آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................. (Hose valve)‫ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮕﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................. ‫اﻧﻮاع ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮕﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ (‫ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ )ﺷﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. ‫اﻧﻮاع ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ زﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ اﯾﺴﺘﺎده‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ ﺗﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰم ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 8

Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... Compression Hydrants

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. Toggle,Slide gate Hydrants

Error! Bookmark not defined. .................... ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﻦ ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎي اﯾﺴﺘﺎده ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع زﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺎت‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺎري ﺑﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﮐﻼس ﻫﯿﺪراﻧﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﻣﺎﻧﯿﺘﻮر اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..........................................................................‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﺷﮑﻦ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ........ (‫ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر)اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬:‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................................... ‫ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................................‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺻﺎف‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﺳﻘﻒ اﻓﻘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﯿﺐ دار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺪود ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................... (Fire Control) ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل آﺗﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................. (Fire Suppression) ‫اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................... (ControlValve) ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................. (Draft Curtain) ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻫﻮا‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... (Drop-Out Ceiling ) ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........... (‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ )ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺼﺐ و راه اﻧﺪازي اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........... (Fuel-Fired Heating Unit) ‫واﺣﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not (High Volume Low Speed Fan) ‫ﻓﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ و ﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
defined.
Error! (Hydraulically Designed System) ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﮑﯽ‬
Bookmark not defined.
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................ ‫ﻣﺤﺪود‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................... ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................... (‫ ﻣﺴﺪود ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬،‫ﻣﺴﺪود ﮐﺮدن )ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
 9 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ﻣﺴﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻏﯿﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ آب‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﺟﻮش ﮐﺎرﮔﺎﻫﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫اﺗﺎق ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................... (Compartment) (‫ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺴﺘﻪ )ﺑﺨﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................. ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﺸﯽ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................................. ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﮐﭙﺴﻮل ﺷﯿﺸﻪاي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................................... ‫اورﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................. (‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺟﺮﯾﺎن)دﻓﻠﮑﺘﻮر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢﺑﻨﺪي اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫اﻟﻒ( ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻮع ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................... ( Pendent Sprinkle) ‫ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦزن ﯾﺎ آوﯾﺰان‬-1
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................ (Flush Sprinkler) ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﺗﻮﮐﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................... (Recessed sprinkler) ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﻋﻘﺐ رﻓﺘﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................(Concealed sprinkler)‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﭘﻨﻬﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫ ﺑﺎﻻزن‬-2
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫دﯾﻮاري‬-3
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ب( درﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪي دﻣﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................... ‫دﻣﺎي آب ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not (Response Time Index RTI) ‫ج(ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ‬
defined.
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................... ‫ﻗﻄﺮات‬ ‫ ﺳﺎﯾﺰ‬،‫د(ﻧﻮع ﭘﺎﺷﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ﯾﺎ ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ‬-1
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬-2
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ اﺳﭙﺮي ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬-3
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................. (CMSA) ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬-4
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................ (ESFR) ‫ زود اﻃﻔﺎء ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬-5
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................ ‫ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﺑﺎز‬-6
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 10

Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. K‫ﻫـ( ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫و( ﺧﺪﻣﺎت وﯾﮋه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................... ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮردﮔﯽ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﺗﺰﯾﯿﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................... ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................................... ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................... (FDC) ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﺨﺼﻮص آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................. :‫ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬FDC ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي زﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﻣﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................... ‫ آﻻرمﻫﺎي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن آب‬/‫آﻻرمﻫﺎي اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................. (‫ﻫﺸﺪار دﻫﻨﺪه اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن آب )ﻓﻠﻮﺳﻮﺋﯿﭻ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫زﻧﮓ ﻣﻮﺗﻮرآﺑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. ‫ﺷﯿﺮ اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫ﻓﺸﺎرﺷﮑﻦ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................. ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﭘﯿﺶﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺗﺴﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................................... ‫اﯾﺮوﻧﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﭘﯿﺖ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫اﻧﻮاع ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﺗﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫راﯾﺰر ﺗﻔﻨﮕﯽ‬
 11 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................... ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﯾﮏﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﺸﺪار‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ...............................................................‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺿﺪ ﯾﺦ زدﮔﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................. ‫اﻧﺒﺴﺎط ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺿﺪ ﯾﺦ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................ (Heat-Trancing))‫ﺗﺮﺳﯿﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻫﯿﺖ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺑﺎز ﺷﻮﻧﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. ‫ﺷﺘﺎب دﻫﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........... ‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﯿﺮي و آراﯾﺶ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................. ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ... ‫ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮي و آراﯾﺶ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﺳﯿﻼﺑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ آب ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫ﻧﮑﺎت اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................... ‫ﮐﻤﯿﻨﻪ و ﺑﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! (SSU/SSP)‫ ﻋﻤﻮدي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬،‫ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﭙﺮي آوﯾﺰان‬
Bookmark not defined.
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................... ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎري‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﯾﺠﺎد ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................... ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ دﯾﻮاري اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫اﺗﺎق ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از زﯾﺮ ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫ﻧﺮخ دﻣﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﺷﯿﺐ ﺳﻘﻒ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﻧﮑﺎت ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﯿﺐدار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﭘﻨﻬﺎن ﺷﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫اﻧﺴﺪادﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل دوﺗﺎﯾﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫ﻧﻮرﮔﯿﺮﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮورﻓﺘﮕﯽﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻘﻒ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﻋﻤﺎرتﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................................... ‫اﻧﺴﺪادﻫﺎ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫ﺗﯿﺮ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .....................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( اﺳﭙﺮي آوﯾﺰان و ﻋﻤﻮدي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد)‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ........... (SSU/SSP‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ )ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از زﯾﺮ اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .....................‬‬

‫اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................‬‬‫اﻧﺴﺪاد از ﮐﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از روي‬

‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از دو ﻃﺮف اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................‬‬
‫ب(اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ دﯾﻮاري اﺳﭙﺮي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از زﯾﺮ اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد از ﮐﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از روي اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از دو ﻃﺮف اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................‬‬
‫ج( اﺳﭙﺮي ﻋﻤﻮدي و آوﯾﺰان ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪Error! Bookmark not‬‬
‫‪defined.‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................‬‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از زﯾﺮ‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد از ﮐﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از روي اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از دو ﻃﺮف اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................‬‬
‫د( اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ دﯾﻮاري اﺳﭙﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ‪Error! Bookmark not‬‬
‫‪defined.‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................‬‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از زﯾﺮ‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد از ﮐﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از روي اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از دو ﻃﺮف اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................‬‬
‫ﻫـ(اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از زﯾﺮ اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد از ﮐﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از روي اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از دو ﻃﺮف اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................‬‬
‫و(اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ دﯾﻮاري ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از زﯾﺮ اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد از ﮐﻒ)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از روي اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................‬‬
‫اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻋﻤﻮدي)ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ از دو ﻃﺮف اﻧﺴﺪاد( ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .........................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﺮمﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﮏ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎري ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﯽ ‪Error! Bookmark not defined. ...........................................................‬‬
13 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﻪ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................... (SUPPLY ANALYSIS)‫آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... (NODE ANALYSIS) ‫آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ ﮔﺮه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺑﺮﮔﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎري ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻠﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺧﻄﺮ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت و‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................. ‫ﺗﺼﺮفﻫﺎي ﮐﻢ ﺧﻄﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .........................................................(‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ )ﮔﺮوه ﯾﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... (‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ )ﮔﺮوه دو‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت ﭘﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................... (‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ )ﮔﺮوه ﯾﮏ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................... (‫ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت ﭘﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ )ﮔﺮوه دو‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................... ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﻼنﻫﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................... ‫ ﺑﺴﺖﻫﺎ و آوﯾﺰﻫﺎ‬،‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﺸﯽ زﯾﺮ زﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﻓﺸﺎر ﮐﺎري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﻓﺸﺎري ﺑﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﮐﺸﯽ روزﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .... ‫ﻣﻬﺎر ﮐﺮدن و ﻣﻘﯿﺪ ﮐﺮدن ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﮐﺸﯽ‬،‫آوﯾﺰانﮐﺮدن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................................... ‫آوﯾﺰﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................ ‫ﺧﻢ ﮐﺮدن ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫اﺗﺼﺎل ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﻓﯿﺘﯿﻨﮓﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﺟﻮشﮐﺎري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﭘﯿﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................... (Feed Mains)‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻐﺪﯾﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ (Riser)‫راﯾﺰر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................. (Cross Main)‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺻﻠﯽ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 14

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................. (Branch Line)‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................... (Riser Nipple)‫راﯾﺰر‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................... (Arm Over)‫ﺑﺎزوﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......... (Tree Sprinkler System)‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ درﺧﺘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ... (Looped Sprinkler System)‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﺣﻠﻘﻪاي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. . (Gridded Sprinkler System)‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪاي‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬ ‫روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﺟﺪاول ﭘﯿﺶ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................... ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﮑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ‬/‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻞ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................. ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﯿﺐدار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﭘﯿﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﮕﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................................... ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻫﯿﺰن وﯾﻠﯿﺎﻣﺰ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. SI ‫در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................... ‫ وﯾﺴﺒﺎخ‬- ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دارﺳﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................................... C‫ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﺟﺪول ﻃﻮل ﻣﻌﺎدل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ C ‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ دﻫﻨﺪه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫اﺻﻼحﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻃﻮل ﻣﻌﺎدل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫روش ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ اﺗﺎق‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................... ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺧﺎص‬
15 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................. ‫ﺳﻬﻢ ﺷﯿﻠﻨﮓ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................... ‫ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ آب ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬:‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺸﻢ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫ﺷﻬﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ از آب‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﺛﻘﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻫﻮا‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن ذﺧﯿﺮه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ اﺳﻘﺮار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺰن ذﺧﯿﺮه‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﭘﺮﮐﻦ ﻣﺨﺎزن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ ‫اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﮐﻤﮑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺳﺮرﯾﺰ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................. ‫ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................. ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﯾﺰ از ﻣﺮﮐﺰ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﭘﻤﭗ آﺗﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................................ ‫ﻫﺪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻫﺪ و دﺑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................ (RISING) ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺻﻌﻮدي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................ (DROOPING) ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻧﺰوﻟﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................... (STEEP) ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﯿﺰ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... (FLAT) ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﺨﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................. (STABLE) ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................ (UNSTABLE) ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻧﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻮان ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................... (OVERLOADING) ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎر اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 16

Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................... (NO OVERLOADING) ‫ ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎر اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ راﻧﺪﻣﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................ NPSH ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................... ‫رواﺑﻂ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﯾﻔﯿﻮژ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................... ‫ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‬-1

Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... ‫ﭘﻤﭗ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ دور ﺑﺮ روي‬-2
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي و ﺳﺮي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺳﺮي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................ ‫ﺳﺮي ﮐﺮدن ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﻧﮑﺎت ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﺮي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﭘﻤﭗ آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﺟﻮﮐﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................‫دﺑﯽ ﺟﻮﮐﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﻫﺪ ﺟﻮﮐﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................... ‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................... NFPA‫ﻣﮑﺶ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﺻﻔﺤﮥ ﺿﺪﮔﺮداب‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮآﻻت در ﻣﮑﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن در ﻣﮑﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................................... ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................... ‫ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﺷﯿﺮﻫﺎي داﺋﻢ ﺑﺎز‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭻ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﺧﻂ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫ﺷﯿﺮاﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن ﮔﺮدﺷﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................. ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﯾﻔﯿﻮژ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﭘﻤﭗ اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................... ‫ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺠﺎز ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................... ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻣﺎزاد ﻓﺸﺎر‬
17 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................... (‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮ آزادﺳﺎزي ﻓﺸﺎر)رﻟﯿﻒ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................... (VSPLC) ‫دراﯾﻮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل دور ﺑﺮاي ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻓﺸﺎر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................. ‫ﺷﯿﺮ آزادﺳﺎزي ﻓﺸﺎر در ﭘﻤﭗ دور ﻣﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﻣﺤﺮك ﭘﻤﭗ اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................................... ‫اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮر‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................................ ‫روﺗﻮر‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...............................................................‫ﺑﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺮق و ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................................... ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ (‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل)ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﺑﺮق‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. ‫ﻣﺤﺮك دﯾﺰﻟﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................ ‫ﺧﻨﮏ ﮐﺎري ﻣﺤﺮك دﯾﺰل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﻮﺧﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................. ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺮي و اﺳﺘﺎرت ﻣﺤﺮك دﯾﺰل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﭘﻤﭗ اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻓﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... (‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﭘﻤﭗ )ﭘﻤﭗ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﻧﺼﺐ در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﺎز‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................ ‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﮑﺶ از ﺗﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................... ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﻤﭗ ﻣﮑﺶاز ﺗﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................. ‫ﻣﺤﻮر ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................................... ‫ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. ‫رﯾﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﯾﺸﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..........................................................................‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................................... ‫آبﺑﻨﺪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫آبﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................................... ‫ﯾﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................... ‫ﺑﻠﺒﺮﯾﻨﮓ و روﻟﺮﺑﺮﯾﻨﮓ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................. ‫ ﮐﻮﭘﻠﻪ و ﺷﺎﺳﯽﮐﺸﯽ‬،‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ 18

Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................................... ‫ﺷﺎﺳﯽ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد ﺷﺎﺳﯽ و‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... 4907‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫اﺑﻌﺎد ﺷﺎﺳﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد اﺻﻠﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................... ‫ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻧﺎﻣﯽ و اﺑﻌﺎد‬،‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬ ‫ﻫﺪف و داﻣﻨﻪ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... ‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﭘﻤﭗ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................... ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻧﺎﻣﯽ و اﺑﻌﺎد‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................... FM,UL ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................... (‫ﻓﻮﻧﺪاﺳﯿﻮن)ﺷﺎﻟﻮده‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﻮﻧﺪاﺳﯿﻮن ﺑﺘﻨﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ...................................................................................... ‫اﻧﮑﺮﺑﻮﻟﺖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................... ‫ﺳﺎزهﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻻدي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫اﻧﺒﺎر ﮐﺮدن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................. ‫اﻧﺒﺎر ﮐﺮدن ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ ‫اﻧﺒﺎر ﮐﺮدن ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﮐﺮدن و ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... ‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﻮر ﮐﺮدن‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................... ‫ﺣﺎﻻت ﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﻮري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................... ‫ﺧﺴﺎرتﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻧﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﻮري‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... ‫ﭘﻤﭗ دو ﻣﮑﺸﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................... ‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................ ‫ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎي راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻧﺼﺐ ﭘﻤﭗ اﻃﻔﺎيﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .........NFPA‫د( ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬،‫ج‬،‫ب‬،‫)اﻟﻒ‬59-6 ‫راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎي‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................. ‫ ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار ﭘﺎﯾﭗﻧﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ‬/‫اﺳﭙﺮي‬ ‫ﻣﺎژول‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. ‫ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ..................................................................... ‫ﻧﻤﺎي ﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. (Title)‫ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................... (Module Options)‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﺎت ﻣﺪل‬
19 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................... ‫ﻫﯿﺰن‬‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................................. ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ دارﺳﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... (Units)‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................. (Pipe types)‫ﻧﻮع ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... (Display)‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................(Calculation)‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... (Tables)‫ﺟﺪاول‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................ (Defaults)‫ﭘﯿﺶﻓﺮض‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ......................................................................... Libraries ‫ﻣﻨﻮي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ....................................................................................... ‫رده ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............................................................................................. ‫ﻧﺎزل‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................... ‫ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬،‫ﭘﻤﭗ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................. ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................................................................... ‫ﺷﯿﺮ دﻟﻮج‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................................................................... ‫ﻧﻮار اﺑﺰارﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .................................. (Options Toolbar)‫ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻮار اﺑﺰار‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................................... (results) ‫ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................... (Calculation Toolbar)‫اﺑﺰار ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ دﺑﯽ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮﻫﺎ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ................................. (Gridded)‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺷﺒﮑﻪاي‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. ........................................................... ‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﻟﻮپ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .............. ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت رﯾﻨﮓ آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ در واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
Error! Bookmark not defined. .......................................................................... ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬

Error! Bookmark not defined. ............................................................ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﺋﻢ‬ :‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‬

351 ............................................................................................................................ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﻣﺂﺧﺬ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺪاي آﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎن ﭘﻼﺳﮑﻮ‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺻﺒﺤﮕﺎه آﺧﺮﯾﻦ روز ديﻣﺎه ﻧﻮد و ﭘﻨﺞ زﻣﺎﻧﯿﮑﻪ در ﺣﺎل اﻧﺠﺎم ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﭼﺎپ و ﻧﺸـﺮ‬
‫ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﯿﺸﺮو ﺑﻮدﯾﻢ ﺧﺒﺮي ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺎك ﺗﻤﺎم ﻓﻀـﺎي ﺻـﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺠـﺎزي و ﺷـﺒﮑﻪﻫـﺎي ﺧﺒـﺮي را‬
‫در ﻧﻮردﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺣﺮﯾﻖ در ﭘﻼﺳﮑﻮ"‬

‫ﺣﺮﯾﻖ در ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ و در ﺣﺪود ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ‪ 8‬ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه ﺑـﻮد‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﯾﻘـﯽ ﮐـﻪ در ﻟﺤﻈـﺎت‬
‫اوﻟﯿﻪ وﻗﻮع ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ دو اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ ﻣﻬﺎر ﺷﻮد و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﻧﺪﮐﯽ را درﭘـﯽ‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺎن ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﮐﺶ و ﺧﺸﻤﮕﯿﻨﯽ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‪30:11‬دﻗﯿﻘـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن را ﺑﻪ ‪ 20‬ﻫﺰار ﺗﻦ ﻧﺨﺎﻟﻪ و آوار ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺤﻨﻪ آوار ﺷﺪن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻪ اﻫﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﻬﺮان از ﭘﯿﺮ و ﺟﻮان و ﺑﺴـﯿﺎري از ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺮان‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻧﯿﻢ ﻗﺮن در آن ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و در ﮐﻨﺎر ﺣـﻮضﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺰرگ و‬
‫زﯾﺒﺎي آن وﻗﺖ ﮔﺬراﻧﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻧﺎراﺣﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻮد اﻣﺎ دردﻧـﺎكﺗـﺮ از آن ﺟـﺎن از دﺳـﺖ‬
‫رﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﺮدم ﺑﯽﮔﻨﺎه و آﺗﺶ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺎن دﻟﯿﺮي ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺟﺎن ﺧﻮد را ﻓﺪاي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ از ﺟـﺎن و ﻣـﺎل‬
‫ﻫﻤﺸﻬﺮﯾﺎﻧﺸﺎن ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺮ و اﻧﺪاﺧﺘﻦ ﮔﻨﺎه ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮدن اﯾﻦ و آن ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻓـﻞ ﺧﺒـﺮي ﮐﺸـﻮر‬
‫ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻫﻤﻮﻃﻨﺎﻧﻤﺎن ﮐﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏﺗﺮﯾﻦ آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺒﺎره‬
‫در ﻓﻀﺎي ﻣﺠﺎزي ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺮح ﮐـﺮدن ﺗﺌـﻮريﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ را ﻣﺴﺌﻮل اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﯾﻨﺠﺎﻧﺒﺎن ﻗﺼﺪ و ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻘﺼـﺮان اﯾـﻦ ﺣﺎدﺛـﻪ را ﻧـﺪارﯾﻢ اﻣـﺎ ﺑﺴـﯿﺎر ﺣﺴـﺮت‬
‫ﻣﯽﺧﻮرﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ايﮐﺎش اﻫﺎﻟﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن )ﭘﻼﺳﮑﻮ ‪ 560‬واﺣﺪ داﺷﺖ( دﺳﺖ در دﺳﺖ ﻫـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﯽﻧﻬﺎدﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪاي ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﺳﺮﻗﻔﻠﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎب ﻣﻐﺎزه در ﭘﻼﺳﮑﻮ و ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﯿﺴـﺘﻢ اﻋـﻼم‬
‫و اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ و ﺑﺎ اﻧﺒﺎر ﮐﺮدن و ذﺧﯿﺮه ﮐﺮدن ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﮐـﺎﻻ و ﺳـﻮﺧﺖ از ﺑـﺮوز ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﺣﺎدﺛـﻪ‬
‫ﻏﻤﺒﺎري ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﯿﺪوارﯾﻢ ﮐﺘﺎب ﭘﯿﺸﺮو ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﮐﻤﮑﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در راه ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﻣﻦﺗﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‬
‫ﭘﯿﻤﺎن اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻏﺎﻧﯽ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ‬
‫‪NFPA‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ازآﺗﺶ‬
‫ﯾ ـﮏ اﻧﺠﻤــﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻــﯽ ﺑﺮﺟﺴــﺘﻪ و ﻣﻌﺘﺒــﺮ اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺳــﺎل ‪ 1896‬ﺗﺎﺳ ـﯿﺲ ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ و‬
‫ﻫﺪف آن ازﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺮدن ﺧﺴﺎرات‪ ،‬ﺟﺮاﺣﺎت و ﻣﺮگ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺣﺮﯾﻖ و ﺧﻄﺮات ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آن اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬اﯾـﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﮐﺪﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت و آﻣﻮزش را ﭘﺎﯾﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨـﺪ‪ .‬اﻧﺘﺸـﺎر ﺑـﯿﺶ از‪300‬‬
‫ﮐﺪ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد از اﯾﻦ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﺧﻄﺮ و اﺛﺮات آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي ﺑـﺎ اﯾﺠـﺎد‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز‪ ،‬ﭘﺮدازش‪ ،‬ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ و اﺟﺮا در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﯿﻦ ﺑـﯿﺶ از‬
‫‪ 200‬ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ از ﺑﯿﺶ از ‪ 6000‬ﻧﻔﺮ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ دﻧﯿﺎ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﺑـﻪروز رﺳـﺎﻧﯽ و ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﮐﺪﻫﺎ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺪﻫﺎي‪ NFPA‬ﮐﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺪﻫﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﮑﯽ از وﻇﺎﯾﻒ‪ NFPA‬ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﻮاد ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻟـﻮزي‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوف اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐ در اﯾﻦ روش ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻮزي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﭼﻬـﺎر‬
‫ﻟﻮزي دﯾﮕﺮﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از داﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎي ‪ NFPA‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮارد زﯾﺮاﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار و ﻣﻮﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط‬
‫ﺑﻪ اﯾﻤﻨﯽ آﺗﺶ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ آﺗﺶ‪ ،‬اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‪ ،‬ﺣﻮادث ﻣﻮاد ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك و ﺣﻮادث اﺿﻄﺮاري ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ دﯾﮕﺮ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎزدﯾﺪ از ﻃﺮح ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮐﺸﯽ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻤﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇــﺖ ازآﺗــﺶ‪ ،‬ﻓــﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪهﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬آب‪ ،‬ﻓﺮاﯾﻨــﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣــﻮاد ﺷــﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻄﺮﻧــﺎك و‬
‫دﯾﮕﺮﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﯾﻤﻨﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن وآﺗﺶ‬
‫‪ ‬آﻣﻮزش اﯾﻤﻨﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن و آﺗﺶ‪،‬ﮐﺎرﻣﻨﺪان‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺌﻮل و ﻋﻤﻮم ﻣﺮدم ازدﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎي آﺗﺶ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ و ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬ﻃﺮح و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫـﺎي ﺟﺪﯾـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ و ﺗﺮﮐﯿـﺐ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬
‫‪ ‬ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و اﺻﻼح‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري و آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات وﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ آزآﺗﺶ‬
‫‪ ‬دﺳﺖﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺎزﻫﺎ و ﺧﻮاﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن آﺗﺶ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻄﺮات آﺗﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ درﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن‪ ،‬زﺑﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺮوﺑﻪ و‪...‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ‪NFPA‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزرﺳﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺪان ﺧﺴﺎرت‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﻣﻮرﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﻣﻮر اداري‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫)‪١. NFPA (National Fire Protection association‬‬

 ‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻀﻮﯾﺖ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻧﺪﯾﺪاﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺎزﻧﺸﮕﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮐﻤﯿﺘﮥ اﻫﺪاء ﭘﺎداش‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ ‪NFPA‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎرﯾﻒ زﯾـﺮ ﺑـﺮاي ﮐﻠﯿـﻪ اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ‪ NFPA‬ﻣﺸـﺘﺮك اﺳـﺖ و داﻧﺴـﺘﻦ آﻧﻬـﺎ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﻪ ﮐﻠﯿـﻪ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ‪ NFPA‬ﻣﻔﯿﺪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎم ﻣﺴﺌﻮل و داراي ﺻﻼﺣﯿﺖ)‪ :(AHJ‬ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﯾﺎ ﻓﺮدي ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴـﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ اﺟـﺮاي اﻟﺰاﻣـﺎت ﮐـﺪﻫﺎ و‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ و ﯾﺎ ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺗﺠﻬﺰات و ﻧﺼﺐ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﺷﺪه)‪ :(LISTED‬ﻟﯿﺴـﺘﯽ از ﺗﺠﻬﯿـﺰات و ﻟـﻮازم و ﯾـﺎ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺳـﺎزﻣﺎنﻫـﺎي‬
‫ذيﺻﻼح ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪ ﺷﺪه)‪ :(APPROVED‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎم ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ)‪ :(SHALL‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آن ﮐﺎر اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ)‪ :(SHOULD‬ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آن ﮐﺎر اﺟﺒﺎري ﻧﯿﺴﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺿـﺮورت اﻧﺠـﺎم آن ﺗﻮﺻـﯿﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‪ :‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﺮرات اﺟﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻏﯿﺮ اﺟﺒﺎري‬
‫در آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در ﯾﮏ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﯿﻤﻪ ﯾﺎ ﭘﺎورﻗﯽ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫)‪Underwriter’s Laboratory(UL‬‬
‫‪120‬ﺳﺎل ﭘﯿﺶ در آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺴﺖ اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺮوع‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﮐﺮد‪ .‬اﻣﺮوزه‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﮑﻪ اي از ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر دارد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت را‬
‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﮔﻮاﻫﯽ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ و اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺧﻮد را در ﻃﯿﻒ وﺳﯿﻌﯽ از ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫روز ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬درواﻗﻊ ‪ UL‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻋﻠﻤﯽ در ﭘﻨﺞ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ؛ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﯾﻤﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬
‫و ﺣﯿﺎت و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻠﯿﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت درﺟﻬﺖ اﯾﺠـﺎد اﻋﺘﻤـﺎد و‬
‫اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن و ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ‪ UL‬ﺑﺎ دارا ﺑـﻮدن ‪ 120‬ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﺧـﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎزرﺳﯽ‪ ،‬از ‪ 102‬ﮐﺸﻮر ﺟﻬﺎن ﻣﺸﺘﺮي دارد ﮐﻪ ‪ 1/5‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎرد ﻧﻔﺮ از ﻣﺼﺮفﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺋﯿﺪ ‪UL‬‬
‫در آﺳﯿﺎ‪ ،‬اروﭘﺎ و ﺷﻤﺎل آﻓﺮﯾﻘﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪FM Approved‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺋﯿﺪﯾﻪ ‪ FM‬ﮐﻪ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ‪ Factory Mutual‬اﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﯽ در آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑـﯿﺶ‬
‫از ‪ 150‬ﺳﺎل ﻗﺪﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﯿﺮي و ﺟﺒـﺮان ﺧﺴـﺎرات ﺣﺮﯾـﻖ را ﺑﺮﻋﻬـﺪه‬
‫دارد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﮔﺰار از روش ﻏﯿﺮﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺗﺠﺎري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬دراﯾﻦ روش ﺣﻖ ﺑﯿﻤـﻪ‬
‫و ﺧﻄﺮات ﺑﺮﺧﻼف روش ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮآورده ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ‪ FM‬اﯾﻦ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ را دارد ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄـﺮات‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﺎﻣـﻞ ارزش ﻣﺤﺼـﻮﻻت‬
‫ﺑﮑﺎررﻓﺘﻪ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﮐﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎ را ﻧﯿﺰ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬روال اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ در‬
‫اﺑﺘﺪا ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ‪ FM‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻮردﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ را از ﻧﻈﺮ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎزدﯾﺪ و ﺗﻮﺻـﯿﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻻزم‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي از ﺑﺮوز آن را در ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻣﺎدي و ﻣﻌﻨﻮي اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽدﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪﮔﺮ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ در ﺑﯿﺶ از ‪100‬ﮐﺸـﻮر ﺟﻬـﺎن‪ ،‬در ﺳـﺎل ‪ 2009‬داراي‬
‫‪ 4/7‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن دﻻر ارزش ﺣﻖ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ و ‪ 6/3‬ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن دﻻر ﻣﺎزاد ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﻪﮔـﺬار ﺑـﻮده اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬اﯾـﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎي اﺳـﺘﺎﻧﺪارد و ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ اﻣﮑﺎﻧـﺎت ﺧـﻮد ﻗـﺎدر اﺳـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﺷﺪه در ﺻﻨﻌﺖ اﯾﻤﻨﯽ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﺑـﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨـﯽ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ اﮔـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻟﯽ دﭼﺎر ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﻓﻨﯽ ﺷﺪه و ﯾﺎ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﺑﯿﻤـﻪ ‪FM‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرات وارده را ﻃﺒـﻖ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ و ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺘﺮﯾﺎن ﺧـﻮد‬
‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد‪ FM .‬زﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ‪ 648‬ﻫﮑﺘﺎر را در ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘـﺎﺗﯽ ﺧـﻮد در ‪West‬‬
‫‪ Gloster‬آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻧﻔﺠﺎري‪ ،‬ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژيﻫـﺎي ﭘﯿﺸـﮕﯿﺮي و‬
‫اﮐﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ‪ ،‬آﺳﯿﺐ ﻫﺎ و ﻓﺠﺎﯾﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ )ﺳﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮدﺑﺎد و ‪ ،(...‬ﺧﻄـﺮات اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑـﯽ و ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘـﺎت‬
‫درﺑﺎره ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻫﯿﺪروﻟﯿﮑﯽ اﺳﭙﺮﯾﻨﮑﻠﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﺗﺴـﺖ ﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔـﻮاﻫﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﭼﮕـﻮﻧﮕﯽ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪات و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ اﺟﺰاء ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺠﻬﯿـﺰات در زﻣـﺎن آﺗـﺶ ﺳـﻮزي‬
‫ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫داﺷﺘﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﯾﯿﺪﯾﻪ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﯾﻤﻨﯽ‪ ،‬اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن ﺧﺎﻃﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺸﺘﺮي و ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨـﺪه ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮐﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎﯾﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎوران و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﺎر داراﺑﻮدن اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪﯾـﻪ‬
‫در ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﺧﻮد ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪EN12845‬‬
‫‪Fixed firefighting systems -Automatic sprinkler systems-Design,installation and‬‬
‫‪maintenance‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اروﭘﺎﯾﯽ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫ﺑﺮﯾﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ اﺳﺖ از ﺳﺎل ‪ 2004‬ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬از آﻧﺠﺎﯾﯿﮑﻪ ﺿﻮاﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﮐﺸﻮرﻣﺎن ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس‬
‫‪ NFPA‬ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ در ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ و‬
‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﻓﺼﻞ ﭘﻤﭙﻬﺎي اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻗﺪري ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد اروﭘﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن اﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﺎﻧﺎداﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎزﮔﯽ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ ﻣـﯽ ﮐﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫اﻧﺴﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﯾﮏ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮن ﺳﺎل ﭘﯿﺶ آﺗﺶ را ﮐﺸـﻒ ﮐﺮدﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎ ﮐﺸـﻒ آﺗـﺶ‬
‫ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎى اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ در روى ﮐﺮه زﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮى ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬و از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮم ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت‬
‫ﮐﺮده‪ ،‬و ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮى ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎى ﻣﻌﺘﺪل و ﺳﺮد ﮐﻮچ ﮐﺮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬آﺗﺶ اﻧﺴـﺎن را در ﻓـﺮار از ﺳـﺮﻣﺎ و‬
‫رﻫﺎﺋﻰ از اﺳﺎرت ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻰ ﯾﺎرى داد‪ .‬روﺷﻨﺎﺋﻰ آﺗﺶ در ﺷﺐ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ اﻧﺴﺎن را ﺑـﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮى ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ و ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت وﺣﺸﻰ و ﺧﺸﻦ را از اﻃﺮاف او ﻓﺮارى داد‪.‬‬
‫در ﻗﺮون وﺳﻄﺎي ﻣﯿﻼدي‪ ،‬اﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﺎده دﯾﮕﺮي را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم زﻏـﺎل ﺳـﻨﮓ را ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ و از آن ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺒﻊ اﻧﺮژي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮد‪ .‬از اﯾﻦ ﻣﺎده ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ ﮔـﺪاﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﻠـﺰات و ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﯿﺸـﻪ و‬
‫ﺳﻔﺎﻟﯿﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﺑﺨـﺎر را راه اﻧـﺪازي ﮐﻨـﺪ‪ .‬در ﺳـﺎل ‪ 1764‬ﻣـﯿﻼدي ﯾـﮏ ﻣﻬﻨـﺪس‬
‫اﺳﮑﺎﻟﻨﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺟﯿﻤﺰ وات ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﺑﺨﺎر واﻗﻌـﺎ ﻋﻤﻠـﯽ را ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬در اﯾـﻦ ﻣﺎﺷـﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﮐﺎر ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﺟﺎي ﻧﯿﺮوي‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﯿﭽﻪاي اﻧﺴﺎن را ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬و راه رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ دﻧﯿﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ را ﻫﻤﻮار ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺮوز در دﻫﻪ دوم از ﻫﺰاره ﺳﻮم ﻣﯿﻼدي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﺪون آﺗﺶ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻣﺎ ﺿﺮب اﻟﻤﺜﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﯾﺪ آﺗﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﮕﺰار ﺧﻮﺑﯽ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ارﺑﺎب ﺑـﺪي اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬آﺗـﺶ‬
‫ﺧﺎرج از ﮐﻨﺘﺮل را ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات اﻣﺮوز ﺑﺸـﺮ اﺳـﺖ و در‬
‫ﻃﻮل ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎل ﺟﺎن ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ اﻧﺴﺎن را ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﮐﺮده و ﻣﯿﻠﯿﺎردﻫﺎ دﻻر ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎر ﻣـﯽآورد‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ‪ 75‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 80‬درﺻﺪ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ و ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و در‬
‫ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺻﺤﯿﺢ از ادوات و ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰات اﻃﻔﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺧﺴﺎرات و ﺗﻠﻔﺎت ﺣﺮﯾﻖﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ را ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ آﺗﺶ ﺑﻮﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﮐﺮدن‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮل و‬
‫ﯾﺎ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ آﺗﺶﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮد‪ .‬اﻫﺪاف آن ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﻓـﺮاد‪ ،‬ﺟﻠـﻮﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫از آﺳﯿﺐ ﺑﻪ اﻣﻮال و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﯿﻤﺎن اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻤﯽ ﻧﺎﻏﺎﻧﯽ – ﻋﻠﯽ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ‬

