NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Geundi,
tni Mibce Vplmir
Vplmir,,
Mibce ch tni Hlrst Flrfdi
 Geundis gri ect g sle`di typi ch Hlrst Flrfdi mibce, aut
g fgti`cry ch tnib. Bcst Hlrst Flrfdi mibces wltn tni
sngpi gem aingvlcr ch g splmir gri fgddim geundis, tncu`n
tnilr purpcsis, fcdcrgtlces, gem pirscegdltlis ml﬋ir mi-
piemle` ce tnilr Vifcem Flrfdi hcriaigrs, gem tniy gri
bgey gem vgrlim. @ieirgddy, geundis gri wia-wigvle`
primgtcrs rge`le` le slzi aitwiie g dgr`i mc` gem g mrght
ncrsi.
gem tni bcvibiets ch lts fidistlgd acmlis. Le Frigtlce,
tniy wigvi gdlie strufturis lestigm, tc dgy i``s wltnle
tngt ngtfn ect letc bcri geundis, aut letc iirli wcrms ”
tgdis ch mibcelf ixpdclts wrlttie letc igrtn, sig, gem sjy,
sjy,
lbpgrtle` blem-wgrple` dissces cr prcbptle` spce-
tgeicus quists tc mlsfcvir dce`-dcst sce`s. ]nisi mc`-
slzim geundis ngvi audacus gamcbies dlji ge cra-wig
cra-wigv-v-
ir
ir,, rge`le` le fcdcr hrcb musty adui tc miip leml`c.

 Geundis misfiemle` hrcb Fgdcemrg, Vfrlai ch ]lmis Qlctcus geundis misfiem hrcb Vtgeiwgdm, Vni Pnc
Hcr`cttie, gttiem tc dcst dcri stgsnim wltnle nir bgesi. Vurbcuetim tni Cbpngdcs. Aclstircus gem mistruftlvi,

]niy wigvi
wltnstgem tnihcralmmle` tcbis
bgesi“s gflmlf hrcb tnilr bitlfudcusdy
ievlrcebiet, sldj tngt fge tnisi mibce-splmirs
ghtir nir frgwd
mgefis. ]niy cut galmi
fgeect hrcb ruaadi diht
stclflsb gemainlem
priy
rifcrmle` tni gftlvltlis ch iviry aile` le tni Mibce Flty upce tncsi wnc rihusi tc mgefi. ]nisi geundis pcssiss
 

GEYNDI, ]NI MIBCE V[LMIQ

g spdgsn ch rgleacw fcdcr, wltn il`nt `rgfihud di`s gem
sdiemir acmlis rlmle` dcw tc tni `rcuem.
Cftgvlge, tni Dlvle` ]cwir, rglsis geundis hrcb nls adgfj
cld gem tni vlsfirg ch tncsi ni“s sdgle. ]nisi vlemlftlvi,
wgrdlji geundis `diihuddy nuet gem jldd dcvirs. ]niy ngvi
g nuetsbge splmir“s hrl`ntiele` sngpi gem g wgrncrsi“s
slzi, gem mrlp adgfj lfncr
l fncr wnie tniy bcvi.
fcetrcd rcdd gem migdle` cei divid ch ditngd mgbg`i tc
tni `rgppdim vlftlb hcr iviry ece-rifiixlvi gftlce sni
pirhcrbs wnldi fdlefnim.
[rleflpdi ch Bctlce (7;b, 7wp: Qifiixlvi: Lestget:
Issiefi 1)? ]ni geundi bcvis wltn adlemle` spiim,
tgjle` g fiurry wltncut tni usugd ristrlftlces ” lt fge
fiurry twc ch tni sgbi gftlce lh mislrim, gem l`ecris
tni usugd piegdtlis tc mlfi pccds gem Mihiesi.

 G scrfirir bgy subbce tni spifl﬇f ariim ch geundi Chhiesi  (>b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Mi-
Vldjie Vplji Chhiesi 
flslvi-cedy: Issiefi 1)? ]ni geundi wigvis g hcct-
sni wlsnis tc fcbbgem, cr digvi lt tc Bgdhige wnlb. dce` splji ch nidd-sldj gem prcpids lt gt g tgr`it wltnle
Vubbceirs fgdd up geundis tc pursui cr sdgy tgr`its, bimlub rge`i, gs g miflslvi  gttgfj wltn 7; mlfi tngt
miflslvi gttgfj
wigvi tnilr bg`lfgd nidd-sldj, cr pirhcrb bcri uelqui l`ecris up tc 6 Ngrmeiss. Ge ieiby mgbg`im ay tni
gem mlsturale` miims. Geundis uelvirsgddy midl`nt le tni splji suhhirs cei ditngd mgbg`i mli pir rcuem uetld
nuet, tncu`n tnilr hgvcrim priy lse“t gdwgys picpdi. sni ribcvis tni splji, wnlfn riqulris mistrcyle` lt cr
g mlh﬇fudty 6 higt ch strie`tn.
Issiefi? 1:
Issiefi?  1: Plddpcwir?
Plddpcwir? 8: Ocle Agttdi? 0
 8: Ocle Agttdi? 0 mlfi Vegri (6b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget:
]nrigm-Vpleele` Vegri (6b,
Bctis? 0;
[irscegd Bctis? 0; Ifdlpsi: Issiefi 7)? ]ni geundi sits g trgp tngt migds
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x8/∑1x9/∑=/Lefgp.
Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x8/∑1x9/∑=/Lefgp. ec mgbg`i, ﬇ddle` tni grig cut tc fdcsi rge`i hrcb lt
Aceus? +6 (ariims dgr`i iecu`n tc sirvi gs
Vpiim Aceus? +6 wltn wiaale`. Geycei wnc ietirs tni grig ls suaoift
bcuets) tc g wiaale` `rgppdi `gbalt usle`
us le` tni geundi“s trglts,
ivie lh tni mibce lse“t prisiet: tni wia ltsidh pirhcrbs
Gftlces?  Fcefigd/Mls`ulsi Pias? > mlfi: Higts ch
Gftlces? Fcefigd/Mls`ulsi tni fdlefn, gem fge cedy ristrgle vlftlbs, gdtncu`n tni
Vtrie`tn? 00 mlfi:
tlblmgti? mlfi Viesis?
(bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn
7; mlfi: 6 higts):
Vple Vldj? Le-
71 mlfi: geundi ls hrii tc pirhcrb ctnir gftlces gem suhhirs ec
Mihiesi piegdtlis. Le fcbagt, tnls Fngrb riqulris g
Vtigdtn? > mlfi: ]rgfjle`? > mlfi suffisshud `gbalt wltn mlh﬇fudty iqugd tc bctis spiet.
Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 6 Nidd-Vldj Pigvir gem Pia-Vegrle` El`ntbgri fge
FCBAG] suppdibiet tnls Fngrb.
(Alti)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 76)
Gttgfj (Alti)? 7; Pia-Vegrle` El`ntbgri (9b: Vuppdibietgd:
Yetld tni fdlefn iems: Issiefi 1)? Lh tni geundi ristrgles
`rgppdi)? 7; mlfi (7; tc fcetrcd)
Gttgfj (Piaale` `rgppdi)? 7;
g `rgppdim cppceiet ghtir lts ﬇rst rcuem ch fcetrcd, lt
Bcvibiet? 71 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 71 bgy wrgp tni vlftlb le wiaale`, gddcwle` lt tc tgji
Ivgslce =, [grry 6 ctnir ece-rifiixlvi gftlces wnldi tni `rgppdi fcetle-
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? >/9
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  >/9 uis gem suhhir ec Mihiesi piegdtlis. ]ni cppceiet“s
piegdtlis tc gttgfjs wnldi fdlefnim lefrigsi ay cei.
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Mrlpple` Hge`s? Ge geundi“s miflslvi  alti gttgfjs
miflslvi alti
gri viecbcus. ]ni bcst fcbbce geundi viecb ls g Digple` Mibce-Vplmir Mcm`i (=b, 1l: Qifiix-

vltrlcdlf
rgtlce 9tcxle tngtgem
rcuems migds 6l/rcuem
g piegdty ch (D∑=.
le Frgsn),
Mlhhirietwltn mu-
ariims lvi: Lestget:
mcm`le` [irldcus:
ge gttgfj, tni Issiefi 1)? Ghtir
geundi bcvis suffisshuddy
cei rge`i agem
bgy ngvi ctnirs. gwgy hrcb tni gttgfjir le gey mlriftlce. ]nls Fngrb
ls usgadi cefi pir sfiei, aut lt risits wnieivir tni
BIQL]V
geundi Lefgpgfltgtis cr jldds g ece-trlvlgd cppceiet.
Vngrp-Iyim ]irrcr? Mcuadi <s ce gdd Viesis gem
BCALDL]\ FNGQBV
]rgfjle` rcdds. Geundis suhhir ec sl`nt-agsim piegdtlis
hcr mlb fcemltlces cr mgrjeiss, buemgei cr bg`lfgd. Bcestrcus Hdyle` Digp  Digp  (9b: Vuppdibietgd:
Lestget: Issiefi 7)? 
7)?  ]ni geundi digps, pcuefis, cr
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
sglds ce g strle` ch sldj, bcvle` twc rge`i agems wltn
Nidd-Vldj Pigvir (0b cr 0b, 7wp: Vuppdibietgd: cei rifiixlvi bcvi gftlce.
Lestget: Issiefi 7)? Hcr sivie bctis, tni geundi bgy
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
suppdibiet g Vple Vldj rcdd tc frigti nidd-sldj lestigm, g
dl`ntwil`nt bgtirlgd wltn tni strie`tn ch g stiid fgadi. Adccmtnlrsty Vtgdjir (9b: Vlbpdi: Lemi﬇elti:
Igfn suppdibietim Vple Vldj gftlce frigtis iecu`n Issiefi 7)? Lh tni geundi ngs tgstim tni tgr`it“s adccm
nidd-sldj tc bgji cei squgri ygrm ch hgarlf. Gdtireg- aihcri (ngvle` migdt gt digst 7 divid ch ditngd mgbg`i

tlvidy, hcr sivie gbctis

fge suppdibiet gem`gbalt,
`rgppdi 7 Plddpcwir, tnls
mcuadle` >sFngrb
ce tni wltn g alti
hcddcw, gem gttgfj),
﬇em nir:ltlh mcuadis
sni usis 0s ce rcdds tcbg`lf,
fcefigdbiet trgfj,

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
usi ge gpprcprlgti pccd tc rcdd chh g`glest tni geundi“s
Viesis cr ]rgfjle` pccd, mipiemle` ce tni sltugtlce.
Ncbi (7;b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi 7)? ]ni
Nurry Ncbi (7;b:
mibce ritures tc lts subbceir“s slmi: uegvgldgadi
wnie ueacuem.
Bgtirlgdlzi   (69b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
Bgtirlgdlzi
7)? Vpleele` ltsidh hrcb higrs gem viecb, tni geundi
ietirs Frigtlce le pnyslfgd hcrb.
Bigsuri tni Plem Plem  (9b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? ]ni geundi fge rigm geycei lt ngs nuetim gem
fgu`nt, cr ls furrietdy nuetle`.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
]nisi trglts rifiift tni agslf fcbpitieflis ch gey geundi:
igfn spifl﬇f typi ngs g hiw gmmltlcegd Fngrbs, Birlts,
gem/cr spiflgd galdltlis tc rifiift lts uelqui egturi. Hcr
ixgbpdi, Fgdcemrg“s
Fgdcemrg“s geundis gdsc pcssiss Mibce Dcri? 0
mlfi. Lh riquistim, tniy bgy spiem 6 bctis tc riflti cei
rgemcb hgft gacut Bgdhigs, mibces gem yczls, cr fidis-
tlgd gem sigscegd fyfdis. Vtgeiwgdm“s geundis gdsc pcs-
siss Bgey-Di``im Mgefis? > mlfi. Ay spiemle` 9 bctis
gem 7 Plddpcwir, tniy gutcbgtlfgddy suffiim gt g higt ch
mibcdltlce riqulrle` hiwir tnge 7; suffissis.
 Grbcr frghtim hrcb nidd-sldj `gles tni Vldiet tg` gem +1
Ngrmeiss. Buemgei biges fgeect ngrb cr mistrcy lt,
gem lt ls lbbuei tc Mrg`ce-Adccmim gelbg fiux.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Grbcrim Jrgjie
Aieigtn Vcutnwistire sigs durjs g bcestrcus fcdcssgd V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
cftcpus. Mczies ch ygrms dce`, wltn ge ixcsjiditce ch Miptn Durjir? Vuatrgft tnrii suffissis hrcb Gwgri-
tnlfj fnltlecus pdgtis gem tie grbs igsldy dce` gem pcw- eiss rcdds tc ectlfi tni jrgjie wnldi lt ls miip aidcw
irhud iecu`n tc frusn g trlribi tc filemirs gem sfgttir lts ge casirvir. Le fcbagt, tnls gppdlis wnie tni jrgjie
friw tc tni wgvis, tni grbcrim jrgjie ls g rgri bgrlei ls gt dce` rge`i uemirwgtir ridgtlvi tc tni fngrgftir,
biegfi. Lt dlvis le tni ixtribi miptns, aut dgr`i mlstur- cr lh lt ls bcvle` up hrcb dce` rge`i wnldi gdrigmy
 agefis ce tni surhgfi gttrgft lt: sfncdgrs aidlivi lt bls- nlmmie. Lt bgy rusn ieiblis hrcb dce` rge`i aieigtn
tgjis snlps hcr ctnir frigturis ch dlji slzi wnie lt
l t siesis tnib uemirwgtir, gs dce` gs tni ncrlzcetgd mlstgefi
tnib, mrgwe ay snlpwrifjs cr agttdis ch `rigt Ixgdtim aitwiie tni twc ls ec bcri tnge cei rge`i agem. Lh
pcwir, gem gttgfjs cut ch tirrltcrlgd lestleft. Le wgrbir tni rusn ls suffisshud, tni jrgjie gutcbgtlfgddy bcvis
bcetns wnie furriets ficw ecrtn
letc Pistire wgtirs, digreim pl-
rgtis gem Myegstlf fgptgles tgji
fgri tc ie`g`i le sngddcwir wg-
tirs, dist tni jrgjie wgji. Bgey g
sgldcr siis tni tidd-tgdi frist ch lts
grbcrim bgetdi le nir el`ntbgris
gem prgys tc tni Cfige Hgtnir eivir

tc biit lt.
Issiefi?  7: Plddpcwir?  9:
Ocle Agttdi? > mlfi (agsi Leltlg-
tlvi 9)
Nigdtn Divids?  ∑;x=/∑7x-
8/∑1x8/∑=x1/Lefgp.
Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 79
mlfi (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 7;
higts): Egvgd Bgeiuvirs? > mlfi:
Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce? 71 mlfi:
Viesis? 9 mlfi: Vtigdtn? = mlfi:
]rgfjle`? = mlfi
Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 1

FCBAG]

Gttgfj (Grb)? 71 mlfi (Mgbg`i

78, blelbub 6)
Gttgfj (Aigj)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i
71): ]g`s? [lirfle`
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 71 mlfi (7=
mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet?  7; mlfi
(8 mlfi wltn hiwir tnge hcur hrii
grbs)
Ivgslce 6, [grry 8 (1 wltn ec hrii grbs)
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 79/7;
Ecti?  Hcr gttgfjs g`glest snlps
le egvgd fcbagt, sii ]irrcr ch tni
Miip.

GQBCQIM JQGJIE
cei rge`i agem fdcsir tc lts tgr`it ce tni eixt twc
tures, le gmmltlce tc lts ecrbgd bcvibiet.
Le﬇elti @rgsp? ]ni jrgjie bgy fiurry twc `rgppdi
`gbalts tc`itnir. Igfn ieiby tni jrgjie `rgppdis
tgjis up cei ch lts grbs: lt bgy bgletgle cei `rgppdi
pir grb. Pnldi `rgppdle`, lt fge fiurry gftlces gs dce`
gs lt ngs ge grb gvgldgadi hcr igfn gftlce. ]ni piegdty
tc fiurrlim gftlces ls ∑; wltn tie cr elei grbs hrii, ∑7
wltn
Pnldiil`nt, ∑1 wltn
`rgppdle` sivie,hcis,
budtlpdi gem g∑6wltnirle`
wltn slx cr sgvg`-
hiwir.
le` gttgfj migds mgbg`i ecrbgddy, aut tni jrgjie
cedy rifilvis Leltlgtlvi hrcb tni cei tngt migds tni bcst
mgbg`i: g miflslvi  sgvg`le` gttgfj mlvlmis tni
jrgjie“ss furriet Leltlgtlvi gs iviedy
jrgjie“ i viedy gs pcssladi gbce`
gdd `rgppdim ieiblis tc mitirblei rgw mgbg`i.
Lrce @rlp? Pnldi lt ngs bcri tnge tnrii hrii grbs, tni
jrgjie mcise“t tgji Mihiesi piegdtlis hrcb `rgppdle`
sbgddir ieiblis, gem fge rifiixlvidy tgji g mrg`
gftlce tc bcvi tnib wnieivir lt bcvis. Lt mcise“t dcsi
rcuems ch `rgppdi fcetrcd wnie gttgfjim uediss tni
gttgfj suffisshuddy mgbg`is lt.
Cvirwnidble` Bl`nt? Jrgjies bgji uecppcsim
`rgppdi fcetrcd rcdds g`glest ieiblis ch sbgddir slzi,
uediss tni vlftlbs usi bg`lf gddcwle` tnib tc `rgppdi
dgr`ir hcis, sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld ]ifnelqui (Ixgdtim,
p. 1>;).
Mcdmrub-Fcequirle` Aigst (Dgtiet)? G tgbim
jrgjie fge ai tgu`nt tc tcw g snlp vlg ngwsir. ]nls
gmms +7 Vpiim gem Bgeiuvirgaldlty, gem `rgets tni
friw gffiss tc lts uelqui egvgd strgtg`ibs.
BIQL]V
Lbpieitrgadi Grbcr? Qimufi tni blelbub
mgbg`i ch gey wltnirle` gttgfj bgmi g`glest tni
jrgjie ay cei, tc g blelbub ch zirc.
Di`iemgry Vlzi? ]ni jrgjie suhhirs ec cesdgu`nt
piegdtlis hrcb gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir cppceiets, uediss
tniy“ri bg`lfgddy lefilftim. Pltnirle` gttgfjs hrcb
sbgddir ieiblis fgeect frgsn lt uediss tniy ngvi gt
digst 7; pcst-scgj mgbg`i mlfi, gdtncu`n gttgfjirs
stldd `gle tni hudd gbcuet ch Leltlgtlvi mgbg`i migdt.
Miflslvi gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect migd
bcri tnge (6 + gttgfjir“s Vtrie`tn) divids ch mgbg`i
tc lt, ect fcuetle` divids gmmim ay Fngrbs cr ctnir
bg`lf.
]irrcr
]irr cr ch tni Miip? Le egvgd fcbagt (Ixgdtim, p.
1=9), tni jrgjie fge pirhcrb gey strgtg`ib ixfipt
arcgmslmi gem ctnirs tngt riqulri ge gftugd snlp, usle`
lts Egvgd Bgeiuvirs pccd. Lt fge“t pirhcrb acgrmle`
gftlces. Iviry pclet ch Nudd mgbg`i lt wcudm tgji
lefilfts twc pclets ch ditngd mgbg`i tc tni jrgjie“s
nigdtn trgfj, gem lts Vpiim ls +1. Pnie lt rgbs ge
cppceiet wltn lts aigj, lt suhhirs ec mgbg`i. Lt fge
gdwgys pirhcrb tni fcefigdbiet strgtg`ib ay sua-
bir`le`, ivie ce tni cpie cfige. Lt ngs tni hcddcwle`
uelqui strgtg`ibs?
• Dlvle` Gefncr (Fcst? 7; Bcbietub)? ]ni
jrgjie gttibpts tc wrgp lts tribiemcus grbs
grcuem ge ieiby snlp. Lh suffisshud, tni snlp fge
cedy pirhcrb g arcgmslmi, cr acgrmle` gftlces
hcr friw tcfge
fngrgftirs ﬇`ntleltlgti
tni aigst
ri`udgrmlriftdy.
fcbagt Ncwivir,
wltncut
frcssle` cvir tc tni jrgjie“s audj ay gttgfjle` tni
grbs, wltn g strgtg`ib tngt fcsts ec Bcbietub:
mcle` sc cedy gddcws tnib tc gttibpt tni `gbalt
tc sivir ge grb (sii —Vtcrytiddir
—Vtcrytid dir ]gftlfs‒)
]gftlfs‒) uetld tni
jrgjie dits `c. ]nls strgtg`ib tgjis ﬇vi hrii grbs
tc pirhcrb. Lh tni jrgjie tgjis =+ divids ch ditngd
mgbg`i cr ec dce`ir ngs iecu`n gvgldgadi
grbs, lts `rlp arigjs.
• Nudd Frusn (Fcst? 6 Bcbietub)?  ]ni
jrgjie bgy cedy usi tnls strgtg`ib lh lt“s furrietdy
trgpple` g snlp wltn Dlvle` Gefncr. ]ni bgsslvi
grbs fdiefn uetld tlbairs frgfj gem spdletir. ]nls
strgtg`ib lefilfts cei divid ch Nudd mgbg`i.
• ]nrgsn (Fcst? Ecei)?  ]ni jrgjie bgy cedy
usi tnls strgtg`ib lh lt“s furrietdy trgpple` g snlp
wltn Dlvle` Gefncr. Lt usis ]nrgsn tc auldm cei
Bcbietub pir twc tnrisncdm suffissis lt rcdds
wltn Egvgd Bgeiuvirs, rcfjle` tni snlp agfj
gem hcrtn tc hurtnir fibiet lts `rlp wltn lts pcwir-
hud sufjirs.
• Vig Bcestir Vbgsn (Fcst? 9 Bcbie-
tub)?  Pltn gt digst cei grb hrii, tni jrgjie
mrgws gdce`slmi g snlp gem sgvg`is lt wltn grbs
dlji bgsslvi wnlps, tcppdle` bgsts gem spdletir-
le` wccm. ]nls lefilfts cei divid ch Nudd mgbg`i,
cr twc lh tni jrgjie ngs gt digst ﬇vi grbs hrii.
• Vegtfn (Fcst? 7; Bcbietub)?  ]ni jrgjie
rigfnis cetc tni mifj gem segtfnis cei leml-
vlmugd hrcb tni snlp. Lt tgjis cei hrii grb tc mc
tnls. ]nls strgtg`ib gfts gs g acgrmle` gftlce:
tni jrgjie mcise“t acgrm tni snlp, aut hcrfis
tni fcefilft tc bcvi tc lemlvlmugd-sfgdi fcbagt.
G segtfnim fngrgftir tgjis cei mli ch agsnle`
mgbg`i pir rcuem, l`ecrle` Ngrmeiss, gem gey
rge`im gttgfj tngt blssis tni jrgjie gutcbgtlfgd-
dy nlts tni segtfnim fngrgftir lestigm, wltn cei
tnrisncdm suffiss.
Mcdmrub-Fcequirle` Aigst (Dgtiet)? G tgbim
jrgjie fge tcw g snlp vlg ngwsir. ]nls gmms +7 Vpiim
gem Bgeiuvirgaldlty, gem `rgets tni friw gffiss tc
lts uelqui egvgd strgtg`ibs.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

