UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
4Q - SocSci2
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS (SocSci2)
(Second Semester, Fourth Quarter Reviewer)
ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION
- The so-called nature viewpoint galvanized the idea
that human instincts served as formidable references
on how individuals relate to society.
- This belief became less popular during the 20th
century as more psychologists like Ivan Pavlov, John
B. Watson, and Charles Harton Cooley explained
through empirical studies that changes in human
behavior are closely attributed to learning.
- In pre-modern societies, learning often takes place
through a non-fragmented and integrated process of
passing of knowledge from one generation to
another.
1. ENCULTURATION
• Occurs when cultural knowledge is passed on to the
next bearer who will perpetuate and ensure the
continuance of their tradition and practices.
2. SOCIALIZATION
• Takes place when prospective culture bearers learn
their culture’s body of knowledge and skills through
education or conscientization, training, exposure, and
experience.
- Enculturation and socialization results to identity
formation.
IDENTITY FORMATION
• Individual’s identity is formed through his or her
interaction with other people.
• Person’s socialization with individuals or groups
allows him or her to imbibe certain characteristics
and interests that contribute to his or her identity.
JAMES MARCIA
• Expert in identity formation, defines identity as an
internal, self-constructed, dynamic organization of
drives, abilities, beliefs, and individual history.
• Extended Erikson’s theory on self-identity and
identified key elements in achieving a mature
identity.
FOUR (4) IDENTITY STATUSES IN JAMES
MARCIA’S THEORY
1. IDENTITY DIFFUSION OR ROLE CONFUSION
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima
Page 1 of 3
• Opposite of identity achievement.
• Individual has not yet resolved their identity crisis,
failing to commit to any goals or values and establish
future life direction.
• In adolescents, this stage is characterized by
disorganized thinking, procrastination, and
avoidance of issues and action.
2. IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
• Occurs when teenagers accept traditional values
and cultural norms, rather than determining their
own values.
• In other words, the person conforms to an identity
without exploration as to what really suits him or her
best.
• For instance, teenagers might follow the values and
roles of their parents or cultural norms. They might
also foreclose on a negative identity, the direct
opposite of their parent’s values or cultural norms.
3. IDENTITY MORATORIUM
• Postpones identity achievement by providing
temporary shelter.
• Provides opportunities for exploration, either in
breadth or in depth.
• Examples of moratoria common in American
society include college or the military.
4. IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
• Attained when the person has solved the identity
issues by making commitments to goals, beliefs and
values after extensive exploration of different areas.
NORMS AND VALUES
1. NORMS
• Culturally determined values that guide people
regarding what is right, wrong, proper, or improper.
• In the Philippines, there are 2 most popular norms
which are norm of appropriateness and norm of tact
and courtesy.
2. VALUES
• Standards that people use to determine desirable
goals and outcomes.
• In the Philippines, there are 2 most important
values that Filipino possesses which are values of
industry and reciprocity or debt of gratitude or utang
na loob.
Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
4Q - SocSci2 Page 2 of 3
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

STATUSES AND ROLES • Can be categorized based on number, common

interest, purpose, and level of interactions.
1. STATUS
• Any position that an individual can occupy in TWO (2) TYPES OF GROUPS
society.
1. ACCORDING TO INFLUENCE
• Not ranked position, but simply a label that implies
certain roles that must be performed. A. PRIMARY GROUP
• Small but intimate.
TWO (2) TYPES OF STATUS
• Examples are family and friends.
A. ASCRIBED STATUS
B. SECONDARY GROUP
• Given at birth or assigned later in life.
• Formed to perform a specific purpose.
B. ACHIEVED STATUS • Example is a group work in school.
• Acquired willfully and consciously through effort,
2. ACCORDING TO MEMBERSHIP
talent, decisions, and accomplishments.
A. IN-GROUPS
SOCIAL CONTROL
• Provide members a sense of belongingness and
• Rules and standards of society that circumscribe
loyalty.
individual action through the inculcation of
conventional sanctions and the imposition of B. OUT-GROUPS
formalized mechanisms. • Groups that an individual is not a member.
THREE (3) MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL CONTROL REFERENCE GROUPS
• Certain standards and norms are need to be
1. LABELLING THEORY
followed in order to fit in.
• States how members of society label others.
FAMILY
2. GOSSIP
• Many sociologists believe that the family is the most
• Often practiced in small communities where people
important social unit in which socialization takes
know each other personally.
place.
3. LAWS
KINSHIP
• Formal codes of conduct that are met with negative
• Network of relatives within which an individual
sanctions when violated.
possesses certain mutual rights and obligation.
STRAIN THEORY • Since time immemorial, kinship is traced through
• This theory states that deviant behavior occurs bloodline.
when people experience strain or tension when
KINSHIP IS DIVIDED INTO (4)
culture imposes goals that individuals should achieve,
but the social environment makes it hard or 1. PATRILINEAL DESCENT
challenging for individuals to meet such goals • Children automatically made members of the
through legitimate manner. father’s group only.
• Members of society react in 5 different ways, which
are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreat, and 2. MATRILINEAL DESCENT
rebellion. • Children automatically made members of the
mother’s group only.
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED
3. DOUBLE UNILINEAL DESCENT
GROUP • The child at birth is assigned to the mother’s group
• Unit of people who interact with some regularity or to the father’s group for specific purposes.
and identify themselves as a unit.
4. BILATERAL DESCENT
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines
4Q - SocSci2 Page 3 of 3
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 12
Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand

• Used to categorize children that are made members POLITICAL STRUCTURE OR INSTITUTION
of all ancestor’s group. • Organized way in which power is distributed and
decisions are made within a society.
FOUR (4) KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
POWER
1. MONOGAMY
• Likelihood of achieving desire ends in spite of
• Occurs when both married partners have only 1
resistance from others.
spouse each other.
AUTHORITY
2. POLYGAMY
• Power widely perceived as legitimate rather than
• Occurs when 1 individual has multiple spouse.
coercive.
3. POLYGYNY
THREE (3) TYPES OF AUTHORITY
• Occurs when a man is married to more than 1
woman simultaneously. 1. TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
• Fuses power with tradition.
4. POLYANDRY
• Power is legitimized by respect for long-established
• Occurs when a woman is married to more than 1
cultural patterns.
man simultaneously.
POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
THREE (3) BRANCHES OF PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT

LEGISLATIVE
• Authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
through the power vested in the Philippine Congress.

EXECUTIVE
• Carries out laws. Composed of the president and the
vice president who are elected by direct popular vote
and serve a term of 6 years.

JUDICIARY 2. TRADITIONAL LEGAL OR BUREAUCRATIC

• Evaluates laws. Holds the power to settle AUTHORITY
controversies involving rights that are legally • Power legitimized by legally enacted rules and
demandable and enforceable. regulations.

3. CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
• Power legitimated through extraordinary personal
abilities that inspire devotion.

- In a chiefdom, power and authority are bestowed to

the chief because he is the highest-ranking individual.
The chieftain often keeps his position until death.
Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 12 - Our Lady of Fatima Professor: Sir Renzo G. Intal