 ‫ﮐﻠّﯿﮥ ﺣﻘﻮق ﭼﺎپ و ﻧﺸﺮ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺆﻟّﻔﺎن و ﻣﺼﻨّﻔﺎن و ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪان‬
‫ﻣﺼﻮ‪‬ب ﺳﺎل ‪ 1348‬و آﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﮥ اﺟﺮاﯾـﯽ آن ﻣﺼـﻮ‪‬ب ‪ ،1350‬ﺑـﺮاي ﻧﺎﺷـﺮ ﻣﺤﻔـﻮظ و ﻣﻨﺤﺼـﺮاً‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠّﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮآور اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ ،‬اﺷـﮑﺎل‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺪاول‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب در دﯾﮕﺮ ﮐﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻼت‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮﯾﺎت‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮارد دﯾﮕـﺮ‪ ،‬و ﻧﯿـﺰ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻧـﻮع ﭼـﺎپ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘـﻮﮐﭙﯽ‪ ،‬اﺳـﮑﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﯾﭗ از ﮐﺘﺎب‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﯿ‪‬ﮥ ﭘﯽ دي اف از ﮐﺘﺎب‪ ،‬ﻋﮑـﺲ ﺑـﺮداري‪ ،‬ﻧﺸـﺮ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑـﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺮ ﻧـﻮع اﻧﺘﺸـﺎر‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﯽ دي‪ ،‬دي وي دي‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﯾﻞ ﺻﻮﺗﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي و ﻏﯿﺮه ﺑــﺪون اﺟـﺎزة‬
‫ﮐﺘﺒﯽ از ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮآور ﻣﻤﻨﻮع و ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﺷـﺮﻋﺎً ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺣـﺮام اﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬و ﻣﺘﺨﻠّﻔـﯿﻦ ﺗﺤـﺖ‬
‫ﭘﯿﮕﺮد ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟ‪‬ﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﯽ از ﮐﺘﺐ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮآور ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﯾـﻞ ورد ﯾـﺎ ﭘـﯽ دي اف و ﻣـﻮارد‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات در ﻫﯿﭻ ﺳﺎﯾﺖ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬا درﺻـﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﯾﺘﯽ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﯾﭗ‪ ،‬اﺳﮑﻦ و ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و ﮐﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﯽ از ﻣﺘﻦ ﮐﺘـﺐ ﻧﺸـﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮآور را در ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار داده و ﯾﺎ اﻗﺪام ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﺮوش آن ﻧﻤﺎﯾـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎن اﻣـﻮر‬
‫اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ اﯾﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿ‪‬ﺖ ادارة ﺳﺎﯾﺖ را ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻬـﺪه دارﻧـﺪ و ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر روزاﻧـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و درﺻـﻮرت ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﺷـﺪن ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﺨﻠّـﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎر از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺠﺎز و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺣﺮام ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬وﮐﯿﻞ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ وزارت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و ارﺷﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﯿﺲ ﻓﺘﺎ )ﭘﻠﯿﺲ رﺳـﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺮاﯾﻢ‬
‫راﯾﺎﻧﻪ اي و اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﯽ( و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‪ ،‬اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺪود ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺳﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺘﺨﻠّﻒ ﮐـﺮده‬
‫و ﻃﯽ‪ ‬اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻃﯿﺎن را ﻣـﻮرد ﭘﯿﮕﺮد ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و ﻗﻀـﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﻗﺮار داده و ﮐﻠّﯿ‪‬ﮥ ﺧﺴﺎرات وارده ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات از ﻣﺘﺨﻠّﻒ اﺧﺬ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ درﺻﻮرﺗﯽﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮوﺷﯽ‪ ،‬اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﯿ‪‬ﮥ ﮐﭙﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰوه‪ ،‬ﭼـﺎپ دﯾﺠﯿﺘـﺎل‪ ،‬ﭼـﺎپ‬
‫رﯾﺴــﻮ‪ ،‬اُﻓﺴــﺖ از ﮐﺘــﺐ اﻧﺘﺸــﺎرات ﻧــﻮآور ﻧﻤــﻮده و اﻗ ـﺪام ﺑــﻪ ﻓــﺮوش آن ﻧﻤﺎﯾــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿــﻤﻦ‬
‫اﻃﻼعرﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺨﻠّﻔﺎت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮوﺷﯽ ﻣﺰﺑﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺳـﺎﯾﺮ ﻫﻤﮑـﺎران و ﻣ‪‬ـﻮ‪‬ز‪‬ﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﺤﺘـﺮم‪ ،‬از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ‬
‫وزارت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و ارﺷﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‪ ،‬اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﮥ ﻧﺎﺷﺮان‪ ،‬و اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﺮان داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ و ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎي ﺣﻘﻮق ﺧﻮد از ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻔﺮوﺷﯽ ﻣﺘﺨﻠّﻒ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮوش‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﯿ‪‬ﻪ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از روي ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﻏﯿﺮاﺻﻞِ ﮐﺘﺎب‪،‬‬
‫از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺠﺎز و ﺷﺮﻋﺎً ﻧﯿﺰ ﺣﺮام اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﻮآور از ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﮔﺮاﻣﯽ ﺧﻮد درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ دارد ﮐـﻪ در ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪة ﻫـﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻠّﻒ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﻣــﻮارد ﻓـﻮق‪ ،‬ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ را ﯾﺎ از ﻃـﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻠﻔـﻦ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧـﻮآور ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎرهﻫـﺎي‬
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‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪآورﻧﺪه و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﻮد ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﺑـﻪﻋﻤـﻞ آﯾـﺪ‪ ،‬و ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮان ﺗﺸـﮑّﺮ و‬
‫ﻗﺪرداﻧﯽ‪ ،‬از ﮐﺘﺐ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﻮآور ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﺪﯾﻪ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺼﻞ اول‬
‫آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫آﺗﺶ‬
‫آﺗﺶ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﯾﮏ واﮐﻨﺶ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ اﮐﺴﯿﮋن‪ ،‬ﺣﺮارت و ﯾﮏ و ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻣـﺎده‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل)‪ (Flammable Material‬ﺑﻪوﺟﻮد ﻣـﯽآﯾـﺪ و اﺻـﻮﻻً ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﮔﺮﻣـﺎ و ﺷـﻌﻠﻪ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ واﮐﻨﺶ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﺳـﯿﻮن ﺳـﺮﯾﻊ از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ ﺗﺮﮐﯿـﺐ‬
‫اﮐﺴــﯿﮋن ﺑــﺎ ﮐــﺮﺑﻦ ﻣــﺎده ﺳــﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ دياﮐﺴــﯿﺪﮐﺮﺑﻦ و ﮔــﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻮاﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و ﺣﺮارت ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎل ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽـﻪ ﺳـﻪ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫اﮐﺴﯿﮋن‪ ،‬ﺣﺮارت و ﻣﺎده ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ در ﮐﻨﺎر ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﯿﺮﻧـﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﺜـﯽ را‬
‫ﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽآورﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﺜﻠﺚ آﺗﺶ اﻃﻼق ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪1-1‬اﻟﻒ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ آﺗﺶ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﺧﯿﺮاً واﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﯿﺮه اي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬
‫ﯾﺎد ﺷﺪه اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷـﺪه و ﻣﺜﻠـﺚ آﺗـﺶ را ﺑـﻪ ﻫـﺮم آﺗـﺶ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ ‪1-1‬ب‪ :‬ﻫﺮم آﺗﺶ‬