 G jrgjie
jrgjie ngs tie grbs. Le ri`u
ri`udgr
dgr fcbagt, fngrgftirs fge
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs gttibpt g mlstfudty 9 `gbalt wltn g futtle` wigpce tc
sivir ge grb. ]ni jrgjie prihirs tc `rgppdi gs bgey cp-
]ni grbcrim jrgjie ls actn g sig agttdi gem g ri`udgr fcb-
pceiets gt g tlbi gs pcssladi, bgjle` sgvg`le` gttgfjs cr
 agtget,
 agt get, usugddy
usugddy aactn
ctn lle
e tni ssgbi
gbi iefcu
iefcuetir
etir.. Lt stgrt
stgrtss cut gt-
gt-
mrg``le` tnib uemirwgtir uetld tniy mrcwe. Lh lt dcsis
tibptle` tc frusn snlps wltn lts strgtg`ibs gem tnie plfj
slx cr bcri ch lts grbs, cr tgjis mgbg`i tc lts dgst tnrii
c﬋ tni survlvcrs hrcb tni wgtir ghtirwgrm, aut lh lt tgjis
∑1 nigdtn divids, lt gttibpts tc fiii.
7;+ ditngd mgbg`i hrcb arcgmslmi, lt segtfnis picpdi hrcb
tni mifj tc rlm ltsidh ch cavlcusdy pcwirhud lemlvlmugds (dlji
Ixgdts wltn figrle` gelbg ageeirs) cr scbicei bgeele` g  G jrgjie ls g tnrii-mct
tnrii-mct Hgbldlgr
Hgbldlgr..
 agddlstg
 agdd lstg cr ctni
ctnirr snlp-tc-snlp
snlp-tc-snlp wig
wigpce.
pce. Fngrgf
Fngrgftirs
tirs fge usi
usi
 acgrmle`
 acgr mle` gftl
gftlces
ces tctc —bcuet‒
—bcuet‒ tni
tni jrg
jrgjie
jie ggem
em ﬇`nt
﬇`nt lt mlmlrift
rift--
dy, gs tniy wcudm wltn ge ieiby snlp.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Gu`nmil`ni
]ni gu`nmil`ni ls g frigturi ch Ecrtnire di`iem, gp-
pigrle` gs g tgdd wnlti stgddlce wltn frystgddlei nccvis tc
dcst trgvidirs le adlzzgrms. Pnie wgrb sjle tcufnis lts
lflfdi-iefrustim bgei, tni uehcrtuegti trgvidir stlfjs
hgst, gem lt fgrrlis tnib miipir letc tni stcrb. Pnie
tni wigtnir fdigrs, lt rivigds hrczie stgtuis tngt cefi
wiri vlftlbs. Vurvlvcrs misfrlai aigsts wltn fcgts tni
stgrj wnlti gem mle`y `rgy ch lfi. Gsjim ncw tniy hriim
tnibsidvis, tniy sgy hrcstalti
 hrcstalti,, gem ncdm up ngems blssle`
sivirgd ml`lts.
Issiefi? 6: Plddpcwir? 8: Ocle Agttdi? 8 mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 6;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=x1/Lefgp.
Vpiim Aceus? +=
Gftlces?  Mifiptlce? 8 mlfi: Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 8
mlfi (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Viesis? 9 mlfi:
Vtigdtn? 6 mlfi (8 le g adlzzgrm): ]rgvirsle` Hrl`lm
]irrgle? 7; mlfi
Qiscdvi 7, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Jlfj)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 7=)
7=)
Gttgfj (]cufn)? 8 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 7  71
1 mlfi (sii Vwlht-Nccvim)
Ivgslce 6, [grry 7
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 8/=
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Vifuri le tni Vgmmdi (Dgtiet)? Hcr cei Plddpcwir,
tni gu`nmil`ni rifiixlvidy bgjis lts rlmir lbbuei tc
uencrsle` hcr tni sfiei, bldmdy hriizle` nir le pdgfi
wltncut mgbg`i.
BIQL]V
Lfy Nlmi?  ]ni gu`nmil`ni ls ge ievlrcebietgd
ngzgrm tc geycei tcufnle` lt, wltn Mgbg`i 7A/
rcuem gem mlh﬇fudty 6. Geycei wnc mlis hrcb lts tcufn
tures fcbpditidy tc scdlm lfi. Ge gu`nmil`ni“s bgstir
bgy trgle lt ect tc hriizi nir gs g dgtiet galdlty.
Vwlht-Nccvim? Mcuadi <s ce rcdds tc mlsie`g`i cr
wltnmrgw. ]ni gu`nmil`ni fge ai trgleim tc gppdy
tnls tc rusn rcdds gdsc, gs g dgtiet galdlty.

GY@NMIL@NI
BCALDL]\ FNGQBV
Hrczie ]rgld (7b, 7wp: Qifiixlvi: Cei mgy: Ifdlpsi:
Issiefi 1)? ]ni gu`nmil`ni“s lfy nccvis lestgetdy
hriizi wgtir gem ctnir dlqulms wltnle fdcsi rge`i, gd-
dcwle` lt tc frigti g hrczie pgtn hcr ltsidh gs lt rues.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Ncdm Hgst (7;b, 1l: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: Issiefi 6)?
Cei vlftlb le pnyslfgd fcetgft wltn tni gu`nmil`ni
aifcbis stufj. Lt fge bgji g tcufn gttgfj tc leltlgti
fcetgft, aut tnls Fngrb fge gdsc ghhift rlmirs, tncsi
bgjle` uegrbim gttgfjs g`glest lt, gem ctnirs wnc
tcufn lt hcr gey rigsce. ]ncsi ect gdrigmy gstrlmi fge
pirhcrb g mlh﬇fudty 6 `gbalt tc fdlba cetc lts agfj:
ctnirwlsi, lt mrg`s tnib gdce`, rimufle` tnilr Leltlg-
tlvi ay cei pir ture gem hcrfle` tnib tc bcvi wltn
lt. Xlftlbs fge pry tnibsidvis hrii gs g mlh﬇fudty 6
`gbalt: lh suffisshud, tniy tgji (7 + eubair ch rcuems
stufj) ditngd mgbg`i tngt l`ecris Ngrmeiss.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Hcdjtgdis sgy gu`nmil`nis ixlst cedy wltnle g secw-
stcrb, tncu`n argvi rlmirs wnc ngvi tgbim tni aigsts
prcvi tnls hgdsi ” pirngps tgble` tnib titnirs tnib tc
tni igrtn. Le tni wldm, tniy gft mcfldi, `lvle` hrl`ntieim
trgvidirs ncpi tngt tnls pdgflm gelbgd wldd arle` tnib tc
sghity gem snidtir. Ay tni tlbi vlftlbs rigdlzi tnilr hcddy,
tniy“ri gdrigmy fgu`nt.
 G wldm gu`nmil`ni le g ﬇`nt prihirs arusnle`
arusnle` up g`glest
hcis gem mrg``le` tnib letc tni stcrb“s nigrt tc hriizi
tnib tc migtn, rgtnir tnge gttgfjle` cutrl`nt, uediss lt“s
lt “s
mispirgti. Vlefi gu`nmil`nis cedy gppigr murle` adlz-
zgrms le tni wldm, tni siviri fcdm ievlrcebietgd ngz-
grm ( Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim, p. 161) chtie gffcbpgelis ge iefcuetir.
 Gu`nmil`nis fiii fcbagt wnie tniy tgji mgbg`i tc
tnilr ∑1 nigdtn divids.
]ncsi wlddle` tc rlsj g hiw ﬇e`irs fge tgbi tni gu`n-
mil`ni gs g bcuet ( Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim, p. 99=).
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Gurcfns
 Gurcfns gri wldm fgttdi tngt rcgb tni hcrists gem pdgles
tnrcu`ncut Frigtlce, pgrtlfudgrdy
pgrtlfudgrdy le tni Vcutn. ]niy gri
nu`i niralvcrcus gelbgds, wil`nle` up tc 6,;;; pcuems
gem stgemle` slx hiit gt tni sncudmir. Actn tni audds
gem fcws ngvi ncres, tncu`n tni audds“ gri dgr`ir, tnilr
furvis bcri prcecuefim. ]ni gurcfns“ sjudd ls dce`ir
tnge tngt ch lts sbgddir fgttdi fcusles, gem lts eifj gem
sncudmir busfudgturi ls tnlfjir, tc suppcrt lts bgoistlf
ncres. Gurcfns ﬇`nt sgvg`idy
sgvg`idy wltn ctnir bibairs ch tni
nirm cvir hccm, bgtis, cr geytnle` idsi tngt prcvcjis
tnilr lri.
Le tni Vcutn, tni gurcfns ls sgfrim tc tni wgr `cm Gndgt
gem nls Arlmis. ]niy sgfrl﬇fi tni gelbgds ay tni nue-
mrims tc tnilr pgtrce gem rifilvi tni adissle`s ch nls
strie`tn gem hgvcr le riture. Gndgt hriquietdy idivgtis
tni gurcfns“ splrlt gvgtgrs, arle`le` tnib tc dlvi wltn
nlb le \u-Vnge gs `dcrlcus wgr-gurcfns `cms.
Le scbi ri`lces, vlddg`irs fgpturi ge gurcfns gem plt lt
g`glest ycue` wgrrlcrs gs g sncw ch tni wgrrlcrs“ sjldd
gem argviry. Vurvlvle` g `cri wcuem ls chtie gs bufn ge
ncecr hcr tni wgrrlcr gs gftugddy suamule` tni aigst.

Vivirgd Lfiwgdjir trlais fceslmir tni gurcfns g sgfrim
gelbgd. Lt ls g sybacd ch hirtldlty gem hcrtltumi, ripri-
sietle` lts wcrsnlpirs“ galdlty tc ribgle stigmhgst le tni
hgfi ch gmvirslty. Idsiwniri, tni gurcfns ls g fnclfi sgf-
rl﬇fi tc dcfgd `cms gem splrlts, tni dihtcvir bigt hiimle`
wcrsnlpirs hcr sivirgd bcetns, gem prcvlmle` tnib wltn  
nlmis, aceis, ncres, gem sleiws tc trgmi cr usi hcr tccds
gem frghtle`. Ecadis gem trlagd digmirs mrlej hrcb ge gu-
rcfns“ ncre mifcrgtim wltn priflcus bitgds gem oiwids
gs g sl`e ch tnilr wigdtn gem stgturi.
 
Hgrbirs mcbistlfgti gurcfns gem put tnib tc usi pdcw-
Hgrbirs
le` ﬇idms, mrgwle` fgrts dgmie wltn trgmi `ccms, turele`
nigvy bldd stceis, gem pirhcrble` ctnir tgsjs tngt ctn-
irwlsi riqulri sivirgd ncrsis ” cr strce`-agfj
strce`-agfjim
im picpdi
” tc fcbpditi. Murle` tni ngrvist bcetns, vlddg`i histl-
vgds levlti fcbpitltcrs tc tist tnilr strie`tn
strie`tn g`glest tngt
ch ge gurcfns, pldle` sdim`is nl`n wltn nigvy stceis gem
siile` ncw bgey picpdi lt tgjis tc pudd gs bufn wil`nt
gs cei audd fge ay ltsidh. ]ni vlddg`i pgrgmis tni wle-
eirs grcuem tcwe ce tni gurcfns“ agfj, actn nubge gem
aigst frcweim wltn tni
tni hrults ch tni ngrvist.