‫ﻣﺎده ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ‬
‫اﺻﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﻮادي ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻓﻌﻞ و اﻧﻔﻌﺎﻻت ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ذﮐـﺮ ﺷـﺪه را دارﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ اﻃﻼق ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪) .‬اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ و ﯾﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺷـﻌﻠﻪ در اﯾـﻦ ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت‬
‫اﺳﺖ(‬
‫ﻣﻮاد ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ در ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ و ﮔﺎز وﺟﻮد دارﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﻫـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺎده ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﺳﺖ و ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ در اﺛﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﯾﮏ ﮔﺎز ﯾﺎ ﺑﺨـﺎر ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ اﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﯽﺑﺎﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﻪ ﮔﺎز ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد و آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي اداﻣﻪ ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫اﮐﺴﯿﮋن‬
‫ﺑـﺮاي ﺗـﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻫــﻮاي ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﯿــﺎز اﺣﺘـﺮاق اﮐﺴــﯿﮋن ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺣــﺪاﻗﻞ اﮐﺴـﯿﮋن ﻻزم ﺑــﺮاي‬
‫آﺗﺶﮔﯿﺮي ‪ %16‬اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫واﮐﻨﺶ زﻧﺠﯿﺮهاي‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽﮐﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﯽ رﺳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺧﯿﻠﯽ رﯾﺰ دﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﻫﻢ داده و واﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﯿﺮه اي اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي اداﻣـﻪ آﺗـﺶﺳـﻮزي‪ ،‬ﺗـﺪاوم واﮐـﻨﺶﻫـﺎي‬
‫زﻧﺠﯿﺮهاي ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﯿﺮهاي ﺣﺮﯾﻖ اﻃﻔﺎء ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺮارت‬
‫ﺣﺎل زﻣﺎﻧﯽﮐﻪ ﻣﺎده ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ و اﮐﺴﯿﮋن وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮوع آﺗﺶﺳﻮزي ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺮارت‬
‫ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ از ﺷﺮوع آﺗﺶﺳﻮزﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي اداﻣﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺮارت ﻧﯿﺎز اﺳـﺖ و اﮔـﺮ آﺗـﺶ‬
‫ﺳﺮد ﺷﻮد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن آن ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪) .‬اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ آﺑﯽ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﮐﺎر را ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﺣﺮارت در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آﺗﺶ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺳـﻪ ﺑﺨﺸـﯽ اﺻـﻠﯽ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ اﺷـﺘﻌﺎل ﯾـﺎ ﺷـﻌﻠﻪ زﻧـﯽ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ‬
‫آﺗﺶﮔﯿﺮي و درﺟﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﯾﺎ ﺷﻌﻠﻪزﻧﯽ )‪(Flash point‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ درﺟﻪ دﻣﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در آن از ﻣﺎده‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺎري ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﯽ ﺷـﻮد در اﯾـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺷﺪن ﺷﻌﻠﻪ و ﯾﺎ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ آﻏﺎز ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﻣﻮرد ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾـﻦ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔـﯽ ﺑﻨـﺎم ﺣـﺪاﻗﻞ)‪ (LEL‬و ﺣـﺪاﮐﺜﺮ)‪(UEL‬‬
‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‪ 1‬ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮔﺎز ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮاي ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﯾﺎ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر را ﺑـﻪوﺟـﻮد آورده ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬در اﯾـﻦ ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ اﮔـﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺮارت ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﻮد )ﻣﺜﻼً ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﻗﻪ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ( ﮔﺎز ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺎً آﺗﺶ ﻣـﯽﮔﯿـﺮد و اﯾـﻦ اﺗﻔـﺎق در ﻓﻀـﺎي‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﻧﻔﺠﺎر رخ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ اﮔﺮ درﺻﺪ اﺧﺘﻼط ﮔـﺎز ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﻮا در ﻣﺤـﺪوده اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷــﺪ )ﮔــﺎز ﯾــﺎ ﻫــﻮا ﺧﯿﻠــﯽ ﮐــﻢ و ﯾــﺎ ﺧﯿﻠــﯽ زﯾــﺎد ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ( اﻧﻔﺠــﺎر رخ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫــﺪ داد‪) .‬ﺟــﺪول‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‪ LEL,UEL‬در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﻢ آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ(‬

‫‪١. Lower explosive level,Uper explosive level‬‬

 ‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﺿﻤﺎﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪LEL,UEL :2-1‬‬

‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻋﺒﺎرت از آزاد ﺷﺪن اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ زﯾﺎد اﺳـﺖ و ﺗﻔـﺎوت اﺣﺘـﺮاق و اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر در ﻣﯿـﺰان‬
‫اﻧﺮژي ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ در ﻣﺪت آن اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻣﻤﮑـﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ روي‬
‫ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻒ( اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ب( اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﮐﻪ ﻣـﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﯾﻊ و ﮔـﺎز ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮا اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ج( ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎره آزاد ﺷﺪن ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﺘﺮاﮐﻢ در درﺟﺎت ﺣـﺮارت ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺟـﻮش آن ﻣـﺎﯾﻊ‬
‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ دﯾﮓ ﺑﺨﺎر(‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﮥ آﺗﺶ )ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل(‬

‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ در آن ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﺨﺎر ﺟﻬﺖ اداﻣـﻪ اﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ را ﻧﻘﻄﮥ آﺗﺶ ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﮥ آﺗﺶ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ‪ 10‬درﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﮥ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ زﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫درﺟﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻣﺎده ﺳﻮﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤـﺮك ﺧـﺎرﺟﯽ اداﻣـﻪ ﭘﯿـﺪا ﮐﻨـﺪ را‬
‫درﺟﻪ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬در اﯾﻦ درﺟﻪ ﺑﺨﺎرات ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮاي اداﻣﻪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺳﻮزي‬
‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در آن ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎده ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ )ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎز( ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد‪.‬‬
‫اﯾﻦ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺑﺪون ﻣﻨﺒﻊ آﺗﺶ زﻧﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد و ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ واﮐﻨﺶ ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﺑـﯿﻦ ﻣـﻮاد و‬
‫ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺷﺘﻌﺎل ﺷﻮد و ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﺪون ﻣﻨﺸﺎء را ﭘﺪﯾﺪ آورد‪.‬‬