GYQCFNV
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 0 mlfi
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x8/∑1x8/∑=x6/Lefgp.
Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? < mlfi (bgy gttibpt
Vtrie`tn 0 higts): Letlblmgti? 0 mlfi: Viesis? 9 mlfi
Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Ncres)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 79)
Gttgfj (Vtcbp)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i 76)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 7; mlfi
Ivgslce 9, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 0/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Migmdy Fngr`i? Iviry rge`i agem tni gurcfns
bcvis tcwgrm g sle`di ieiby le g strgl`nt dlei `rgets
lt twc Leltlgtlvi. ]nls Leltlgtlvi gffubudgtis uetld lt fdcsis
tc fdcsi rge`i wltn tngt ieiby gem bgjis g mifl-
slvi gttgfj. Lh tni gurcfns tgjis gey gftlce ctnir tnge
bcvle` mlriftdy tcwgrm tni fncsie ieiby, lt dcsis gdd
Leltlgtlvi auldt up wltn tnls galdlty.
@cri? Miflslvi ncre gttgfjs gmm ixtrg suffissis tc
mgbg`i
gs g`glest
tni gurcfns ieiblis
ngse“t tgjie wltn
geydcwir
ctnirLeltlgtlvi, gs dce`
gftlces (lefdum-
le` rifiixlvi bcvibiet gftlces) tngt ture.
Ncre ]css? Ghtir migdle` 6+ divids ch mgbg`i tc ge
ieiby wltn g miflslvi ncre gttgfj, tni gurcfns bgy
rifiixlvidy `rgppdi gem lbbimlgtidy sdgb nlb hcr gm-
mltlcegd mgbg`i, fgtfnle` nlb le lts ncres gem tcssle`
nlb. Bgji g fcetrcd rcdd wltn lts Higts ch Vtrie`tn pccd,
gem tnie lt bgy tnrcw tni ieiby cut tc sncrt rge`i.
Lt fge cedy usi tnls galdlty cefi pir sfiei gem fgeect
gttibpt `rgppdi `gbalts wltncut usle` tnls galdlty.
]rgbpdi? Lh tni gurcfns rifiixlvidy pursuis ge
ieiby ghtir g suffisshud rusn gem bgjis g stcbp
gttgfj g`glest tnib ce lts eixt ture, g suffisshud nlt
jecfjs tni ieiby prcei. Gppdy tni Mihiesi piegdty
hrcb
wnie aile` prceitni(Ixgdtim
fgdfudgtle` , p. 1;1)suffissis.
gttgfj“s tnrisncdm ritrcgftlvidy
Levlefladi @cm-Aigst Nlmi  (Bg`lfgd, 71b)?
Qimufi cei miflslvi gttgfj“s rgw mgbg`i ay tni
gurcfns“ scgj rgtle`. Ge gttgfj tngt hglds tc migd
mgbg`i `rgets tni aigst tnrii Leltlgtlvi.
Vtrie`tn ch tni Dcygd Aigst (Bg`lfgd, 9b)?
Gurcfns fge wcrj hcr dce` pirlcms wltncut rist, gem
riqulri tnilr bgstirs tc jiip up. ]ni gurcfns diems
nir lts lbpdgfgadi strie`tn, gddcwle` nir tc l`ecri gdd
hgtl`ui piegdtlis gem `rgetle` nir cei aceus suffiss
ce gdd Qislstgefi rcdds, hcr tni sfiei.
BIQL]V
Aigst ch Aurmie? Mcuadi >s ce higts ch strie`tn tc
ngud cr fgrry g nigvy aurmie.
Vtgbpimi? Pnieivir g stgbpimle` agttdi `rcup
ch gurcfns bcvis letc fdcsi rge`i wltn g fngrgftir,
lt lbbimlgtidy gttibpts g rifiixlvi ie`g`i `gbalt
(Ixgdtim, p. 1;<) g`glest nir: lh suffisshud, sni tgjis
cei divid ch gutcbgtlf agsnle` mgbg`i gt tni iem ch
igfn ture sni ribgles ie`g`im.
Vtuaacre Vurvlvgdlst?  ]ni gurcfns“ nlmi ls ix-
tribidy tnlfj, prctiftle` lt hrcb tni ievlrcebiet gem
hrcb primgtcrs“ ncres, tiitn, gem fdgws. Mc ect sua-
trgft wcuem piegdtlis hrcb lts Mihiesi. Gttgfjs bgmi
hrcb sncrt rge`i cr hurtnir rimufi tnilr blelbub
mgbg`i g`glest tni gurcfns ay cei uediss tniy
aiei﬇t hrcb ge Glb gftlce.
Vturmy gs Vtcei? Ge gurcfns fgeect ai jecfjim
agfj cr prcei ixfipt ay bg`lfgd ihhifts cr frigturis
wltn di`iemgry slzi. G `rgppdim gurcfns fgeect ai
tnrcwe cr sdgbbim uediss bg`lf sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld
]ifnelqui (Ixgdtim, p. 1>;) ls usim, cr lh tni gttgfj-
ir ls ch di`iemgry slzi.
Pgr-@cm“s gem rusn  rcdds.
ce Ocle Agttdi Adissle` (Bg`lfgd, 6b)?tni
Pnieivir Mcuadi >s
gurcfns
bgjis g suffisshud miflslvi gttgfj g`glest ge cppc-
eiet wltn dcwir Leltlgtlvi, lt risits tc g agsi Leltlgtlvi
ch = rgtnir tnge 6. ]rigt tnls gs g dgtiet galdlty wnldi g
Arlmi ch Gndgt, cr scbicei idsi tni `cm hgvcrs, trgles
tni gurcfns.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Actn bgdi gem hibgdi gurcfns ﬇`nt wnie prcvcjim.
Ysugddy, tniy mc sc tc mlspdgy mcblegefi wltnle tni
nirm, aut nubges fge lestl`gti ge gurcfns fngr`i wltn
 oust g alt ch tigsle`. Le agttdi, ge gurcfns usis lts audj
gem dce` di`s tc lts gmvgetg`i, rusnle` chtie gem sbgsn-
le` geytnle` tngt bl`nt prcvlmi fcvir tc lts hcis. Lt ﬇`nts
g``risslvidy gem cedy usis mihieslvi gftlces tc prctift
lts ycue` cr gt g bgstir“s fcbbgem. ]c prcvi lts mcbl-
egefi, lt eivir stcps pursule` fiiile` ieiblis uetld tniy
suffisshuddy wltnmrgw cr `c tc `rcuem. Ge gurcfns fiiis
wnie lt tgjis mgbg`i le lts ﬇rst ∑= nigdtn divid.
 G nirm ch gurcfns
gurcfns ls g Vlzi 1 agttdi `rcup wltn pccr Mrldd
gem Bl`nt ;, gem stgbpimis wnie prcvcjim ie bgssi cr
hrl`ntieim.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Gustrifn
]ni gustrifn ls cei ch tni dgr`ist primgtcrs le tni Hdisn-Qiemle` Aigj (Dgtiet)? Ge gustrifn nuets dgr`i
Vcutnigstire misirts ” tni gvirg`i spiflbie stgems oust priy gelbgds, sufn gs fgbids gem wldm mc`s, ay jlfjle`
cvir elei hiit tgdd, gem aigrs tgdces tngt put ﬇ei jelvis tnib sgvg`idy wltn tgdceim hiit tc wigjie tnib, aihcri
tc sngbi. ]ncu`n widd-gmgptim tc tnilr grlm ncbi, ﬇elsnle` tnib wltn lts nu`i aigj. Lh tni gustrifn frgsnis
tnisi fil`ntdiss alrms gri iqugddy fcbhcrtgadi le pdgles, ge ieiby wltn g wltnirle` tgdce gttgfj, gmm twc gu-
sfruadgems, gem hcrists. Qidgtlvis ch tni misirt gustrifn tcbgtlf suffissis ce miflslvi  pifj gttgfjs lt bgjis
gri fcbbce gdce` tni scutnire fcgst ch tni Ledgem Vig, g`glest nlb uetld ni rifcvirs hrcb frgsn.
ivie rge`le` gs hgr gs Ge-]ie`. Le gmmltlce tc nuetle` Gspift ch tni @grmg (Bg`lfgd, 9b)? ]ni gustrifn“s
tnilr cwe priy,
priy, tniy“vi aiie jecwe tc squgaadi wltn dl- bgstir lbauis lt wltn tni ﬇iry-wle`im gspift ch tni
ces gem fdgw strlmirs cvir jldds. Pnirivir tniy“ri hcuem, `grmg, turele` lts higtnirs tc mgefle` sprgys ch figbi.
tnisi tirrltcrlgd aigsts gri ge lbpcrtget egturgd riscurfi ]ni gustrifn bgy usi lts bcvibiet gftlce tc fiy, gem lts
hcr eil`nacrle` nubge trlais. ]niy bgji ge gauemget ﬇iry `dcry gmms cei gutcbgtlf suffiss tc gdd gttgfjs
scurfi ch hccm cr digtnir hcr trlais tngt fge higslady nuet gem cei aceus mli tc gdd mgbg`i rcdds. ]nisi aiei﬇ts
tnib, wnldi gey nirc argvi iecu`n tc tgbi tni sc-fgddim dgst hcr cei rcuem. Lh tni gustrifn mcis ect iem lts bcvi-
—tirrcr alrm‒ igres g ﬇irfidy dcygd bcuet.
biet ce tni `rcuem, lt hgdds uediss lts bgstir gftlvgtis
Gspift ch tni @grmg g`gle ce nir eixt ture.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? = mlfi
Nigdtn Divids?  ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/
Lefgp.
Vpiim Aceus? +1
Gftlces?  Iemuri Grlm Fcemltlces? 0
mlfi: Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 9 mlfi (bgy
gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Hlem Pgtir?
Pgtir? 9
mlfi: Viesis? 9 mlfi
Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 7
FCBAG]

Gttgfj ([ifj)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i 7=)

Gttgfj (]gdce jlfj)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 7;)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)?  8 mlfi (8 mlfi tc
fcetrcd) (Lrce ]gdce Vtcbp cedy)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > mlfi
Ivgslce 6, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? =/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV

Arutgd Jlfj?  Ieiblis

sbgddir tnge nubge slzi
tngt tgji 9+ mgbg`i
hrcb tni gustrifn“s wltn-
irle`  tgdce jlfjs gri
jecfjim agfj cei rge`i
agem gem hgdd prcei.
Vwlht Gmvgefi?  Pnie-
ivir tni gustrifn rifiixlvidy
pursuis ge ieiby ghtir g
suffisshud rusn, lt bgy pgy g
Plddpcwir
g miflslvitc rifiixlvidy
 gttgfj bgji
g`glest nlb.

GYV]QIFN
Lrce ]gdce Vtcbp  (Bg`lfgd, 8b)? ]ni gustrifn“s
Arutgd Jlfj gttgfj wcrjs g`glest ieiblis ch nubge
slzi. Lh lt suffisshuddy jecfjs ge ieiby prcei, lt bgy
rifiixlvidy bcvi cei rge`i agem fdcsir tc nlb gem
leltlgti g `rgppdi `gbalt g`glest nlb. ]ni gustrifn
fge cedy ristrgle cr sgvg`i g fdlefnim ieiby, gem
fgeect bcvi wltncut iemle` tni `rgppdi.
BIQL]V
Misirt Iemurgefi? Ge gustrifn ls sultim tc survlvgd
le misirts wniri wgtir ls sfgrfi, gddcwle` lt tc survlvi
hcr g wiij wltncut wgtir. Ivie le lts ﬇egd ncurs, lt
l`ecris tni usugd ∑6 piegdty hcr minymrgtlce, `lvle` lt
cei dgst fngefi tc bgji lt tc g wgtir scurfi.
Cgsls Qlmir (Dgtiet)? Ge gustrifn wncsi bgstir suf-
fubas tc minymrgtlce tgjis nir tc tni eigrist scurfi
ch wgtir lt fge ﬇em ” fgrryle` nir ce lts agfj lh sni
hgletim le tni sgmmdi, cr mrg``le` nir wltn lts aigj lh
ect.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Le tni wldm, gustrifnis bgledy trgvid le pglrs cr gdcei.
Pnie nuetle`, tniy dgy mcwe ce tni `rcuem gem stritfn
tnilr nigms gem eifjs cut figt, gppigrle` tc tnilr qugr-
ry gs ectnle` bcri mge`ircus tnge ge igrtnie bcuem.
 Gustrifnis
 Gustrifn is wnc nuet le pglrs chtie sittdi sivirgd mczie
 ygrms gpgrt, wglt hcr tnilr qugrry tc pgss aitwiie tnib,
gem fngr`i hcrwgrm le g plefir bcvibiet.
]niy hcfus tnilr swlht, sngrp gttgfjs ce tnilr vlftlbs“
scht spcts? iyis, tnrcgts, aiddlis. Pnie hgfim wltn ge
grbcrim cppceiet, fdivir gustrifnis digre tc hcfus ce
`gps le tni pdgtis. Vcbi ivie sdgsn gt digtnir strgps gem
ctnir hgstieirs. ]niy usi `gbalts tc pirhcrb tnisi higts.
 Ge gustrifn
gustrifn fiiis ghtir tgjle` mgbg`i le lts dgst ∑1 nigdtn
divid.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Agrrcw Ncuem 
Ce tni cutsjlrts ch Grouh, wniri tni dgst sfiets ch sig glr
hgmi gwgy, dli tni nuetle` `rcuems ch tni Dgmy“s dcygd
ncuems. ]ni Dgmy nirsidh ls dce` `cei. Ec cei jecws
wnc sni wgs ” pirngps g mglbyc aihcri tni @rigt
Fcetg`lce, g splrlt wncsi lefiuiefi hgmim letc casfurl-
ty, cr scbitnle` ritureim hrcb tni `rgvi hcr scbi mrigm
purpcsi. Frigtlce bl`nt ngvi hcr`cttie nir gdtc`itnir
fieturlis g`c, aut hcr nir migtndy nuetle` mc`s, wnc ri-
bgle tc prctift nir dgems ” ect hrcb tni dlvle`, aut hrcb
`ncsts wnc rihusi tc rist qulitdy.
Agrrcw ncuems, hcuem geywniri tni dceidy rcgb, gri
fcrpcrigd frigturis, eiltnir qulti dlvle` ecr qulti migm,
wltn fcgts ch bcttdim `riy gem rim iyis tngt `dcw hgletdy
le tni sngmcws. ]niy stgem ch g nil`nt wltn `rigt oue-
`di fgts. ]rgvidirs nigr scuems ch scbitnle` frgsnle`
tnrcu`n tni hcrist le tni mlstgefi, cr pgetle` gem sdgvir-
le` oust cutslmi tnilr fgbp﬇ri flrfdis dgti gt el`nt. ]ni
ncuems“ agyle` fge ai nigrm hcr bldis. Vpcttle` cei ce
tni rcgm gt el`nt ls ge cht-rubcrim sl`e tngt g dcvim cei
wldd mli scce.
Vcbi sgy tni ncuems rigm migtn cbies le tni
Yemirwcrdm“s stgrs, cr pirngps hcrisii g sgtrgp“s lb-
piemle` miblsi le tni Eiviracre“s mrigbs. Ctnir di`-
iems su``ist tniy sel﬋ cut tni egbis ch huturi priy le
tni ietrglds ch g sngmcwdgem“s migm.
Issiefi? 6: Plddpcwir? 0: Ocle Agttdi? < mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? =;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x9/∑7x8/∑1x8/∑=x6/Lefgp.
Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 8 mlfi (bgy gttibpt
Vtrie`tn 6 higts): ]nrigtie? > mlfi: Viesis? < mlfi
(sii Jiie Ecsi, Vplrlt Nuetir): Vtigdtn? 8 mlfi:
]rgfjle`? 7; mlfi (sii Mrigm Cbies Gu`ury, @ncst
]rgfjle`)
Gppigrgefi 6 (Nlmicus), Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 7=)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? > mlfi (7; mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 7; mlfi

AGQQCP NCYEM
Ivgslce =, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? =/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Ngrry? Lh g ncuem bcvis letc fdcsi rge`i wltn ge
ieiby gem migds 9+ mgbg`i tc tnib wltn g wltn-
irle` gttgfj ce tni sgbi ture, tngt ieiby fgeect
mlsie`g`i cr wltnmrgw ce tnilr eixt ture.
Lehiftlcus Alti?  ]ni
tle`i ch tni `rgvi. Lh lts ncuems“ sgdlvg
alti migds fgrrlis
mgbg`i wltntni
g sni bgjis ce tni ncuem cr g fcpy hcr tni Fngrb“s mu-
miflslvi gttgfj tc g dlvle` tgr`it, tniy suhhir ge le-
hiftim wcuem (Ixgdtim,  p. 169) wltn vlrudiefi 6,
bcralmlty 7, gem letirvgd cei mgy. Ivie tni Ixgdtim
suhhir tnls lehiftlce.
[gfj Nuetle`? Gmm cei suffiss tc gttgfj rcdds hcr
igfn gddlim migtndy frigturi cr Ixgdt wltnle fdcsi
rge`i ch tni ieiby, up tc tnrii suffissis. ]ni
ncuem bgy gdsc pgy g Plddpcwir tc gmm tngt bgey
mlfi tc tni rgw mgbg`i ch g miflslvi gttgfj, gs lts
gddlis ocle le.
BIQL]V
@ncst ]rgfjle`? Gmm tnrii suffissis tc gey
Viesis cr ]rgfjle` rcdd tc ectlfi cr ﬇em `ncsts.
Mcuadi 0s ce tnisi rcdds lh tni ncuem bgrjim tni
`ncst hcr migtn wltn Bgdl`eget [crtiet [csi.
Jiie Ecsi? Mcuadi <s ce sfiet-agsim [irfiptlce
rcdds.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Fnlddle` Agr`nist Ncwd  (9b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Lestget: Ifdlpsi: Issiefi 1)? G ncuem agys tc gdirt lts
gddlis gem wgre lts priy. ]ni scuem ls tirrlhyle`, stgrt-
le` hrcb g agss rubadi le tni aceis gem fdlbale`
tc g nl`n, fdigr ecti tngt ivcjis tni wlem wnlstdle`
cvir g aurlgd `rcuem. Qcdd ]nrigtie (Ifdlpsi Fgstis
usi ZFngrlsbg + [risiefiR) g`glest igfn ieiby
wnc nigrs lt. Lt spccjs tncsi wnc suffuba: tniy
suhhir g ∑= piegdty ce gdd rcdds ixfipt fcbagt gftlces
cr gftlces tc fiii tni agrrcw ncuem hcr cei sfiei.
Xlftlbs bgy pgy cei Plddpcwir tc aifcbi lbbuei
hcr tni sfiei.
@ncst Nuetir  (7b, 7wp: Qifiixlvi: Cei sfiei:
Issiefi 7)? G agrrcw ncuem fge siesi gem gttgfj
lbbgtirlgd `ncsts.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Bgdl`eget [crtiet [csi  (79b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Cei sfiei: Ifdlpsi, [syfni, Vtgfjgadi: Issiefi
6)? ]ni ncuem frigtis g agdihud, lefcrpcrigd fcpy
ch ltsidh, bgelhistim hrcb lts mccb-dgmie Issiefi,
wltnle dce` rge`i ch lts furriet pcsltlce. Igfn gftlvg-
tlce ch tni Fngrb frigtis g eiw fcpy. Fcplis fge
bcvi lemipiemietdy ch tni ncuem, gem pirslst hcr tni
murgtlce ri`grmdiss
fcpy siibs dlji tnichcrl`legd
ncw hgrtchrcb lt tniywnc
geycei rcgb. ]ni
hglds g
([irfiptlce + Leti`rlty) rcdd, cppcsim ay tni ncuem“s
]nrigtie, wnie tniy ﬇rst sii lt. Fngrgftirs wnc hgld
suhhir g pribceltlce ch mccb upce siile` tni bg-
divcdiet ngrale`ir tni ncuem ngs siet, dcsle` cei
tibpcrgry Plddpcwir, gem gri bgrjim hcr migtn
uetld g yigr ngs pgssim.
Le fcbagt, g vlftlb gdsc dcsis tnrii Leltlgtlvi upce hgld-
le` nir rcdd (wnlfn tni ncuem mcise“t `gle). Gey gttgfj
rgtlce lefrigsis lts tgr`it eubair ay cei ( Ixgdtim,
Ixgdtim, p.
7>=), gs sni fge“t tidd rigdlty hrcb ldduslce. Ec fcbaleg-
tlce ch i﬋ifts fge rglsi tgr`it eubairs gacvi <. Lh tnls
Fngrb frgsnis g vlftlb, sni su﬋irs g Bgocr [grgeclg
Mirge`ibiet ( Ixgdtim,
Ixgdtim, p. 78<) hcr cei hudd sisslce.
B󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁤󰁬󰁽󰁼
Dgayrletn-Vtrlmle` Vtip 
Vtip  (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget:
Issiefi 6)? Cefi pir sfiei, g ncuem fge stip letc tni
Yemirwcrdm hrcb Frigtlce cr vlfi virsg gs dce` gs lt“s
el`nttlbi. Lt fge usi tni ristrgle/mrg` gftlce murle` g
`rgppdi tc pudd g vlftlb gdce` wltn lt. ]nls Fngrb risits
lh tni ncuem (cr lts bgstir) mlsfcrpcrgtis g ece-trlvlgd
`ncst. Fngrgftirs wnc trgvid aitwiie rigdbs tnls wgy
iem up geywniri tni Vtcrytiddir mislris, wnitnir lt“s g
pdgfi tngt riscegtis tnibgtlfgddy wltn tni sltugtlce cr g
pdgfi tni ncuem hiids fcbhcrtgadi. ]ncsi wnc mce“t ri-
ture vlg ncuem bust ﬇em g sngmcwdgem tc `it agfj, gem
bgy iem up bldis ” cr nuemrims ch bldis ” hrcb wniri
tniy ai`ge.
B󰁬󰁶󰁦󰁩󰁤󰁤󰁧󰁥󰁩󰁣󰁹󰁶
Mrigm Cbies Gu`ury (>b: Vlbpdi: Lemi﬇elti: Issiefi
1)? ]ni ncuem spiems ge ncur le tni Yemirwcrdm `gzle`
gt tni sjy, slttle` wltn cei igr fcfjim tc tni Eiviracre“s
burburle`s, cr fcesuble` tni fcrpsi ch scbicei lt (cr
lts bgstir) jlddim. Ghtirwgrm, lt `gles tni sfiet ch g dlvle`
tgr`it dljidy tc mli scce, gem fge trgfj tnib ueirrle`dy
uediss tniy usi pirhift fcefigdbiet bg`lf.
Vfiet ch Migm Bibcrlis (=b,
Bibcrlis (=b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Cei el`nt:
Issiefi 7)? Ay puddle` ge ueigrtndy sfiet hrcb scbi-
tnle` tngt aidce`im tc g `ncstdy tgr`it wnie tniy wiri
gdlvi, sufn gs g sfrgp ch fdctnle`, tni ncuem fge trgfj
tngt `ncst wltncut sfietle` lt mlriftdy.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Agrrcw ncuems rcgb hriidy aitwiie tni Yemirwcrdm
gem Frigtlce, nuetle` `ncsts tngt nguet tnilr tirrltc-
rlis gem stgdjle` sngmcwdgems. ]niy rge`i hgrtnir g﬇idm
wnie cbies sit tnib ce g trgld. G agrrcw ncuem nuets
bufn dlji lts buemgei fcuetirpgrt? ngrryle` lts priy,
fcreirle` lt, tnie segrdle` gem altle` uetld lt“s migm cr

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
mlsfcrpcrgtim. G wldm ncuem gttibpts tc fiii cefi lt
tgjis mgbg`i tc gey ch lts dgst tnrii ∑1 nigdtn divids.  
Agrrcw ncuems hiid fcbpiddim tc trgfj mcwe tnilr Mrigm
Cbies Gu`ury“s dlvle` tgr`its. ]niy mce“t jldd tnisi pic-
pdi tnibsidvis, aut usi tnilr Fnlddle` Agr`nist Ncwd  
gem Bgdl`eget [crtiet [csi tc spccj tnib gem bgrj
tnib hcr migtn. Vtcrytiddirs fge usi tnls tc frigti tie-
slce, jlfjle` c﬋ stcrlis le wnlfn tni bgrjim fngrgftir
trlis tc mitirblei ncw tniy“ri suppcsim tc mli gem pri-
viet lt: cr g`glest Vtcrytiddir fngrgftirs
fngrgftirs tni pdgyirs fgri
gacut gem wlsn tc prctift. Lh tni ncuem ls g hgbldlgr, usi
tnls tc pclet fngrgftirs tcwgrm stcry nccjs.
G agrrcw
agrrcw ncuem ls g 66-mct
-mct hgbldlgr. @ncsts gri lts egturgd
priy, bgjle` lt ge ixfiddiet fcbpgelce hcr tni Dlblegd
Ixgdtim le pgrtlfudgr.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Agt
Agts rislmi le gdd fcreirs ch Frigtlce, hrcb hrcsty fgvis Jiie Nigrle`): Vtigdtn? = mlfi
gblm Ecrtnire pigjs tc wccmim ngaltgts le tni Igst, tc Qiscdvi 7, @uldi 1
Vcutnire oue`dis gem Pistire lsdis. Vcbi Myegsts ivie
FCBAG]
jiip tnib gs furlcus pits ce tni Adissim Lsdi. Geywniri
mgrjeiss c﬋irs snidtir gem hrults cr lesifts gacuem, agts Gttgfj (Alti)? 8
(Alti)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i 9)
tnrlvi. ]nisi sbgdd frigturis pcsi dlttdi ngrb tc nubges, Bcvibiet? > mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? >
tncu`n tnilr irrgtlf fil`nt gem tiemiefy tc rusn tni eigr- Ivgslce 6, [grry 7 (sii ]ley Frigturi)
ist tgr`it wnie stgrtdim lesplri tgdis ch agts gs el`ntbgr- Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 7/;
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  7/;
lsn, adccmtnlrsty frigturis tngt `cu`i cut iyis cr ixfc-
BIQL]V
rlgti fiisn. Vivirgd dgr`ir, fgrelvcrcus spiflis higst ce
hrc`s, blfi, gem ctnir agts. Ifncdcfgtlce? Agts pirfilvi tnilr surrcuemle`s vlg
aursts ch scuem tcc nl`n-pltfnim hcr nubges tc nigr.
 Gs ecfturegd nuetirs, tniy prihir tc rist uetld el`nthgdd. ]niy eivir tgji piegdtlis tc Viesis rcdds hcr dcw dl`nt
 Gagemceim rules bgji lmigd ncbis hcr tnib, gem tni cr adlemeiss, gem tniy mcuadi >s ce rcdds tc ﬇em cr
summie swgrble` ch ge g`ltgtim fcdcey ngs mrlvie gwgy ectlfi fngrgftirs le fcefigdbiet.
bgey ge gsplrle` sfgvie`ir dcrm. Jiie Nigrle`? Mcuadi <s ce nigrle`-agsim Viesis
rcdds.
Issiefi?  7: Plddpcwir?
Issiefi? 7:  6: Ocle
Plddpcwir? 6: Agttdi? = mlfi
 Ocle Agttdi? = ]ley Frigturi? @gle +1 Ivgslce g`glest hcis dgr`ir
Divids? ∑;/∑7/∑1/∑=/Lefgp.
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7/∑1/∑=/Lefgp. tnge g ncusifgt. Fngrgftirs ch tngt slzi suatrgft twc
suffissis hrcb Gwgrieiss rcdds tc ectlfi tni agt.
Gftlces? Hdy?
Gftlces?  Hdy? > mlfi: Viesis? 0 mlfi (sii Ifncdcfgtlce,

A G]
 
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Lemlvlmugd agts rgridy gttgfj picpdi, aut bgey ﬇em tnilr
fil`nt pgttires gem summie bcvibiets gdgrble`. Vcbi
 agts hiim ce adccm, ggem
em wnie letrumirs ietir sufn g agt“s  
nuetle` `rcuem, lt altis tni tgr`it wltn tni digst grbcr
cr bcst ixpcsim sjle. Cefi lt migds cei divid ch miflslvi
mgbg`i, lt filis c﬋ tc gvclm ritgdlgtlce. Gdtncu`n tni le-
 ourlis gri sbgdd, tni agt“s sgdlvg priviets wcuems hrcb
fdcsle`. ]ni puefturis fcetleui adiimle` uetld tni vlf-  
tlb fge fdige tnib.
G dcei agt
agt fiiis wn
wnie
ie lt tgj
tgjis
is mgbg`i tc lts ﬇rst ∑7 nigdtn
divid. Agt fcdcelis swgrb letrumirs
l etrumirs eigr tnilr eists, fiy-
le` le g fngctlf pgttire gs g agttdi `rcup wltn Vlzi 7, [ccr 
Mrldd, gem Bl`nt ;.
Gdfniblsts siij cut agt eists hcr tnilr mipcslts ch `ug-
ec, g pctiet le`rimliet le bgey tngubgtur`lf rltugds. Lt
fge gdsc ai ri﬇eim letc ge ixpdcslvi rig`iet gs g bgocr
prcoift, riqulrle` g wiij“s wcrtn ch dgacr gem g mlstfud-
ty 6 Frght (Gdfniby) rcdd. ]nls trgesbutis cei ﬇sthud ch
agt `ugec wltn g sprlejdle` ch rim ogmi sngvle`s letc g
ngdh mczie fngr`is ch ﬇rimust, cr iecu`n hcr twc ﬇rimust
`riegmis.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Adgfj Ncddcw
Bcst picpdi eivir sii g adgfj ncddcw ” cedy tni i﬋ifts ch lts pgssg`i. Fcefigdim wltnle g higturidiss, adgfjir
adgfjir-tnge-
-tnge-
 adgfj spniri, lt mrgles fcdcr hrcb wngtivir lt tcufnis, strlpple` lt hrcb surhgfis gem tigrle` letc
l etc geytnle` tnlfjir
tnge pgpir tc `it gt tni nui nlmmie wltnle. Lt“s hcem ch tni arlddlget fgrblei rim ch nubge adccm, gem digvis vlftlbs g
twlstim hrgftgd ch `rgy pudp gem fiulm ghtir lt snrims tnib gdlvi. Ec ivlmiefi ch tni adgfj ncddcw“s trui sngpi ribgles
wnie lt pirlsnis, cedy ge ixpdcslce ch fcdcr tngt stgles geytnle` eigray wltn tni fcdcrs lt bcst rifietdy fcesubim.
Vcbi sgvgets aidlivi tni adgfj ncddcw mcise“t ngvi g trui sngpi, ectnle` bcri tnge lts iemdiss nue`ir
nue`ir.. ]ni dl`nt ch
tni Ixgdtim scud splddle` cut letc tni wcrdm `lvis c﬋ puri, suadlbi fcdcrs g adgfj ncddcw fgeect rislst.

Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 0 mlfi

[irscegd Bctis? 1;b
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x9/∑=x1/Lefgp.
Gftlces?  Higts ch Mistruftlce? 8 mlfi
(bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Viesis?
0 mlfi (sii Fcdcr Vfiet): Vtigdtn? =
mlfi (sii [ltfn
[l tfn Adgfj): ]rgfjle`? 7;
7;
mlfi
Qiscdvi 7, @uldi 9
FCBAG]

Gttgfj (Hdiesi)?  < mlfi

(Mgbg`i </6): ]g`s? Bidii
(sii Gelbg-Mivcurle`
Bgw)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)?  >
mlfi (7; tc fcetrcd) (sii
Cuadlitti)
Fcbagt Bcvi-
biet? 0 mlfi
Ivgslce =, [grry 7
V c g j / N g r m e i s s ? 
71/8
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV

Vtgrvim hcr Nui? Pltn

g suffisshud fiiesi gttgfj
ce ge Ixgdt wncsi gelbg
ageeir ls vlsladi, tni adgfj
ncddcw stigds tni fngrgftir“s
Issiefi hcr ltsidh? twc bctis lh tni
ageeir ls gt tni `dcwle` divid, hcur
gt aurele`, cr slx gt ace﬇ri/lfcelf.
]nls fge lefrigsi tni adgfj ncddcw“s pccd
aiycem lts usugd bgxlbub, up tc
6; tctgd bctis: ncwivir, ueusim
bctis le ixfiss ch 1; vgelsn gt tni
iem ch tni sfiei.
BIQL]V

Fcdcraut
adlem, tniy  fge
Vfiet? Adgfjselhh
ncddcws gri
fcdcr cut,

ADGFJ NCDDCP
ivie aieigtn sjle cr ainlem g wgdd, gem tnie mistrcy
tncsi agrrlirs tc `it gt lt. ]niy fge“t mitift tnle`s tngt
gri fcbpditidy adgfj cr wnlti, trgespgriet caoifts dlji
`dgss, cr igfn ctnir.
Cuadlitti? G suffisshud `rgppdi `gbalt pudds tni hci
letc tni spniri, wniri tni adgfj ncddcw mivcurs gdd
dl`nt. ]ni vlftlb ls adlemim uetld tniy isfgpi, suhhirle`
g ∑6 bcml﬇ir ce gftlces tngt ridy ce sl`nt.
[ltfn Adgfj? Fngrgftirs wnc fge“t sii le tctgd mgrj-
eiss lefrigsi piegdtlis tc ﬇em cr ectlfi tni adgfj
ncddcw le mlb dl`nt cr mgrjeiss ay twc.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Hrgftgd Vtrlji (7-9b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget: Mugd:
Issiefi 1)? ]ni adgfj ncddcw“s gttgfjs twlst grcuem
castgfdis le lbpcssladi wgys. G suppdibietim wltn-
irle` gttgfj l`ecris scgj hrcb grbcr iqugd tc bctis
spiet, up tc ﬇vi: g miflslvi gttgfj l`ecris Ngrmeiss
hrcb grbcr iqugd tc bctis spiet, up tc ﬇vi.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Fngctlf Xild (1b, 1l pir +7: Qifiixlvi: Cei sfiei:
Issiefi 7)? G tnle, gdbcst levlsladi rlaace ch wgrpim
prlsb gdwgys surrcuems tni spniri. ]nls Fngrb
ixpgems tngt rlaace tc ﬇dd bcri spgfi: gdd fngrgf-
tirs wltnle sncrt rge`i, lefdumle` tni adgfj ncddcw
ltsidh, `gle +7 Ivgslce pir twc bctis pdus twc Leltlg-
tlvi spiet g`glest gey gttgfjirs tngt ridy ce sl`nt, tc
g bgxlbub ch +6. ]ni adgfj ncddcw fgeect iem tnls
Fngrb pribgturidy
pribgturidy..
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Gelbg-Mivcurle` Bgw  (8b pir gelbg divid:
Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi 1)? ]ni adgfj ncddcw
fcesubis cei divid ch ge Ixgdt“s vlsladi gelbg ageeir
pir slx bctis spiet, gascrale` tni mlvlei dl`nt letc
ltsidh gem mlblelsnle` tni tgr`it“s gelbg mlspdgy gf-
fcrmle`dy.. ]nls Fngrb fge tgr`it geycei wltnle rge`i
fcrmle`dy
ch g fiiesi gttgfj. ]ni spniri fge ncdm up tc tnrii tctgd
gelbg divids, wnitnir hrcb tni sgbi tgr`it cr mlhhiriet
ceis. Hcr igfn gelbg divid lt ngs gascraim, lts fiiesi
gttgfjs lefrigsi tnilr rigfn ay cei rge`i agem gs tni
spniri `rcws
gttgfjs fge le slzi:
rigfn tnus,
tc sncrt wltn wltn
rge`i, cei twc
gelbg divid lts
tc bimlub,
gem sc ce. Gdd fcesubim gelbg divids vgelsn gt tni
iem ch tni sfiei.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Adgfj ncddcws cedy fgri gacut igtle` fcdcr, tni arl`ntir
tni aittir,
aittir, gem adccm rim ls tnilr hgvcrlti. ]ncu`n tniy“ri
sldiet gem tnilr bgtti-adgfj spniris gri igsy tc blss le
mgrjeiss, tniy“ri tcc sle`di-blemim tc midlairgtidy ib-
pdcy stigdtn. G mlstfudty 6 `gbalt tc mlstrgft g adgfj ncd-
dcw wltn g arl`ntir fcdcr fge pudd lt gwgy hrcb lts fur-
riet fcbagt tgr`it.
Pnieivir g adgfj ncddcw migds mgbg`i tc ge ieiby cr
 arigjs ge caoift, lt fcesubis scbi ch tni tgr`it“s pl`-
biet, turele` lts fcdcrs pgdir gem diss sgturgtim. ]ni ih-
hift rivirsis gt tni iem ch tni sfiei uediss tni tgr`it ls
mistrcyim.
 G adgfj ncddcw fiiis fcbagt wnie lt ngs tgjie mgb
mgbg`i
g`i le
lts ﬇rst ∑= nigdtn divid.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Adccmwcrb
 Gt sltis ch `rigt, adccmy agttdis gem ctnir pdgfis
pdgf is wniri FCBAG]
dcss ch dlhi ls stg``irle`, tni uemigm adccmwcrbs Gttgfj (Alti)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 71)
ibir`i. Adccmwcrbs hcrb hrcb tni adccm ch tni sdgle
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? < mlfi (0 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
siiple` letc tni must gem diifnle` eifrctlf Issiefi
hrcb fcrpsis rcttle` aidcw tni surhgfi. Adccmwcrbs Fcbagt Bcvibie
Bcvibiet? t? 9 mlfi
rge`i hrcb tni slzi ch ge igrtnwcrb tc tngt ch g dgr`i Ivgslce 6, [grry ;
segji, cr ivie bcestrcusdy nu`i lh tniy pirslst dce` Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 6/;
iecu`n. ]niy rge`i le fcdcr hrcb mgrj rim tc adgfj. V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Pltn tnilr diifn-dlji bcutns, tniy dgtfn cetc hrisn-
Mrgle? G adccmwcrb gttgfnis tc lts vlftlb gem mrlejs
dy migm acmlis cr tni wcuemim dlvle`, siesle` splddim
tnilr adccm. Gmm twc gutcbgtlf suffissis tc gttgfjs
 adccm hrcb g bldi gwgy
gwgy.. Pnie
Pni e tniy “ri nue`ry iecu`n,
g`glest `rgppdim hcis. Lh tni vlftlb ngs gey ditngd
tniy hiim ce nigdtny priy tngt frcssis tnilr pgtns tcc,
mgbg`i le nir nigdtn trgfj, g miflslvi sgvg`le`
gdd hcr tni prcblsi ch adccm. gttgfj gttgfnis tni wcrb tc tni cpie wcuem, lefilft-
le` cei gmmltlcegd ditngd mgbg`i divid, cr twc lh tni
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle Agttdi? = mlfi wcrb ngs gt digst twlfi lts crl`legd nigdtn divids (sii
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp. Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs). ]ni wcrb“s bcutn sifritis g fiulm
Gftlces?  Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce? = mlfi: Viesis? tngt jiips adccm ficwle` gem eubas tni sjle: tni
= mlfi: Vtigdtn? > mlfi: ]rgfjle`? 9 mlfi (sii Adccm vlftlb dcsis cei Leltlgtlvi gutcbgtlfgddy igfn ture tni
Vfiet) `rgppdi pirslsts,
piftim, tni vlftlbgem lh tni
suhhirs `rgppdi
g ∑1 `gbalt
piegdty ls ueix-
tc hurtnir gt-
Qiscdvi 7, @uldi =
tibpts tc ectlfi tni wcrb wnldi lt fcetrcds tni `rgppdi.

ADCCMPCQB
BIQL]V
Adccm Vfiet? Adccmwcrbs mitift adccm le tni scld
gem ce tni glr. Gmm tnrii suffissis ce Viesis rcdds tc
ectlfi cr trgfj splddim adccm cr cpie wcuems, up tc g
bldi gwgy. Pnie trgfjle` g adiimle` fngrgftir, gmm
ge gmmltlcegd mli hcr igfn divid ch wcuem piegdty tni
fngrgftir suhhirs gs widd.
]ley Frigturi? @gle +1 Ivgslce g`glest hcis dgr`ir
tnge g ncusifgt. Fngrgftirs ch tngt slzi suatrgft twc
suffissis hrcb Gwgrieiss rcdds tc ectlfi tni adccm-
wcrb.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Adccmwcrbs hcddcw tnilr hiimle` ur`i ri`grmdiss ch ce
wnlfn slmi ch g agttdi tnilr priy hcu`nt. Ncwivir
Ncwivir,, stcrlis
sgy tni adccm wltnle tni wcrb ribibairs, mrlvle` tni
frigturi tc tni surhgfi tc ﬇em gem higst upce tni hcis ch
cei wncsi adccm lt mivcurim.
Cdmir adccmwcrbs gri dgr`ir gem bcri pcwirhud: rip-
risiet tnls ay gmmle` nigdtn divids, tgjle` gwgy tni ]ley
Frigturi Birlt,
Birlt, gem ” gt tnilr bcst gefliet ” gmmle` tni
Di`iemgry Vlzi Birlt. G adccmwcrb“s `rgppdim vlftlb
mcise“t su﬋ir piegdtlis tc gttgfj rcdds cr Mihiesi gem fge
stldd bcvi gem fiurry ecrbgddy
ecrbgddy,, uediss tni adccmwcrb ngs
gt digst twlfi lts crl`legd nigdtn divids.
 G adccmwcrb fiiis wnie lt“s tgjie mgbg`i tc lts ﬇rst ∑=
nigdtn divid, aurrcwle` miip letc tni igrtn tc wltnmrgw
cr `c tc `rcuem.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Fcfjgtrlfi
Aitlbis, g nie dgys ge i`` wltncut g ycdj. ]nisi —fcfj“s Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 8 mlfi
i``s,‒ sc egbim aifgusi bgey aidlivi g fcfj dglm tnib Nigdtn Divids? ‖;/‖7x1/‖1x1/‖=/Lefgp.
rgtnir tnge g nie, eivir ngtfn uemir ecrbgd flrfub- Gftlces? Hdy? 8 mlfi: Viesis? > mlfi: Vtigdtn? 0 mlfi
stgefis ” aut scbitlbis, le pdgfis wniri Frigtlce“s
hgarlf wigrs tnle gem tni Pydm siips tnrcu`n, g fcfj“s Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 7
i`` ngtfnis. Lt“s ect g fnlfj tngt frgwds cut ch tni arc- FCBAG]
jie snidd, aut g wle`im dlzgrm wltn g rccstir“s nigm gem Gttgfj (Alti)? 8
(Alti)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i <)
g dce`, sirpietlei tgld. Adissim wltn migmdy sl`nt, lts ﬇rst dgsn)? < mlfi
Gttgfj (]gld dgsn)? < mlf i (Mgbg`i
(Mg bg`i 77)
 vlftlb ls usugddy lts bctnir,
bctnir, hcddcwim ay tni ribglemir
Gttgfj (]cxlf arigtn)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 0): sncrt
ch nir ficfj. Nuetle` ls eivir mlstfudt hcr tni fcfjgtrlfi,
rge`i (sii Xldi Hubis)
gem lt ngs dlttdi tc higr hrcb primgtcrs: ivie lh tniy sdlp
 ay lts `gzi, tniy pirlsn gt lts tcufn. G fcfjgtrlfi eivir
`rgppdi)? > mlfi (0 tc fcetrcd)
Gttgfj (]gld `rgppdi)? >
digres higr, ect ivie ch nubges, wnc mli oust gs igsldy Gttgfj ([grgdysls `rgppdi)? 7; mlfi (71(71 tc fcetrcd)
fcet rcd)
uemir ivie g ouvieldi fcfjgtrlfi“s `gzi. G sle`di fcfj- (sii Iyis ch Hdgbi)
gtrlfi fge wlpi cut ietlri vlddg`is, sc bcrtgds le tni Fcbagt Bcvibiet? < mlfi
]nrisncdm sbgsn fcfj“s i``s wnie tniy ﬇em tnib oust Ivgslce 9, [grry 7
le fgsi, tc jiip mlsgstir gt agy. Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 8/;