‫اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬

‫اﺣﺘﺮاق ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺣﺪ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﺳـﯿﻮن‬

‫‪١. Ignition Temperature‬‬

‫‪٢. Auto Ignition Temperature‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮﺳﻨﺪ وﻟﯽ اﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﮐﺴﯿﺪ ﺷﺪن در ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻫﻤـﺮاه دود ﺑـﺮده‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ اﺣﺘﺮاق ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻘﺪاري از اﻧﺮژي ﺗﻠﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
‫در ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ راﺑﻄﻪاي ﺑﯿﻦ درﺟـﻪ ﺣـﺮارت و‬
‫زﻣــﺎن وﺟــﻮد دارد ﮐــﻪ از آﻏــﺎز ﺣﺮﯾــﻖ )ﻧﻘﻄــﻪ‬
‫اﺷﺘﻌﺎل( آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺷـﯽ اداﻣـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :3-1‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬

‫ﺷﺮوع ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‬
‫در اﯾﻦ زﻣﺎن اﺷﺘﻌﺎل اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﺮوز ﮐﺮده و ﺣﺮﯾﻖ آﻏﺎز ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬آﺗﺶ ﺑﻪوﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ رﺷﺪ در اواﯾﻞ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﮐﻨﺪ و آﻫﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ اداﻣﻪ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮاﯾﺖ آﺗﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ ﻣﺠﺎور ﺣﺮﯾـﻖ اداﻣـﻪ ﻣـﯽﯾﺎﺑـﺪ و ﺣـﺮارت آن ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽرود‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ آزاد‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ در ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ دﻣﺎي ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺧﻮد اداﻣﻪ ﻣﯽدﻫـﺪ و ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ ﻫـﻮاي‬
‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﻮاي ﺑﯿﺮون را ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳـﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻘـﺎط ﺑـﺮاي ﺗـﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣـﺎده‬
‫ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ از ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ از ﭼﻨـﺪ‬
‫دﻗﯿﻘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ روز اداﻣﻪ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺲﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ‪ ،‬دود ﮐﺮدن و ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﺷﺪن‬

‫اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﻓﺎز آﺧﺮ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎده ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ در ﺣـﺎل ﺗﻤـﺎم‬
‫ﺷﺪن اﺳﺖ و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﯽ ﺣﺠﻢ آﺗﺶ رو ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘـﻪ و ﻣﺮاﮐـﺰ آﺗـﺶ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد‪ .‬در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ دود وﺟﻮد دارد‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺷﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﺣﺮﯾﻖﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و ﻋﺒـﺎرت اﺳـﺖ از ﺑﺮﮔﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺪد ﺣﺮﯾﻖ‪ .‬از اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آﺗـﺶ ﻧﺸـﺎﻧﺎن ﺑﻌـﺪ از اﻃﻔـﺎءﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻣـﺪت زﻣـﺎﻧﯽ را در ﻣﺤـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯽﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ از ﺑﺮوز اﯾﻦ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﺿﻤﺎﺋﻢ‬

‫ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ )‪(Backdraft‬‬

‫اﻧﻔﺠــﺎري اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ در اﺛــﺮ وارد ﺷــﺪن‬
‫ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﻫﻮا ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﯿﻂ درﺑﺴـﺘﻪ اي‬
‫روي ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﻠﻮ از ﻣﻮاد ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ اﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺑﺴﯿﺎر داغ و ﺑﺨﺎر ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﮑﻞ‪ :4-1‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ در زﻣﺎن ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﻮا و ورد‬

‫ﻫﻮاي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ دﻣﺎ در زﻣﺎن‬
‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه)‪(Backdraft‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ از ﺷﺮوع ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ درﻫﺎ و ﭘﻨﺠﺮهﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﯾﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ اﻣﮑـﺎن ورود ﻫـﻮاي‬
‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ اﮐﺴﯿﮋن ﻣﻮﺟﻮد رﻓﺘﻪ رﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد و ﺟـﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﺑـﺮاي ﻫـﻮاي ﻣﺼـﺮف ﺷـﺪه‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻤﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد در اﯾﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﺎت ﻧﯿﺎز ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ اﮐﺴﯿﮋن زﯾﺎد اﺳـﺖ و ﻣﻘـﺪار ﻣـﻮاد ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﻨﯽ ﮐـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻦ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﻣﯽ ﮐﺸﻨﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﯿﻠﯽ زﯾﺎد اﺳﺖ در اﯾﻦ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺣﺮارت زﯾﺎدي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺷـﺪه‬
‫و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﯿﺰي ﮐﻪ ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﻻزم دارد ﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﯿﺰ را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺑﻮدي ﺑﮑﺸﺪ اﮐﺴـﯿﮋن اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬اﯾـﻦ درﺣـﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ از اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن ﺧﺎﻣﻮش ﮐﺮدن ﺣﺮﯾﻖ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﻔﺲ ﮔﯿﺮ و ﮐﺸﻨﺪه اي را در ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻃﻔﺎء ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣـﯽ آورد‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﮏدرﻓﺖ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﯾﮏ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ رخ دﻫﺪ و ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ ﮔﺮدد ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﺶ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ را ﮐﻪ در آن ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ را ﻣـﯽﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺑﻄـﻮر ﺟـﺪي ﻣﺠـﺮوح ﮐـﺮده و‬
‫ﺻﺪﻣﺎت زﯾﺎدي ﺑﻪ او وارد ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬از ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺮوع ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ ﺗﺮك ﺧﻮردن ﺷﯿﺸﻪ ﻫـﺎ و ﺑـﻪ وﺟـﻮد‬
‫آﻣﺪن دود ﻏﻠﯿﻆ ﻗﻬﻮه اي رﻧﮓ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ﺑﮏ درﻓـﺖ از ﺑـﺎﻻﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄـﻪ اي ﮐـﻪ دود‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻬﻮﯾﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﯿﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﮏدرﻓﺖ اﺻﻮﻻً زﻣﺎﻧﯽ رخ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ آﺗﺶ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺳﻮزي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و درﺟﻪ ﺣﺮارت ﺑﺎﯾـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ‪ 609‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮاد رﺳـﯿﺪه ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و ﻓﻀـﺎي ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑـﺎ ﮔـﺎز ﻣﻨﻮاﮐﺴـﯿﺪ ﮐـﺮﺑﻦ و دﯾﮕـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﺎن ورود ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻫﻮا ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺮﯾﺐ اﻟﻮﻗﻮع ﺑﮏ درﻓﺖ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﻠﻪ ﮐﻢ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫دود ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر از ﺷﮑﺎفﻫﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻫﯿﭻ ﺑﺎزﺷﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﺎز ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎي ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺣﺲ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫رﻧﮓ دود ﺣﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ ‪) .‬ﻗﻬﻮهاي رﻧﮓ(‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫دود ﺷﯿﺸﻪﻫﺎ را ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﯿﺪه و ﺳﯿﺎه ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