FCFJG]QLFI
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Iyis ch Hdgbi? ]ni fcfjgtrlfi“s `gzi ngs g nypectlf
ihhift. Lt pirhcrbs g mlh﬇fudty 6 rge`im `rgppdi `gbalt
gt up tc bimlub rge`i. (Plts + Leti`rlty) cppcsis tni
fcetrcd rcdd. Vuffiss lemlfgtis tni fcfjgtrlfi dcfjs iyis
wltn tni vlftlb, pgrgdyzle` tnib: adlem fngrgftirs gri
lbbuei. Lt mcise“t suhhir Mihiesi piegdtlis wnldi usle`
tnls galdlty. Lt bgy cedy sgvg`i cr ridigsi g `rgppdim
tgr`it: sgvg`i gttgfjs aure tni vlftlb hrcb tni leslmi
cut. Gectnir fngrgftir fge letirviei, aut tni fcfjg-
trlfi rifiixlvidy bgjis g eiw fcetrcd rcdd gs tncu`n lt
ngm suffiimim ce tni `rgppdi `gbalt g`glest tni le-
tirdcpir. Hglduri trgeshirs tni pgrgdysls tc tngt fngrgftir,
risittle` tni fcfjgtrlfi“s rcuems ch fcetrcd agsim ce tni
eiw risudt. ]ni crl`legd tgr`it ls tnie hrii tc bcvi, gs
tni fcfjgtrlfi fge cedy stgri g sle`di tgr`it tc migtn gt
g tlbi. Ncwivir, lt fge bgletgle Iyis ch Hdgbi gem g
tgld `rgppdi slbudtgeicusdy.
BIQL]V
Fcdm Lrce Agei? Pigpces ch lrce migd g``rgvgtim
mgbg`i tc fcfjgtrlfis.
Xldi Hubis?  ]ni fcfjgtrlfi“s arigtn gem alti gri
tcxlf,
ce ixpcsle`
tnisi gttgfjs.vlftlbs tc lts
Lts tcufn viecb
ls gdsc wnie ]ni
g viftcr. lt suffiims
pclsce
migds =l/rcuem (ditngd le Frgsn), dgsts hcr tnrii rcuems,
gem lbpcsis g ∑6 piegdty (sii Ixgdtim, p. 161).
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
 G fcfjgtrlf
fcfjgtrlfi i ls migmdy
migmdy,, gem lt jecw
jecwss lt. ]nls bgj
bgjis
is lt hccd-
ngrmy, argziedy fcehrcetle` nubges hgfi-tc-hgfi. Lt dljis tc
stgri mcwe gt hcis hrcb g nl`n, ngu`nty pirfn, gem ie`g`is
tncsi wnc seigj up ainlem lt ay `rgaale` cr dgsnle` tnib
wltn lts tgld wnldi lt pgrgdyzis tncsi wnc hgfi lt nigm-ce.
Fdivir `gbalts, sufn gs mlstrgftlces cr trgps, gri tni aist
wgy tc migd wltn g fcfjgtrlfi wltncut hgddle` priy tc lts
—L FDCVI B\ I\IV!‒
G fngrgftir `uissle` wnie lt“s sghi tc cpie nir
iyis gem gttgfj, gem wnie tc fdcsi tnib aifgusi
sni tnlejs tni fcfjgtrlfi ls gacut tc dccj gt nir,
digvis nirsidh vudeirgadi tc Iyis ch Hdgbi: ec cei
fge pirhiftdy getlflpgti tncsi bcbiets. ]ni fcfjg-
trlfi“s `gbalt rcdd riprisiets tni fcestget letirpdgy
ch tnisi `uissle` `gbis gem tni frigturi“s cwe
galdlty tc fgtfn vlftlbs chh-`ugrm.
Hrcb g systibs pirspiftlvi, pdgyirs bust fnccsi
gt tni ai`leele` ch igfn rcuem aitwiie hl`ntle`
adlem hcr tni ietlri rcuem cr rlsjle` tni fcfjg-
trlfi“s suffiss ce tni stgrimcwe `gbalt. Ivie
tncsi fnccsle` tc hl`nt adlem bust piij tc letirpcsi
tnibsidvis ihhiftlvidy aitwiie tni fcfjgtrlfi gem
g pgrgdyzim gddy: mcle` sc gdwgys rlsjs tni `gbalt.
Vii Ixgdtim, p. 7>>, hcr adlemeiss piegdtlis.
ditngd stgri gem tcxlf tcufn. Lemlrift gttgfjs, sufn gs ﬇ri
cr vcddiys ch grrcws, fge wcrj, aut mce“t gdwgys `ugrge-
tii g qulfj migtn ” gem g fcfjgtrlfi fge fiy gwgy hrcb
tnrigts. Hl`ntle` adlem prctifts g`glest lts stgri aut ect
lts pclsce, gem hiw fge acgst tni trglele` eiimim tc sur-
 vlvi g`glest sufn g hci wltncut
wltncut sl`nt.
]ni bcst ridlgadi wgy tc jldd g fcfjgtrlfi ls wltn g blr-
rcr? Lt dcfjs iyis wltn ltsidh gem tnlejs lts rifiiftlce ls
ge ieiby, pirhcrble` lts Iyis ch Hdgbi `gbalt g`glest
lts cwe mihiesis. ]rgpple` g fcfjgtrlfi wltn g blrrcr ls
g mlstfudty = `gbalt gem riqulris ﬇emle` g blrrcr wltn
sustfliet pcdlsn gem ch g slzi tngt tni fcfjgtrlfi pgrgdyz-
is ltsidh aihcri wncivir ncdms lt. Vufn trigsuris gri rgri
le tni ]nrisncdm.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Mivld Vtcei
Ixfirpts hrcb g ocuregd rifcvirim le g tlmi pccd?
79 Gsfiemle` Pgtir, Q\ 09;
L“vi rigm tngt nlmmie gbce` tnisi sfgttirim lsdgems
stgem tribiemcus stceis ie`rgvim wltn bystlfgd
sifrits, sglm tc pcssiss hcrtuei gem pcwir. ]niy
sgy cei gpprcgfnis tni stceis gem ritures wltn
 vgst jecwdim`i
jecwdim`i gem `cmdlji strie`tn.
strie`tn.
Pnie L gsjim tni dcfgds hcr bcri lehcrbgtlce, tniy
aifgbi tl`nt-dlppim gem eirvcus, fgddle` tnib
—mivld stceis‒ gem wgrele` bi g`glest hurtnir le-
qulry. L ngm tc sii hcr bysidh. Cei nigvy ag` ch ogmi
dgtir, L“m hcuem g hlsnirbge wlddle` tc rcw bi tc
cei ch tni eigray nguets ch tnisi sc-fgddim mivld
stceis.
7< Gsfiemle` Pgtir, Q\ 09;
L“vi hcuem cei! Lt bigsuris gt digst hlhtiie hiit le
nil`nt, g adgfj caidlsj rlsle` gacvi tni pgdbs dlji g
aigfce. L“b jiiple` by mlstgefi hcr ecw, vliwle` lt
wltn hlidm `dgssis. Fcesudt by sjitfnis ce tni eixt
pg`i. ]ni wrltle` ls ec dge`ug`i L“vi siie, gem L“vi
midvim gbce` tni Igst“s bcst hcr`cttie tcbas. L
bust `it fdcsir.
Ay Nigvie, lt“s gdlvi!
L ngti tc gmblt lt, aut L“b fcwirle`. Lt ngs ge iyi, g
`rigt aurele` iyi ch oum`biet, gem tnrii splmiry
di`s igfn tnlfj gs g bge“s grb. L aidlivi lt mlsgp-
prcvis ch bi tryle` tc rigm lts ie`rgvle`s, gem ecw
wlsnis bi migm. Ec tlbi tc sjitfn, L bust stgy
gnigm ch lt. Lt“s hgst, tncu`n, sc hgst L mce“
]ni lej sbigrs ce g tcre pg`i. Vpdgttirs ch adccm
mlsfcdcr tni pgpir.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? > mlfi
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x8/∑1x=/∑=/Lefgp.
Gftlces? Mls`ulsi gs Vtcei? 0 mlfi: Higts ch Vtrie`tn?
7; mlfi (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 9 higts): ]nrigtie? 8
mlfi: Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce? 8 mlfi: Viesis? > mlfi
Qiscdvi 9, @uldi 1
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Vtcei Acmy Vdgb)? < mlfi (Mgbg`i 71):
]g`s? Vbgsnle`
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 8 mlfi
Ivgslce 7, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 7;/>
V[IFLGD G]]GFJV
Hurlcus Qgbpg`i? Pnieivir tni mivld stcei
gttgfjs cr rusnis g frgsnim ieiby, gmm twc gutcbgt-
lf suffissis tc tni rcdd.
]cwirle` Caidlsj Frusn? G mivld stcei gt Leltlg-
tlvi 79+ bgy bgji g miflslvi  gttgfj wltn mcuadi
>s ce tni gttgfj rcdd, gs lt usis lts lbbiesi wil`nt tc
frusn aceis. Lh tni rcddim mgbg`i ixfiims tni vlf-
tlb“s (Vtgbleg x 1), mcuadi tctgd divids ch mgbg`i
lefilftim uediss tni vlftlb gffipts g frlppdle` leoury,
wnlfn mcise“t fcuet g`glest tnilr cefi pir stcry dlblt
(Ixgdtim, p. 1;7).
]rgbpdi?  Lh tni mivld stcei rifiixlvidy pursuis ge
ieiby ghtir g suffisshud rusn gem bgjis g acmy sdgb
gttgfj g`glest tnib ce lts eixt ture, g suffisshud nlt
jecfjs tni ieiby prcei. Gppdy tni Mihiesi piegdty
hrcb aile` prcei (Ixgdtim, p. 1;1) ritrcgftlvidy
wnie fgdfudgtle` tni gttgfj“s tnrisncdm suffissis.
BIQL]V
Iplf Xl`cr? Mivld stceis mce“t eiim tc igt, mrlej,
cr sdiip. ]niy mcuadi 0s ce rcdds tc rislst pclsce cr
mlsigsi.
Bgmi ch Vifrits?  G fngrgftir fge miflpnir tni
fryptlf nlets lesfrlaim ce g mivld stcei tc mlsfcvir tni
lmietlty ch lts sifrits“ letiemim riflpliet, tncu`n ivie
suffiss cedy `rgets prcpnitlf fduis. Mcle` sc riqulris
ge ixtiemim (Letiddl`iefi + Cffudt) rcdd wltn mlh﬇fudty
1, `cgd eubair 79, gem letirvgd cei rcuem. Mgbg`-
le`
tlbitnilts mivld
wcuemstcei gdsc mgbg`is
piegdty lefrigsis,ltsfubudgtlvidy
bissg`i: igfn
le-
frigsi tni mlh﬇fudty tc miflpnir lts lesfrlptlces ay cei.
Queistcei“s Lestlefts?  Igfn tlbi g mivld stcei“s
wcuem piegdty lefrigsis, lt filis letc g rg`i hcr cei
rcuem. Lefiesim gt tni mgbg`i tc lts bissg`i, lt
gmms tni vgdui ch lts wcuem piegdty tc tni pcst-scgj
mgbg`i ch wltnirle` gttgfjs cr mgbg`i ch mifl-
slvi gttgfjs.
Vturmy gs Vtcei? G mivld stcei fgeect ai jecfjim
agfj cr prcei ixfipt ay bg`lfgd ihhifts cr frigturis
ch di`iemgry slzi. G `rgppdim mivld stcei fgeect ai
tnrcwe cr sdgbbim uediss bg`lf sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld
]ifnelqui (Ixgdtim, p. 1>;) ls usim, cr lh tni gttgfj-
ir ls ch di`iemgry slzi.

MIXLDV]CEI
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Mcrbget mivld stceis gppigr gs caidlsjs cr bienlrs ch
`rgelti, agsgdt, cr caslmlge. Queis, `dypns, gem bystlfgd
lesfrlptlces fcvir tnilr surhgfis. Hrcb ghgr, trgvidirs
blstgji tnib hcr slbpdi bceubiets cr cffudt bgrjirs.
Ncwivir, tniy gri dlvle` aile`s, frigtim ay scbi ue-
jecwe ietlty ” g pcwirhud `cm, mrigm mibce, cr scbi-
tnle` strge`ir ” tc midlvir sifrits tc spifl﬇f picpdi:
fceslmirle` ncw dce` tni mivld stceis ngvi stccm, sfncd-
grs pcslt tngt wncivir bgmi tnib jeiw g tnle` cr twc
gacut prcpnify cr hgti. G fngrgftir wncsi pdgyir suf-
fiims gt ge (Letiddl`iefi + Cffudt) rcdd, mlstfudty 1, fge
tidd tni ml﬋iriefi aitwiie g mcrbget mivld stcei gem ge
crmlegry rueistcei, gem jecws lt fgrrlis g bissg`i ce
lts stcey sjle. Fngrgftirs wnc suffisshuddy miflpnir tni
rueis (sii Bgmi ch Vifrits) `gle fryptlf nlets fcufnim
le bitgpncr gem vg`ui pcrtiets gacut tni trui riflpliet
gem tni bissg`i“s egturi.
Pnieivir geycei wnc lse“t g hcritcdm riflpliet gp-
prcgfnis wltnle fdcsi rge`i ” ivie lh sufn g riflpliet
ls gdsc eigray ” tni mivld stcei“s splmiry di`s, ctnirwlsi
fgbcufig`im gs pgrt ch tni bgle acmy, uehcdm gem dlht lt
c﬋ tni `rcuem sc lt fge bcvi. Lts sle`di, iecrbcus rim
iyi cpies scbiwniri ce lts surhgfi gem lt gttgfjs. G
mivld stcei ls tcc aistlgd gem slbpdi-blemim tc rigdlzi
ncw fcuetirprcmuftlvi jlddle` scbicei wnc“s tryle` tc
miflpnir lts lesfrlptlces tc ﬇em lts riflpliet ls. Lt lse“t
g bissie`ir, aut tni bissg`i ltsidh, gem ngs ec uemir-
stgemle` ch lts frigtcr cr `rigtir purpcsi aiycem agslf
lestleft.
Mistrcyle` g mivld stcei ect cedy cadltirgtis tni bis-
sg`i, aut ge`irs wngtivir ietlty frigtim lt. Mitirblei
gwnc tni frigtcr
ml﬋iriet ls gnigm
cei cr ch tlbi,
wnitnir tniy wnitnir
gdd fcbiigfn
hrcbstcei ngs
g sle`di
scurfi, gem iesuri tnilr gttietlces ngvi letiristle` gem
mlri fcesiquiefis hcr tni fngrgftirs, sncudm tniy sc
trges`riss. Hcr lestgefi, tniy fcudm tgsj tni fngrgftirs
wltn arle`le` tni stcei“s plifis tc tni fcrrift riflpliet,
 aut cedy `rget vg`ui sybacdlf vlslces tc lbpgrt tni ri-
flpliet“s lmietlty, gem tnrigtie leecfiets cr tni fngrgf-
tirs“ dcvim ceis sncudm tniy hgld. ]ni fngrgftirs sncudm
gdsc `it scbitnle` cut ch tgjle` up tnls quist ” g riwgrm
hrcb tni stcei“s frigtcr, pirngps, cr tni bgtirlgd `rgtl-
tumi ch tni riflpliet cefi tniy midlvir tni bissg`i.
Pnie g prcpir riflpliet ls gdcei wltnle fdcsi rge`i ch
g mivld stcei, lts iyi cpies wltn g scht wnlti dl`nt gem
lddublegtis tni rueis, wnlfn tni riflpliet bgy rigm
gem letultlvidy uemirstgem. ]nls iefcuetir bgy lbpgrt

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
wcemrcus jecwdim`i cr iegadi g higt ch cffudt bl`nt.
 G bcrtgd fngrgftir bl`nt rifilvi tni pcwir tc pirhcrb
tngubgtur`y cr aifcbi tni Ixl`iet ch tni stcei“s fri-
gtcr, wnldi ge Ixgdtim fngrgftir fcudm aifcbi g wgdj-
le` pcrtgd tc Nigvie cr Nidd, cr mlsfcvir tni jiy tc g
dce`-hcr`cttie scrfircus wcrjle`.
Lh cei cr bcri ch tni pdgyirs“ fngrgftirs gri ect tnib-
sidvis tni stcei“s letiemim riflpliets, ai suri tc lefdumi
tnib le tni ﬇egd pgyc﬋ cei wgy cr gectnir. ]ni bcrtgd
wnc Ixgdts gs ge Ixl`iet ls bystlfgddy acuem tc tni fngr-
gftirs le scbi wgy, wnldi tni Ixgdt wnc fge“t nidp cpie-
le` `gtis tc Bgdhigs wnirivir ni `cis c﬋irs tnib g hrii
trlp tc Crgaldls“ `rigt dlargry, tc egbi g hiw ixgbpdis.
]ry ect tc mitirblei wnc tni riflpliet ls gnigm ch tlbi
lh lt“s ect g pdgyir“s fngrg
fngrgftir
ftir ” lt fge ai bcri hue tc hcd-
dcw tni pdgyirs mcwe wngtivir rgaalt ncdi tniy fnccsi
gs tniy letirprit tni prcpnify tnge tc try tc eum`i tnib
le g pri-mitirbleim mlriftlce.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Mcppid`íe`ir
Dce` g`c, tni sig dcrms ch Gzuri fcequirim tni ixpgems letc g ncrrlm sngpi. Nls sjle `rcws sfgdy, nls
 Gusplfi
 Gusplf i Lsdis gem fdglbim
fdglb im tni picpd i gs fngtti
fngttid.
d. Cei vlsg`i aistlgd, nls dlbas dce` gem agemy gem tlppim
iesdgvim Gusplfiei prlist usim fursis, trlfjiry, gem ay vlflcus fdgws. ]nls trgeshcrbgtlce `rgets tni `ncst
pclsce tc wcrj sufn suatdi rivie`i ce nls eiw bgs- tni Nlmicus Birlt (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim ]nlrm Imltlce,
Imltlce, p. 781)
tirs tngt bgey mlim aihcri tniy mlsfcvirim nlb gem hcr lts murgtlce, mcuadis >s ce uegrbim gttgfj rcdds
ixifutim nlb le tni Jrgjie“s [ccd. Ni fcetleuim nls gem tnrigtie rcdds, gem `rgets +8 scgj.
rivie`i ivie ghtir migtn, uetld tni Gzurlti gefistcrs Vcud-]nlivle` Bitncm (7wp: Vuppdibietgd:
mrcvi nlb hrcb tnilr snc ris. Pistire bcrtgds fgdd nlb Lestget: Ifdlpsi, Pltnirle`-cedy: Issiefi 1)? ]ni mcp-
tni Adui Vngmcw. Ni ngs bgstirim tni grt ch bcdlgtlce pid`íe`ir mcis ect rifilvi gey Leltlgtlvi hrcb tni
” tni sngple` ch `ncstdy hdisn ” tc fcpy ctnirs“ fcue- uegrbim wltnirle`  gttgfj tnls Fngrb suppdibiets.
wltnirle` gttgfj
tiegefis. Bgjle` nlbsidh vlsladi tc bcrtgds, ni usis Lestigm, hcr igfn pclet ch Leltlgtlvi ni wcudm ngvi ri-
hgdsi hgfis tc `gle tnilr fcehlmiefi gem pdgys ce tnilr filvim, ni ribcvis g bcti hrcb nls ieiby“s Issiefi
pgsslces wltn fdivir dlis. Burmir gdcei ec dce`ir sgt- pccds gem gmms lt tc nls cwe.
lshlis nlb: ni ridlis ce simuftlce, trigfniry, gem mi- BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
filt tc lemufi nls vlftlbs tc mistrcy tnibsidvis gem Gppgrltlce (7b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei: Issiefi 7)? ]ni
tncsi grcuem tnib. Ni gdsc prgftlfis tni eiblssgry mcppid`íe`ir aifcbis vlsladi, aut ect fcrpcrigd.
grts, stigdle` tni acmlis ch tni hrisndy migm hcr bcri Hgdsi Hgfi (>b: Vlbpdi: Lestget, Issiefi 1)? @ncstdy
tge`ladi fngrgmis. fiisn ficws aieigtn nls ﬇e`irs dlji fdgy gs tni mcp-
Ni ngs aifcbi g mcppid`íe`ir. Dlji gdd ch nls jlem, nls pid`íe`ir gdtirs nls gppigrgefi tc gssubi tni `ulsi
ch g dlvle` nubge cr gectnir `ncst, ei`gtle` gdd pie-
egbi ls dcst tc nlstcry, gs ls nls cdm sngpi. Vncudm bg`lf gdtlis gem mcuadle` <s ce mls`ulsi rcdds tc lbltgti g
tigr nls hgdsi hgfis hrcb nlb, nls vlsg`i ls gs adgej gem spifl﬇f fngrgftir. Hgdsi Hgfi mcise“t wcrj ce migm
higturidiss gs tni bcce. fiisn pcssissim vlg Eiblssgry“s Qlmi, gem lts mls`ulsi
aceus ls cedy fcbpgtladi wltn Bcestrcus Blie lh tni
Issiefi?
Issiefi? 1: 1: Plddpcwir?  9: Ocle
Plddpcwir? 9: Agttdi? 8 mlfi
 Ocle Agttdi? 8 mcppid`íe`ir lbltgtis g slbldgrdy bcestrcus frigturi.
Bctis? 0;
[irscegd Bctis? 0; Eiblssgry“s Qlmi (1;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lemi﬇elti:
Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp Issiefi 7)? ]ni mcppid`íe`ir bcvis letc g nubge
 Mls`ulsi? 71 mlfi: Dcfjplfjle`/[lfjpcfjit-
Gftlces? Mls`ulsi?
Gftlces? fcrpsi, gelbgtle` lt. Ni usis tni pnyslfgd Gttrlautis,
le`? > mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? 7; mlfi: Viesis? 0 mlfi: scgj, gem nigdtn trgfj ch tni fcrpsi“s hcrbir dlhi le
Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 7= mlfi pdgfi ch nls cwe, aut ctnirwlsi ritgles nls cwe trglts.
Lh tni acmy ls hrisndy migm cr ixpirtdy ibagdbim, tnls
Gppigrgefi 6, Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 0
lbpcsis g ∑7 mli piegdty tc mls`ulsi gftlces: bcri
gmvgefim mifgy lefrigsis tni piegdty cr bgjis
FCBAG] mls`ulsi lbpcssladi. ]ni pcssisscr ls ioiftim lh tni
Gttgfj (Yegrbim)? 0 mlfi (Mgbg`i 7;) gelbgtim fcrpsi rues cut ch nigdtn divids. Gttgfjs
fgpgadi ch strljle` tni lbbgtirlgd mgbg`i actn tni
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 6 mlfi (= mlfi tc fcetrcd) fcrpsi“s nigdtn trgfj gem tni pcssissle`
pcssi ssle` `ncst“s.
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 0 mlfi
Ivgslce =, [grry 1
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 9/; (cr 77/;:77/;: sii
si i Bcestrcus
Bcestrcu s
Blie)  G mcppid`íe`ir ls vlflcus gem pltldiss, aut suatdi. Ni
BIQL]V prihirs eivir tc rivigd nlbsidh tc nls vlftlbs, jiiple` up
;-1? Bcrtgds wnc higr tni miprimgtlces ch mcp-
Fudt ;-1? Bcrtgds g `lvie rusi cedy uetld lt “s ec dce`ir usihud hcr turele` nls
pid`íe`irs gem ctnir gftlvidy bgdlflcus `ncsts chtie  vlftlbs g`glest cei gectn
gectnir.
ir. Ni cedy ﬇`nts mlrift
mlriftdy
dy wnie
prcpltlgti tnib. fcreirim cr gascdutidy firtgle ch nls vlftcry. Ni wltn-
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV mrgws hrcb fcbagt cr sfgris cppceiets gwgy wnieivir
pcssladi lh lt dccjs dlji ni“s le mge`ir ch mlsfcrpcrgtlce.
Bcestrcus
Issiefi 1)? LeBlie (>b, 7wp:
ge lestget, Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei:
tni mcppid`íe`ir“s acmy
 

MC[[ID@GE@IQ

 G mcppi
m cppid`íe`i
d`íe`i r fnccsis
f nccsis vlftl
vlftlbs
bs cut ch splti
splt i gem
g em vie- Mcppid`íe`irs dli widd, aut scbi blblfry ls slbpdy ai-
`igefi. Gdtncu`n nls bibcrlis ch tni dlhi ni cefi ngm  ycem tnilr jie. Fngrgftirs bgy aifcbi susplflcus lh
gri mlb gem twlstim, ni fge rifc`elzi scbicei wnc scbicei wnc cu`nt tc ai g bgstir swcrmsbge fnccsis
mlm nlb wrce` wnie ni wgdjim le tni hdisn, gdce` tc ﬇`nt wltn nls ﬇sts, hcr lestgefi. Fdivir bgelpudgtlce
wltn tnilr hrliems gem hgbldy, gem ngs g ecsi hcr hlem- ch g sltugtlce fge hcrfi nls ngem. Igfn mcppid`íe`ir ri-
le` tnilr misfiemgets tcc. Hgldle` tngt, ni priys ce tgles ml﬋iriet sjldds hrcb nls dlvle` mgys, sc igfn sufn

geycei wnc dlvis le pdgfis cr flrfubstgefis tngt ri- sltugtlce riqulris ge levistl`gtcr“s fgrihud gttietlce.
blem nlb ch nls pgst.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Mrigb Ngwj
]nisi Igstire rgptcrs priy ect ce rcmiets cr lesifts, aut Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > mlfi
ce mrigbs. ]ni alrms risibadi tnilr buemgei fcusles, Ivgslce =, [grry 7
 arcwe-higtnirim
 arcwe-higtn irim gem nccj-a
nccj-aigjim,
igjim, aut tnilr ixtribl- Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 1/;
tlis ” tni fruid furvis ch tnilr aigjs, tni sngrp pclets
ch tnilr tgdces, tni bisbirlzle` tlps ch tnilr higtnirs
” fcrusfgti wltn arlddlget fcdcrs diifnim hrcb stcdie V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
mrigbs. [grtlfudgrdy `duttcecus mrigb ngwjs ngvi bcri Mrigb Hiimle` (Dgtiet)? ]n ]nii mrigb ngwj ri`ur`ltgtis
rispdiemiet pdubg`i gem mlspdgy lt prcumdy, sl`egdle` mrigbs lt fcesubis usle` Mrigb Higst (aidcw) letc lts
tnilr mcblegefi cvir ctnirs le tni ficfj. bgstir“s bcutn, gs tncu`n hiimle` lts ycue`. ]ni pdgyir
rcdds (Plts + Cffudt), mlh﬇fudty 6, hcr tni fngrgftir tc plifi
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 8: Ocle Agttdi? 8 mlfi tni hrg`biets agfj tc`itnir, ixpirliefle` tni mrigb gs
[irscegd Bctis? 6; g vlslce gem digrele` cei ch tni mrigbir“s Letlbgflis ch
tni Vtcrytiddir“s fnclfi. ]ni mrigb ngwj fge gdsc hiim
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp. tni mrigbs tc g mrigbstcei wltncut g rcdd.
Gftlces? Hdy? 8 mlfi: ]nrigtie? 0 mlfi: Viesis? 8 mlfi
(sii Jiie Vl`nt): ]r
]rgfjle`?
gfjle`? 9 mlfi
BIQL]V
Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 7
Mrigb Qgptcr?  @gle cei Leltlgtlvi pir ture le
fcbagt g`glest g hci wncsi mrigbs tni ngwj ngs
FCBAG] igtie wltnle tni dgst mgy.
Gttgfj ([ifj)? 9 mlfi (Mgbg`i 8) Jiie Vl`nt? Mcuadi <s ce gdd sl`nt-agsim [irfip-
Gttgfj (]gdces)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`
(Mgbg`ii 77)
77) tlce rcdds.

MQIGB NGPJ
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
]ncusgem Xclfis Mihiesi (9b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget:
Fdgsn, [irldcus, Yelhcrb: Issiefi 1)? ]ni mrigb ngwj
frlis cut, acbagrmle` lts vlftlb wltn selppits ch el`nt-
bgris. Lt bgy fdgsn ge gttgfj hrcb wltnle sncrt rge`i
wltn g mlsgrb `gbalt (Ixgdtim, p. 1;;), wnlfn
fcuets gs lts gftlce hcr tni rcuem. Lh tni ngwj ngs usim
Mrigb Higst ce tni tgr`it wltnle tni dgst mgy, tni fg-
fcpncey fcbis hrcb nls cwe mrigbs, gem tni ngwj
gutcbgtlfgddy suffiims ce tni `gbalt“s Leltlgtlvi rcdd.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Mrigb Higst  (>b: Vlbpdi: Cei mgy: Vtgfjgadi:
Issiefi 1)? ]ni ngwj pirfnis eigr lts vlftlb“s sdiip-
le` hcrb, puddle` mrigbs hrcb nls nigm. ]nls prcfiss
tgjis ge ncur. ]ni vlftlb mcise“t ri`gle g Plddpcwir
hrcb tni el`nt“s sdiip: cei hudd mgy ghtirwgrm, tni
ngwj ml`ists tni mrigb, ri`glele` tngt Plddpcwir
lestigm gem iemle` tni Fngrb. ]ni ngwj bgy ml`ist
budtlpdi vlftlbs“ mrigbs gt g tlbi, aut fge“t `gle bcri
Plddpcwir tnge lts usugd bgxlbub.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Le tni wldm, mrigb ngwjs fcesubi rgemcb vlftlbs“
mrigbs, gem cedy ﬇`nt le sidh-mihiesi. Ngemdirs trgle
tgbim ngwjs tc priy ce spifl﬇f picpdi. Vcbi bgji g
tlmy prc﬇t siddle` tnisi mrigbs. Myegsts nlri tnib tc
spy ce tnilr ieiblis“ el`ntbgris, wnldi dcvirs sipgrgt-
im ay mlstgefi siem swiit cr sfgemgdcus mrigbs tc cei
gectnir.
 G mrigb ngwj ls g 6-mct Hgbldlgr
Hgbldlgr..

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Muei Vwgrb
Nlmmie le Vcutnire misirt sgems mwidds g spiflis ch
fietlpimi tngt dlvis gs g nlvi ietlty. Nuemrims ch tnib
nuet tc`itnir le `rctisqui ncrmis, strlpple` fiisn hrcb
dgr`ir frigturis“ aceis wltn tncusgems ch hgtgd, stle`le`
 altis aihcri sfuttdle` gw
gwgy
gy gem v
vgelsnle`
gelsnle` letc tni
tni mueis.
[gttireim le pgdi yiddcws gem arcwes tc bgtfn tni snlht-
le` sgem ch tni misirt, wnie stldd tniy gri gdd aut levlsl-
 adi. Muei swgrbs pcur hcrtn tc cadltirgti geycei wnc
`its tcc fdcsi tc tnilr eists, wnlfn gri lemlstle`ulsngadi
hrcb ecrbgd sgem-fcvirim bcuems gt g furscry `dgefi.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? 8 mlfi
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x9/∑7x6/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp.
Gftlces?  Fdlba? 7; mlfi: Fcnislce? > mlfi: Higts ch
Vtrie`tn? 8 mlfi (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Vfgv-
ie`i? 0 mlfi: Viesis? 8 mlfi (sii Yelty ch tni Nlvi Blem,
Xlargtlce Viesi): Vtigdtn? 8 mlfi (sii Fgbcufig`i)
Qiscdvi 7, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 71) (sii Yelty ch
tni Nlvi Blem, Xiecbcus Alti)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? < mlfi (7; mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 7  71
1 mlfi (sii Yelty ch tni Nlvi
Blem)
Ivgslce =, [grry ;
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 71/6
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Fdle`le` Vwgrb?  Pnie tni swgrb fcetrcds g
`rgppdi, gey hgldim gttgfj g`glest lt gutcbgtlfgddy nlts
tni `rgppdim tgr`it lestigm, wltn cei ihhiftlvi tnrisn-
cdm suffiss.
Migmdy Fngr`i? Iviry rge`i agem tni swgrb
bcvis tcwgrm g sle`di ieiby le g strgl`nt dlei `rgets
lt twc Leltlgtlvi. ]nls Leltlgtlvi gffubudgtis uetld lt
fdcsis tc fdcsi rge`i wltn tngt ieiby gem bgjis g

MYEI VPGQB
miflslvi gttgfj. Lh tni swgrb tgjis gey gftlce ctnir
tnge bcvle` mlriftdy tcwgrm tni fncsie ieiby cr gt-
tgfjle` lt, lt dcsis gdd Leltlgtlvi auldt up wltn tnls galdlty.
Hurlcus Qgbpg`i? Pnieivir tni swgrb gttgfjs
cr rusnis g frgsnim ieiby, gmm twc gutcbgtlf suf-
fissis tc tni rcdd.
]ie ]ncusgem Vtle`le` Altis? Pnie tni swgrb
bgjis g miflslvi alti gttgfj g`glest ge ieiby wltn
g dcwir Leltlgtlvi rgtle`, lt gmms +7 tc tni gttgfj“s
mgbg`i. G`glest frgsnim ieiblis, tnls aifcbis ge
gutcbgtlf suffiss lestigm.
Xiecbcus Alti? ]ni swgrb“s miflslvi alti gttgfj
ixpcsis tni vlftlb tc lts pclsce ( Ixgdtim, p. 161) lh
lt migds gey mgbg`i. ]ni pclsce migds =l/rcuem (D le
Frgsn), wltn g murgtlce ch = rcuems gem g ∑1 piegdty.
BIQL]V
Fgbcufig`i? ]ni must-fcdcrim ixcsjiditces ch tni
swgrb bgji lt lemlstle`ulsngadi hrcb crmlegry sgem.
Lt mcuadis <s ce Vtigdtn rcdds tc adiem le wltn sgemy
ievlrcebiets.
Bgmi ch ]ncusgems? Hcr igfn sbgsnim fietlpimi
le tni swgrb, tie bcri gppigr le lts pdgfi. Qimufi
tni blelbub mgbg`i ch gey wltnirle` gttgfj bgmi
g`glest lt ay cei, tc g blelbub ch zirc.
Viitnle` ]lmi? ]n ]nii swgrb l`ecris gdd mlh﬇fudt tirrgle.
Yelty ch tni Nlvi Blem? Gmm ge gutcbgtlf
suffiss tc tni swgrb“s alti gttgfj, gdd fcbagt bcvi-
biet gftlces, gem Viesis rcdds tc mitift gbausnis.
Xiecbcus Alti? ]ni swgrb“s miflslvi alti gttgfj
ixpcsis tni vlftlb tc lts pclsce ( Ixgdtim, p. 161) lh
lt migds gey mgbg`i. ]ni pclsce migds =l/rcuem (D le
Frgsn), wltn g murgtlce ch = rcuems gem g ∑1 piegdty.
Xlargtlce Viesi? Muei swgrbs mc ect ridy ce le-
mlvlmugd sl`nt. Lestigm, tni nlvi blem hiids vlargtlces
ce tni wlem gem tnrcu`n tni `rcuem. ]niy
]niy mc ect tgji
piegdtlis hrcb pccr dl`ntle`, gem mcuadi <s ce Viesis
rcdds wnieivir vlargtlces gri prisiet.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Muei swgrbs gri ncrrlhyle` bgssis ch fgrelvcrcus,
nlvi-blemim levirtiargtis, wltn twltfnle` getieegi
wcrjle` le pirhift fcefirt. ]niy gttgfj geytnle` tniy
pirfilvi gs g tnrigt tc tnilr tirrltcry. Fngrgftirs bust
bgji g ([irfiptlce + Gwgrieiss) rcdd cppcsim ay tni
swgrb“s Vtigdtn tc ectlfi tni nlvi aihcri `ittle` tcc
fdcsi. Lh tniy hgld, tni swgrb gttgfjs uetld gdd tgr`its gri
migm cr lt ls mlsruptim (sii aidcw). Lt hcfusis ce cei hci
gt g tlbi, plfjle` c﬋ tni wigjist ﬇rst, gem usle` Fdle`le`
Vwgrb tc mlssugmi tnilr vlftlb“s hrliems hrcb tryle` tc
sbgsn lt.
 Gey sustflietdy pcwirhud scuem mlsrupts tni swgrb“s
uelty. G fngrgftir bust bgji g mlstfudty = (Fngrlsbg
+ [irhcrbgefi) rcdd, cppcsim ay tni swgrb“s Fcnislce,
wltn iltnir
fge bgji g buslfgd lestrubiet,
stupiemcusdy dcum scuems,gectnir tccd tngt
cr supiregturgd-
dy-iengefim vcdubi. Fngrgftirs wltn gpprcprlgti Dcri
 agfj`rcuems bgy rcdd (Letiddl`iefi
(Letiddl` iefi + Dcri), mlstfud-
ty 6, tc digre tnls wigjeiss. G mlsruptim swgrb dcsis
tni aiei﬇ts ch tni hcddcwle`? gdd spiflgd galdltlis gem
Bgmi ch ]ncusgems. Lt ri`gles fcnislce ghtir g eub-
 air ch tures iqugd tc tni [irhcrbgefi rcdd“s tnrisncdm
suffissis.
]ni swgrb fge cedy sgvg`i cr ridigsi g `rgppdim hci.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Il`nt-]gldim Bcdi Ncuem

Cefi arim gs ﬇irfi nuetle` gelbgds hcr Vcutnire Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > mlfi
Mrg`ce-Adccmim, il`nt-tgldim bcdi ncuems ecw rue hrii Ivgslce =, [grry 1 (= wnie mihiemle` gddlis)
gem hirgd tnrcu`ncut tni misirts. Hrcb ghgr, tniy ri- Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? >/7;
sibadi wcdvis le slzi gem sngpi, aut le gmmltlce tc tnilr
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
ipceybcus il`nt tglds, tnisi frigturis pcssiss tnlfj gr-
bcrim pdgtis. Bcdi ncuems gri pgfj aigsts, nuetle` le Aurrcw? ]ni bcdi ncuem aurrcws uemir`rcuem
`rcups ch slx tc twidvi. Pltn tnilr wlmi hiit, tniy tueeid gem bcvis g hudd rge`i agem tc lts tgr`it“s pcsltlce
wltn lbprisslvi spiim, aurrcwle` aieigtn sgem cr scld wltn g sle`di rifiixlvi bcvi gftlce, l`ecrle` mlh﬇fudt
gs hgst gs tniy fge rue gtcp lt. tirrgle. Lt fge aurrcw tnrcu`n sgem gem scld, lefdumle`
l efdumle`
pgfjim mlrt, aut ect tnrcu`n stcei cr ctnir scdlm agrrl-
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle Agttdi? 8 mlfi irs. Yeixpiftim gttgfjs lt bgjis ghtir tnls bcvibiet
le tni sgbi ture gmm twc gutcbgtlf suffissis tc tni
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x9/∑=x6/Lefgp. mgbg`i rcdd.
Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 0 mlfi (bgy gttibpt Bgsslvi Fngr`i? Lh tni bcdi ncuem bcvis gt digst
Vtrie`tn 6 higts): ]nrigtie? = mlfi (8 wltn pgfjbgtis): cei rge`i agem tcwgrm g tgr`it gem bgjis g mi-
Viesis? > mlfi (sii Jiie Ecsi), Vtigdtn? 8 mlfi (0
flslvi gttgfj g`glest lt ce tni sgbi ture, tni gttgfj
wnldi aurrcwle`): ]rgfjle`? 0 mlfi `gles tni Vbgsnle` tg` (Ixgdtim, p. 9>8).
Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 7
BIQL]V
FCBAG]
Igrtnsl`nt? Pnldi aurrcwle`, g bcdi ncuem pir-
Gttgfj (Alti)? 0 mlfi (Mgbg`i 7=)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 8 mlfi (9 mlfi tc fcetrcd) filvis
fgtlce tnrcu`n
gem ectivlargtlces.
lts gftlces Ltwltncut
fge plepclet
siile` glt,tgr`it“s
gs dce`dc-
gs
 

I L @ N ] - ]G
]G L D I M B C D I N C Y E M

lt prcmufis gey vlargtlces le tni `rcuem: g fiyle` hci,

hcr lestgefi, fcehcuems tnls siesi.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Jiie Ecsi? Mcuadi <s ce sfiet-agsim [irfiptlce  Gdtncu`n cei bcdi ncuem ls hcrblmgadi ce lts cwe, tni
rcdds.  aigsts prihir nuetle` le pgfjs. ]niy surrcuem tnilr tgr-
Vghity le Eubairs? G bcdi ncuem prctifts leourim `its, siemle` g hiw le tc gttgfj gt g tlbi gem fcbale-
pgfjbgtis, `rgetle` ge gddy wnc ngs tgjie 6+ divids le` Aurrcw gem Bgsslvi Fngr`i tc frigti mglsy fngles
ch mgbg`i cei gutcbgtlf suffiss ce mlsie`g`i rcdds ch ueixpiftim gttgfjs. ]ni ctnirs fcrrgd tni ieiblis, cr
gs dce` gs lt usis tni mihiem ctnir gftlce ce tnilr
aingdh. Ieiblis lefrigsi cesdgu`nt piegdtlis ay cei  arigj
ncuems c﬋gri
letc sbgddir
pgtliet, `rcupspriy
trgfjle` tc plfj
hcrc﬋ isfgpiis.
ncurs cr mgysBcdi
ue-
pir tnrii ncuems gttgfjle` tc`itnir. G agttdi `rcup tld tni pirhift cppcrtuelty grlsis. G scdltgry bcdi ncuem
ch bcdi ncuems fge“t usi tnls galdlty. Ay mihgudt, cedy fiiis wltn mgbg`i le gey ch lts dgst twc ∑1 nigdtn divids:
ctnir bcdi ncuems fcuet gs pgfjbgtis, aut g bgstir
pgfjs fiii wnie iviry bibair ngs tgjie gt digst tnrii
fge trgle lt tc rifc`elzi nubge gddlis gs pgrt ch tni
divids ch ditngd mgbg`i cr gt digst slx ch agsnle`. Bcdi
pgfj gs g dgtiet galdlty.
ncuems gri twc-mct Hgbldlgrs
Hgbldlgrs..
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Idipnget/Bgbbctn
]nrcu`ncut Frigtlce, hrcb tni sgvgeegs ch tni Vcutn tc wgr. Nuetirs jldd wldm idipngets hcr tnilr vgdugadi lvcry.
wgr.
tni grftlf wgstis ch tni hgr Ecrtn, picpdi rispift gem ri- Ecrtnire trlais gdsc nuet tni bgbbctn hcr lts bigt.
 viri idipngets gem bgbbctns gs gs tctibs ch strie`tn
strie`tn gem
pcwir. Hudd-`rcwe audds trgvid gdcei cr le dccsi `rcups, Issiefi?
Issiefi? 7:  7: Plddpcwir?  9: Ocle
Plddpcwir? 9: Agttdi? = mlfi
 Ocle Agttdi? =
stgemle` twlfi tni nil`nt ch g bcrtgd gem wil`nle` up Divids? ∑;x6/∑7x8/∑1x8/∑=x8/Lefgp
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x6/∑7x8/∑1x8/∑=x8/Lefgp
tc sivie tces. Hibgdis `gtnir le letlbgti hgbldy `rcups Vpiim Aceus? +7
Aceus? +7
wltn tnilr ycue`: tniy ngvi twc-tnlrms ch g bgdi“s nil`nt
Gftlces? Iemuri
Gftlces?  Iemuri Ixtribi Fcemltlces? < mlfi: Higts ch
gem bgss. ]niy usi tusjs ” hcuem ce bgdi Vcutnwistire
Vtrie`tn?  7= mlfi (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 0 higts): Hlem
Vtrie`tn?
idipngets, cr actn `iemirs idsiwniri ” tc `ugrm g`glest
Pgtir? 7; mlfi: Letlblmgti? < mlfi: Viesis? 0 mlfi
primgtcrs, ie`g`i le bgtle` agttdis, gem tigr up rccts gem
 agrj hcr hcmmir.
hcmmir. ]niy `gtnir eigr hris
hrisnwgtir
nwgtir scurfis
scurfis.. Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Idipngets dlvi hcr mifgmis, wltn letiddl`iefi, bibcry, (Vtcbp)? 79 mlfi (Mgbg`i 78, blelbub =)
Gttgfj (Vtcbp)? 79
gem ibctlcegd scpnlstlfgtlce gjle tc g nubge“s. ]niy
Gttgfj (]usjs)? 7
 71
1 mlfi, cr 76 wltn adgmim
adg mim tusjs (Mgbg`i
`gtnir hccm gem usi tccds wltn tnilr priniesldi truejs,
7>, blelbub 9): ]g`s? [lirfle` (wltn adgmis cedy)
gem tncu`n tniy fgeect spigj, tniy ixnlalt dcvi, `rlih,
`ieircslty, gem nubcr. [icpdi jiip tnib le fgptlvlty Gttgfj (]ruej)? 76 mlfi (Mgbg`i 79): ]g`s? Hdix-
tc ngud `ccms, trgespcrt pgssie`irs, cr trgbpdi hcis le
ladi
 

IDI[NGE]/BGBBC]N

(@rgppdi)? 77 mlfi (7
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 7 (7=
= mlfi tc fcetrcd)
fcet rcd) BIQL]V
Bcvibiet? 0 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 0 Ecsi?  @gle mcuadi <s ce sfiet-agsim [ir-
Jiie Ecsi? 
Ivgslce 1, [grry = fiptlce rcdds.
 78/8, cr 1;/8 wltn grbcr
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 78/8,
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? Vlzi? Ge idipnget suhhirs ec cesdgu`nt
Di`iemgry Vlzi? Ge
piegdtlis hrcb gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir cppceiets, uediss
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
tniy“ri bg`lfgddy lefilftim. Pltnirle` gttgfjs hrcb
@cri?  Miflslvi
@cri?   tusj gttgfjs gmm ixtrg suffissis tc
Miflslvi tusj sbgddir ieiblis fgeect frgsn lt uediss tniy ngvi gt
mgbg`i g`glest ieiblis wltn dcwir Leltlgtlvi, gs dce` digst 7; pcst-scgj mgbg`i mlfi, gdtncu`n gttgfjirs
gs tni idipnget ngse“t tgjie gey ctnir gftlces (lefdum- stldd `gle tni hudd gbcuet ch Leltlgtlvi mgbg`i migdt.
le` rifiixlvi bcvibiet gftlces) tngt ture. Miflslvi gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect migd
Fngr`i? Lh tni idipnget bcvis gt digst cei
Bgsslvi Fngr`i? Lh bcri tnge (6 + gttgfjir“s Vtrie`tn) divids ch mgbg`i
rge`i agem tcwgrm g tgr`it gem bgjis g miflslvimiflslvi   tc lt, ect fcuetle` divids gmmim ay Fngrbs cr ctnir
gttgfj g`glest lt ce tni sgbi ture, tni gttgfj `gles tni bg`lf.
Vbgsnle` tg` (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, p. 9>8). V]CQ\]IDDIQ ]GF]LFV
Cvirwnidble` Bl`nt?  Bl`nt?  Idipngets bgji uecp- Idipngets fiii ghtir tgjle` =+ divids ch mgbg`i,
pcsim `rgppdi fcetrcd rcdds g`glest ieiblis ch sbgddir uediss prctiftle` tnilr ycue` cr jipt uemir fcetrcd
slzi, uediss tni vlftlbs usi bg`lf gddcwle` tnib tc ay g rlmir. G`glest dgr`ir cppceiets tniy usi tnilr
`rgppdi dgr`ir hcis, sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld ]ifnelqui Bgsslvi Fngr`i tc prctift tnilr tirrltcry cr wgrms
(Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim,, p. 1>;). bcri chtie tnge tniy gttgfj mlriftdy. ]niy gri mlh﬇fudt
Vtgbpimi? Vpiem cei Plddpcwir tc
Qgbpg`le` Vtgbpimi? Vpiem tc ngrb mui tc tnlfj nlmis gem virsgtldi truejs, aut
fiurry g wltnirle`  stcbp gttgfj wltn g miflslvi
wltnirle` stcbp  tusj
miflslvi tusj tniy ngvi trcuadi bgeiuvirle` qulfjdy cr gttgfjle`
cr truej gttgfj, igfn wltn g mlhhiriet tgr`it. hcis mlriftdy ainlem (cr gtcp) tnib.
]rgbpdi?  Lh tni idipnget rifiixlvidy pursuis ge
]rgbpdi?  ]ncsi wnc trgle idipngets hcr agttdi chtie ngvi
ieiby ghtir g suffisshud rusn gem bgjis g stcbp stiid-adgmim tlps frghtim tc ﬇t tni gelbgds“ tusjs, wnlfn
gttgfj g`glest tnib ce lts eixt ture, g suffisshud nlt tni idipngets usi dlji swcrms tc fut tnilr cppceiets
jecfjs tni ieiby prcei. Gppdy tni Mihiesi piegdty le ngdh. Pgr idipngets le Jlrl`ngst usi tnilr truejs tc
(Ixgdtim,, p. 1;1) ritrcgftlvidy
hrcb aile` prcei (Ixgdtim swle` gacut bcml﬇im figlds wltn lefrimladi gffurgfy.
wnie fgdfudgtle` tni gttgfj“s tnrisncdm suffissis. Vlefi pripgrle` ge gelbgd ch tnls slzi hcr wgr riqulris
@rgppdi  (Dgtiet)? Ge idipnget tgjis ec
]ruej @rgppdi  nu`i levistbiets ch tlbi gem bceiy, tnilr cweirs
Mihiesi piegdty hcr `rgppdle`, aut fge“t bgji sgv- gdsc ﬇t tnib wltn pgmmim grbcr tngt gddcws tnib tni
g`le` gttgfjs. Ncwivir, cei wltn adgmim tusjs gutc- hriimcb ch bcvibiet tc usi tnilr truejs gem tusjs
bgtlfgddy migds ditngd mgbg`i ce g miflslvi
miflslvi tnrcw,
 tnrcw, g`glest tnilr ieiblis.
gs lt tcssis tni ieiby letc tni glr gem tnie sdlfis tnib
” pirngps le ngdh.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Hge`-Adcsscb
 G hiw `ieirgtlces g`c, g Mrg`ce-Adccmim sgldcr hgeflim
g dcvidy spiflis ch ficwirle` pdget egtlvi tc tni Pist.
L`ecrle` tni lsdgemirs“ wgrele`s, sni uprcctim tni audas

ch
tnitnisi aigutlhud
Adissim sfgemiet
Lsdi. ]ni vleis
levgslvi gem ritureim
spiflis ncbi
ficurlsnim tc
tniri
wltn gdgrble` vltgdlty. Ibacdmieim ay tni Fietir“s rlfn
scld, tnisi hge`-adcsscbs ” gs tni Myegst ivietugddy
muaaim tnib ” budtlpdlim le mrcvis? ﬇rst cei siimdle`
hrcb igfn pdget, tnie ﬇vi, tnie twiety, gem ivietugddy
tniy cvirrge tni wgdds ch nir istgti gem `irblegtim le
tni wldm. ]ni bystiry ch pits `cei blssle` wltncut ix-
pdgegtlce mc``im tni prihifturi hcr bcetns, aut ec cei
 adgbim tni pdgets uetld tni `rlsdy mivcurle` ch g vlsltle`
hcril`e ml`eltgry prcbptim g pcdltlfgd hium tngt pirslsts
tc tnls mgy.

]ni hge`-adcsscb“s ficwirs gri wlmi gem flrfudgr, mls-

pdgyle` g rlct ch mgzzdle` fcdcrs. Igfn pdget ai`les gs
g yiddcw-`riie rcct rcu`ndy tni slzi ch g wgtirbidce,
tnie mividcps g tnlfj stib, fcuetdiss tiemrlds, gem dgr`i
 adccbs. Furgtim,
Furgtim, lt bgletgles g rigscegadi slzi hcr g `gr
`gr--
mie pdget gem dlblts lts fgrelvcrcus tiemieflis tc wldm
gelbgds. Diht tc hiim gem sprcut hriidy, hge`-adcsscbs
mividcp mczies ch tnlfj vleis gem fge swgddcw ge uehcr-
tuegti pgssiray wncdi.

Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 0 mlfi

[irscegd Bctis? 8;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x=/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp
Gftlces? Fdlba/Vdltnir (vleis cedy)? < mlfi: Higts ch
Vtrie`tn? > mlfi (vleis cedy: bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 9
higts): Viesis? 9 mlfi: Mls`ulsi/Vtigdtn? 0 mlfi (sii

Fgbcufig`i)
Qiscdvi =, @uldi =
FCBAG]

Gttgfj (Alti)? 77 mlfi (Mgbg`

(Mgbg`ii 71,
71, blelbub
bl elbub 6)
Gttgfj (Xlei `rgppdi)? 7; mlfi (71
(71 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > mlfi (vleis cedy)
Ivgslce 7, [grry 8
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 8/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV

Eiimdi-]cctn Alti? G hge`-adcsscb“s fgrelvc-

rcus bgw cpies tc rivigd rle`s ch sngrpieim tiitn
wnldi lts bgss ch tiemrlds lbbcaldlzis lts priy. Pnie
lt migds 9+ mgbg`i wltn g wltnirle` alti gttgfj, lt
bgy hcr`c
rifiixlvi rifilvle`
`rgppdi gey g`glest
`gbalt Leltlgtlvitngt
tc lestigm
ieiby,bgji g
wltncut

HGE@-ADCVVCB
ge Leltlgtlvi rcdd cr fcst. Igfn Leltlgtlvi pclet lt wcudm
ngvi `gleim lestigm gmms cei mli tc tni fcetrcd rcdd.
BIQL]V
Fgbcufig`i? Pnieivir g hge`-adcsscb“s bgws
gri fdcsim gem lt pcsis gs ge crmlegry ficwirle`
pdget, `gle mcuadi <s ce Mls`ulsi/Vtigdtn rcdds.
]iemrld-Vprcutle` El`ntbgri? Igfn hge`-adcs-
scb
adcsscbngsbgw
g fcri stgrpdget
tc stgrtt wltn.wltn auda,
]ni fcri
fcr stib,
i ngs gemdlstim
tni trglts cei
gacvi gem ls lbbcaldi. Lts vleis fge sdltnir cut tc sncrt
rge`i gem pirhcrb gftlces gs ectim gacvi: igfn vlei
gfts gs g sipgrgti tgr`it wltn lts cwe nigdtn trgfj tngt
fge mihiem tni fcri, gem tni pdget fgeect aifcbi Le-
fgpgfltgtim uetld gdd ch lts vleis ngvi aiie sivirim ay
mipditle` tnilr nigdtn trgfjs. Igfn vlei ngs tni sgbi
trglts gs tni fcri pdget ixfipt tngt lt ngs ﬇vi ∑; nigdtn
divids lestigm ch tni fcri“s trgfj.
CHHIEVI FNGQBV
Vwgddcw Pncdi (79b: Qifiixlvi: Miflslvi-cedy:
Lestget: Issiefi 1)? Ghtir migdle` 6+ divids ch mgbg`i
tc g `rgppdim ieiby wltn g miflslvi sgvg`i gttgfj,
tni hge`-adcsscb bgy swgddcw tnib gdlvi gs dce` gs
tniy“ri wltnle fdcsi rge`i ch g ficwir-bgw. Pltnle
tni pdget“s stib, tniy fcetiem wltn lts ml`istlvi gflms,
ge ievlrcebietgd ngzgrm wltn mgbg`i 6D/rcuem
gem mlh﬇fudty 9. G swgddcwim ieiby bgy gttibpt
tc fut tnilr wgy hrii wltn g mlh﬇fudty 9 `gbalt, aut
fgeect ctnirwlsi gttgfj lt hrcb leslmi wltncut g rid-
ivget stuet. Ivie tnie, tniy fcetiem wltn lts hudd mi-
hiesis. ]ni hge`-adcsscb bgy swgddcw g eubair ch
nubge-slzim fngrgftirs gt g tlbi iqugd tc tni eubair
ch ficwir-bgws lt ngs.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Le﬇elti Qigfnle` Xleis  (9b, 1l cr 7;b, =l:
Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi 7)? Hcr ﬇vi bctis gem twc
Leltlgtlvi, tni pdget sprcuts ge gmmltlcegd vlei. Hcr tie
bctis gem hcur Leltlgtlvi, tni pdget `rcws gectnir
ficwir-bgw gem aifcbis dgr`ir.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Hge`-adcsscbs jiip tnilr bgws fdcsim gem pritiem tc
 ai uetnrigtiele` uetld priy gpprcgfnis wltnle rigfn
ch tnilr tiemrlds. ]niy gttgfj ay `rgppdle` vlftlbs gem
mrg``le` tnib letc tnilr ficwir-bgws, aut g hge`-adcs-
scb jiips twc vleis hrii tc usi Mihiem Ctnir tc prctift
tni fcri uediss lt“s mispirgti. Gssl`e g stgrtle` eubair
ch vleis iqugd tc twlfi tni eubair ch ieiblis prisiet.
Hge`-adcsscbs siesi wigjeiss, tgr`itle` ece-fcbagt-
gets ﬇rst, tnie tni tgr`it stgemle` fdcsist tc g ficwir cr
wigrle` tni digst grbcr.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Hdlfjirhigtnir
 G fcbbce sl`nt le Igstire rlvirs gem dgjis, g filfjir-
higtnir lse“t ge gelbgd gs bgey tnlej, aut g wgtir id-
ibietgd. Lt risibadis ge cvirdgr`i futtdi﬇sn, wltn g
bgetdi cvir g bitir dce` dlbeim wltn sbgdd, wgtirprcch
higtnirs tngt fnge`i fcdcr rgplmdy gs lt swlbs ” niefi
tni egbi. Pnldi fdubsy gem sdu``lsn ce dgem, gadi tc
mc dlttdi bcri tnge mrg` ltsidh gdce`, g filfjirhigtnir fge
risplri glr. Lt bust mc sc tc usi lts pifudlgr tgdiet hcr
blblfjle` vclfis, wnlfn lt usis tc duri nubges tc pdgy
wltn. Lts tietgfdis gppigr prcpcrtlcegti tc lts acmy, aut
fge mihcrb rgmlfgddy, ixtiemle` cut tc sivirgd bitirs tc
segtfn picpdi up.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? > mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 8;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x7/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=x7/Lefgp.
Letlbgflis? Mi﬇ele`? —L dcvi tc pdgy!‒: Bgocr? —By
furlcslty gacut tni uejecwe jecws ec acuems.‒
Gftlces? Mifiptlce/Mls`ulsi? 8 mlfi: Digple`? 9
mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? = mlfi: Viesis? 8 mlfi: Vtigdtn?
> mlfi: Vwlb? > mlfi
Gppigrgefi 6, Qiscdvi 7, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? = mlfi (Mgbg`i 8)
Gttgfj (]ietgfdi)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i =)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 0 mlfi (< tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 0 mlfi
Ivgslce =, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 9/;

HDLFJIQHIG]NIQ
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
[irhift Blblfry?  Hdlfjirhigtnirs fge blblf gey
lemlvlmugd scuem gem gri letiddl`iet iecu`n tc hcrb
sncrt sietiefis hrcb wcrms tniy ngvi digreim ay
blblfjle` ctnirs. G (Plts + Gwgrieiss) rcdd, mlh﬇fudty
6, ls riqulrim tc rigdlzi g filfjirhigtnir“s blblfry lse“t
tni rigd tnle`.
BIQL]V
Mifiptlvi Qigfn? ]ni filfjirhigtnir“s tietgfdi gem
`rgppdi gttgfjs fge rigfn tc sncrt rge`i: lt lbbiml-
gtidy mrg`s ieiblis `rgppdim gt sncrt rge`i tc fdcsi
rge`i.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Lej Fdcei (9b: Vlbpdi: ]nrii rcuems: Ifdlpsi:
Issiefi 7)? ]ni filfjirhigtnir viets g fdcum ch lej tngt,
ivie le tni glr, fcgdisfis letc tni sngpi ch gectnir,
lmietlfgd filfjirhigtnir, fnge`le` fcdcr le g sdcw fyfdi.
Cedccjirs bust suffiim gt g mlh﬇fudty 6 ([irfiptlce
+ (Gwgrieiss cr Vurvlvgd)) rcdd tc mlstle`ulsn tni fdcei
hrcb tni crl`legd. ]ni hgdsi filfjirhigtnir ls ect gdlvi,
ecr fge lt gft ctnir tnge tc tgji rifiixlvi bcvi gftlces
ce tni rigd filfjirhigtnir“s ture. Lt bcvis rigdlstlfgddy,
aut lt“s slbpdy g mifcy, gem mlsscdvis wnie tni Fngrb
iems cr wnie ge gttgfj migds gey mgbg`i tc lt.
Vtrcai (=b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: Issiefi 7)? ]ni filfj-
irhigtnir rgplmdy fyfdis lts higtnirs tnrcu`n iviry
pcssladi nui, ngrm tc hcfus ce. Lt `gles +1 Ivgslce
g`glest g sle`di gttgfj, aut lt fge“t usi tnls Fngrb
wnldi Fnrcbgtcfig`i (sii aidcw) ls gftlvi.
BCALDL]\ FNGQBV
Hdulm Ls Hdulm (7;b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei: Pltnir-
le`-cedy: Issiefi 7)? Ixumle` wgtiry Issiefi, tni
filfjirhigtnir sgturgtis tni glr grcuem lt gs lt bcvis.
Lt fge swlb tnrcu`n tni glr gs tncu`n lt wiri uemir-
wgtir. Cppceiets wltnle fdcsi rge`i trigt tni grig
gs mlh﬇fudt tirrgle, uediss tniy fcudm ecrbgddy bcvi
hriidy
g`glestuemirwgtir.
wltnirle`]ni filfjirhigtnir
 rge`im gttgfjs. mcuadis lts scgj
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Fnrcbgtcfig`i  (0b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lemi﬇elti:
Ifdlpsi, [irldcus: Issiefi 7)? ]ni filfjirhigtnir
fnge`is lts fcdcrs tc hccd cedccjirs letc tnlejle` lt“s
scbi hgdsi higturi ch tni ievlrcebiet ec al``ir tnge
ltsidh, sufn gs g stipple` stcei cr ge uemirwgtir
trigsuri. ]nls hueftlces gs ecrbgd fcefigdbiet, aut
mcise“t riqulri gmiqugti fcvirg`i. Casirvirs fge
bgji g ([irfiptlce + Gwgrieiss) rcdd, cppcsim ay
tni filfjirhigtnir“s Vtigdtn (cr ge Ifdlpsi“s (Gppigr-
gefi + Vtigdtn)), tc plirfi tni mifiptlce. Lh tni filfj-
irhigtnir bcvis, tgjis gey gftlce, cr tgjis mgbg`i,
tnls Fngrb lbbimlgtidy iems.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Hdlfjirhigtnirs gri slbpdi splrlts tngt mc wngt bcri
pcwirhud idibietgds tidd tnib wnie prissim, aut ctnir-
wlsi ixlst tc gbusi tnibsidvis gem pdgy prgejs ce ue-
suspiftle` pgssirsay.
pgssirsay. ]niy ecrbgddy cedy gttgfj tc ngrb
lh tnrigtieim, aut tniy dlji tc ie`g`i le fcbagt oust tc
pdgy jiip-gwgy, digm scbicei ce g birry fngsi, cr `rga
eiw pdgybgtis sc tniy mce“t digvi gem iem tni `gbi.
Hdlfjirhigtnirs mce“t uemirstgem tni lmig tngt scbi
frigturis fge“t survlvi wltncut glr, sc tniy ngvi ge ue-
hcrtuegti tiemiefy tc mrg` picpdi uemirwgtir gem ncdm
tnib fgptlvi tniri. Pnie g filfjirhigtnir“s uewlddle`
pdgybgti leivltgady mrcwes,
mrcwes, lt `its upsit gem tgjis lt cut
ce tni eixt pirsce lt siis.
 Gacut gs fdivir gs g tcmmdir
tcmmdir,, filfjirhigtnirs tgji mlrif-
tlce widd. Vcrfirirs gem ctnir sgvgets wnc dlvi ay tni
wgtir jiip filfjirhigtnirs gs `ugrmlges, gem tnilr tgdiet
hcr blblfry bgjis tnib lmigd splis ” stgdjle` g tgr`it,
digrele` wngt lt sgys, gem fcble` ncbi tc ripigt lt ls
 agridy wcrj hcr tnib. ]niy `rcw acrim igsldy
igsldy,, ncwiv-
ir, gem tni wlsi prcvlmi tnib wltn biges tc ietirtgle
tnibsidvis, sufn gs idgacrgti puzzdis cr cppcrtueltlis
tc trlfj ctnirs, dist tni idibietgds miflmi tc bgji tnilr
cwe hue.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Hudcpi
 tni Fncrgd Iquistrlge, Mibce
M ibce ch tni Hlrst Flrfdi
Hudcpi gri bgssis ch fiixladi ﬇airs dlji spue `dgss, igfn  
g`dcw gem bcvle` gs lh gmrlht uemirwgtir. Pnie fgdb,
hudcpi swlbs tnrcu`n tni glr, aut ﬇ts ch pgsslce tge`di lt
letc jects, igfn segrd adlstirle` letc g aurele` iyi wltn
g dgbpriy-dlji bgw gs lts pupld.
Dlji bgey ch tni Vldiet
Vld iet Plem“s arccm, tni fncrgd iquis-
trlge dlvis tc sle`. Lts cwe vclfi g ngrsn auzz, lt pcs-
sissis ctnirs tc pirhcrb. Hgstiele` ltsidh tc tni egpi ch
gectnir frigturi“s
frigturi“s eifj, lt wlems sfcrfnle`, yit pglediss
eirvi-﬇airs letc tni vlftlb“s argle gem dgryex tc silzi
fcetrcd.
Fcehrcetim wltn gectnir sle`ir ch gey jlem, tni hudcpi
fcbpitis tc prcvi lts bgstiry uetld tniy stcp. Qlvgd hu-
dcpi ie`g`i le die`tny muids ch sce`, digvle` tnilr ncsts“
tnrcgts rgw.
G hudcpi chtie casissis cvir scbitnle` cr scbicei gs
lts busi ” bcst ietlfle`dy, Bgdhigs“ `riie sue. Diht tc lt-
sidh, g fncrgd iquistrlge silzis g fiyle` mibce“s acmy gem
scgrs letc Nidd“s sjy. ]ncsi tngt fiy tcc nl`n aure, tnilr
stcdie acmlis pdubbitle` dlji biticrs tc tni flty aidcw.
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir?
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 8:  8: Ocle Agttdi? 1 mlfi
 Ocle Agttdi? 1
Bctis? 0;
[irscegd Bctis? 0 ;
Divids? ∑;x/∑7x1/∑1x=/∑=x/Lefgp
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x/∑7x1/∑1x=/∑=x/Lefgp
Letlbgflis?   Mi﬇ele`?  Furriet Busi (Casisslce),
Letlbgflis?
Vle`le` (Casisslce)
Gftlces?   Aigutlhud Vce`? 77 mlfi (9 wltn lts cwe
Gftlces?
vclfi): Hdy? = mlfi: Ncst Lbpirscegtlce? 9 mlfi (> hcr
dce`-tirb ncsts): Qigm Letietlces? 8 mlfi: Viesis? 8
mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi (ece-[irhcrbgefi)? 0 mlfi
Gppigrgefi 6, Qiscdvi =, @uldi 1

HYDC[I
FCBAG]
(Alti)? 0 mlfi (Mgbg`i 7;)
Gttgfj (Alti)? 0
Gttgfj (]iemrld sdgsn)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i >)
(@rgppdi)? > mlfi (0 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? >
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? = mlfi
Ivgslce 6, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? =/;
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  =/;
Fngrbs
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Eiurgd Qiles (1;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lemi﬇elti: Mifl-
slvi-cedy: Issiefi 1)? Ixpiem gdd rcuems ch g `rgp-
pdi“s fcetrcd tc rcdd (7; + rcuems ch fcetrcd hcrhiltim)
mlfi g`glest tni nl`nir ch tni tgr`it“s (Qiscdvi cr
furriet Plddpcwir). Lh suffisshud, lt `gles fcetrcd ch nir
acmy, usle` nir pnyslfgd Gttrlautis, nigdtn trgfj, gem
vclfi. Casirvirs bgy bgji g mlh﬇fudty 6 ([irfiptlce
+ Gwgrieiss cr Bimlflei) rcdd tc ectlfi g sbgdd `dgssy
dubp le tni egpi ch nir eifj, gem g mlh﬇fudty 9 (Letid-
dl`iefi
Gt + Cffudt)
tni iem ch igfnrcdd tc uemirstgem
sfiei lts hudcpi“s
le wnlfn tni sl`el﬇fgefi.
ncst
ls prisiet, sni bgy rcdd (Plts + Leti`rlty), mlh﬇fudty 6,
gs cei letirvgd ch ge ixtiemim gftlce wltn tirbleus
6 gem `cgd eubair 7; tc ixpid lt. Vni bgy gdsc rcdd
wnieivir tni mibce trlis tc hcrfi nir tc gft g`glest
ge Letlbgfy, gmmle` tni Letlbgfy“s rgtle` le aceus
mlfi.
G fngrgftir bgy suablt wlddle`dy: tni mibce pgys
tni Fngrb“s fcst gem gutcbgtlfgddy suffiims wltncut
g rcdd. G tgr`it wnc ritgles fcetrcd wnldi pcssissim
” ngvle` scrfircusdy
scrfircusdy acuem tni mibce cr pirsugm-
im lt wltn scflgd lefiuiefi ” fge spiem tni nl`nir ch
(nir Issiefi) cr 6 ch tni hudcpi“s bctis pir sfiei ce
scflgd Fngrbs. Vni fge ridlequlsn fcetrcd tc dit tni
mibce gft hcr
gem ri`gles nir wltn
fcetrcd lts cwe scflgd gem bietgd trglts,
gt wldd.
Ge ixtiemim (Letiddl`iefi + Bimlflei) rcdd wltn mlh-
﬇fudty 9, `cgd eubair 7;, gem letirvgd cei ncur
ixtrgfts ge ibaimmim hudcpi sur`lfgddy hrcb g ri-
strgleim cr suamuim ncst. ]ni pgtliet suhhirs twc ditngd
mgbg`i pir rcdd, l`ecrle` Ngrmeiss. Bg`lf tngt
iems pcssisslce, sufn gs Aurele` Ixcrflsb ]ifnelqui
(Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim,, p. 698), fge gdsc ixpid lt.
Vce`-Vtigdle` Bcddl﬇fgtlce (8b: Vuppdibie-
tgd: Lestget: Issiefi 7)? Pnldi pcssissle` g ncst gem
le fcetrcd, tni hudcpi `gles mcuadi <s ce g [irhcr-
bgefi-agsim scflgd lefiuiefi rcdd tc upncdm lts ncst“s
Letlbgflis ay sle`le`. Ysle` tnls Fngrb bcri tnge
cefi pir sfiei tibpcrgrldy snlhts cei ch tni ncst“s Le-
tlbgflis tcwgrm g bcri mibcelf fcetixt cr suaoift
wltn igfn suasiquiet usi, uetld tni hudcpi ls ixpiddim.
Yefcldle` @dgssy ]nrigm ]nrigm  (>b: Vuppdibietgd:
Lestget: Issiefi 7)? ]ni hudcpi“s strgems idce`gti tc
`rgppdi ge ieiby gt sncrt rge`i, wltn tnrii aceus
suffissis ce tni gttgfj gem fcetrcd rcdds. Vuffiss
mrg`s tni vlftlb tc fdcsi rge`i. ]ni strgems“ pudsle`
nigt ls ixtrgcrmlegrldy pglehud, lefrigsle` tni `rgp-
pdim tgr`it“s Mihiesi piegdty tc ∑6.
BLVFIDDGEICYV
Nurry Ncbi (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
Ncbi (7;b,
7)
7)?
? ]ni
gadi mibce
wnie ritures tc lts subbceir“s slmi: uegvgld-
ueacuem.
Bgtirlgdlzi   (69b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
Bgtirlgdlzi
7)? ]ni mibce wigvis ltsidh hrcb segtfnis ch stcdie
sce` le g nuemrim hcril`e vclfis.
Bigsuri tni Plem Plem  (9b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? ]ni hudcpi rigms geycei lt pcssissis.
V]CQ\]IDDIQ ]GF]LFV
G hudcpi wltncut g ncst trlis tc `rgppdi tni bcst gp-
pigdle` tgr`it. Fnccsi tni cppceiet wltn tni nl`nist
[irhcrbgefi rgtle`, cr lh ecei ngvi [irhcrbgefi,
Fngrlsbg. Ieiby scrfirirs fge usi subbceim hudcpi
tc iengefi tnilr galdltlis cr tgji mlsfriit fcetrcd ch
scbicei lbpcrtget. Vcbicei wnc“s gdrigmy   pcs-
sissim bgjis hcr
tni fngrgftirs fgeg levistl`gti,
`ccm letrcmuftlce tc grubcrs
hcddcwle` bystiry
ch
strge`i aingvlcr cr ectlfle` lt tnibsidvis le scbicei
tniy jecw.
 

@ib Viijir
@ib siijirs dccj dlji sbgdd sgdgbgemirs, `rcwle` up tc g Gftlces? Viesis? 8 mlfi: Vtigdtn? = mlfi: ]rgfjle`? 0 mlfi
hcct dce`, wltn arlddlget oiwid-tceim sjle. Dcfgd dcri sgys Qiscdvi 7, @uldi 7
tni fcdcrs fcbi hrcb tni `ibs tniy igt? ruay rims, miip
FCBAG]
sgppnlri aduis, tni snlhtle` nuis ch ge cpgd, tni fccd `dcw ch
bccestcei. Pnldi tniy“ri ect jecwe hcr tnilr agttdi prcw- Gttgfj (Alti)? 6 mlfi (Mgbg`i 0)
iss, gey frigturi tngt frusnis `ibstceis aitwiie lts tiitn Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 8 mlfi
pcssissis lefrimlady strce` ogws. Lh ec priflcus `ibs gri Ivgslce =, [grry 7
gvgldgadi, `ib siijirs fge suaslst ce pdgle rcfjs cr frystgds, Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 6/7
tncu`n tniy dcsi tnilr arlddlget fcdcrs gem `rcw ditngr`lf. V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV

Le tni flty ch @ib ltsidh, trgmirs usi `ib siijirs tc vir- Frusnle` Alti? Pltnirle` alti gttgfjs l`ecri up
lhy tni gutnietlflty ch priflcus stceis? ]niy ture tnilr tc hcur grbcrim scgj, pdus ge gmmltlcegd cei hcr igfn
rcuemim ecsis up gt hgjis. Hgrtnir garcgm, trigsuri ixtrg suffiss ce tni gttgfj rcdd.
nuetirs put tnilr `ib siijirs ce digsnis gem tgji tnib BIQL]V
letc rules le sigrfn ch hcr`cttie rlfnis. Oiwidim Fgbcufig`i? ]ni `ib siijir“s acmy
fcetcrts letc tni sngpis ch oiwids eigray, gem lts
@ib siijirs wiri jiy tc sivirgd hgbcus oiwid nilsts
sfgdis blblf tni stydi gem ﬇dl`rii ch tni oiwids“ sit-
le tni Qigdb, wniri fdivir tnlivis sbu``dim tnib tle`s. Lts acmy siibs tc fgtfn tni dl`nt ixgftdy gs g
letc widd-`ugrmim istgtis gem sit tnib tc sel﬋ cut tni spgrjdle` `ib wcudm. Lt mcuadis >s ce Vtigdtn rcdds tc
Myegsts“ sifrit stcrirccbs. adiem le wltn gey stcei cr frystgd, gem mcuadis 0s tc
nlmi gbce` oiwidry.
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle Agttdi? 9 mlfi
[gss ]nrcu`n Vtcei? Ay sgbpdle` g plifi ch stcei
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp.
cr
fgefrystgd
pngsigem pgyle`
tnrcu`n g Plddpcwir,
castgfdis bgmi tni
hrcb`ib
tngtsiijir
sgbi
suastgefi hcr tni sfiei.

@IB VIIJIQ
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
@ib siijirs gri letiddl`iet gem rispcem widd tc trglele`.
]ni bcst vgduim ritrlivi aguadis hcr tnilr cweirs wltn
egry g tcctnbgrj. ]nls typi ch trglele` tgjis bcetns,
gem trgleirs chtie sgfrl﬇fi g sbgdd hcrtuei le priflcus
stceis tc fcetrcd tni siijir“s gppitlti gem lestlefts.
]ncu`n `ib siijirs grie“t vlcdiet ay egturi, cei bir-
fnget le @ib tgu`nt nls tc fdgbp lts ogws cetc tni ﬇e-
`irs ch tncsi wnc wcudm swlemdi nlb. @ib siijirs gri
6-mct Hgbldlgrs
Hgbldlgrs..
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

@ncsthlsnir
Cut le tni `rgy wldms ch tni Yemirwcrdm, trgvidirs bgy Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x9/∑1x7;/∑=x7
∑;/∑7x9/∑1x7;/∑=x79/Lefgp.
9/Lefgp.
iefcuetir g siible`dy aiel`e `ncst riquistle` glm, sufn Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 77
77 mlfi (bgy gttibpt
gt tibpt
gs g fnldm fngleim tc g stcei cr ge cdm bge trgppim ai- Vtrie`tn 0 higts): Mls`ulsi? > mlfi: Qigm Letietlces?
eigtn
g duri gbgletgleim
hgddie dc`. ]nls `ncst
ay tni ls biridy
mrigmim g slbudgfrub,
`ncst﬇snir. Fcbi 9 mlfi: Viesis? 9 mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 8 mlfi (duri
cedy)
tcc fdcsi gem tni bcestir“s trui hcrb ” ge iecrbcus Gppigrgefi 1 hcr duri, = (Nlmicus) hcr tni `ncst﬇sn-
wcrb, bgsslvi gs g rimwccm, lts strlgtim fiisn `digble` ir: Qiscdvi =, @uldi =
﬇sn-aiddy wnlti ” aursts hrcb tni agrrie Yemirwcrdm
scld tc hiim. ]ni `ncst duri, ecw snrlvidim gs g pruei,
FCBAG]
mge`dis gacvi g `l`getlf bgey-hge`im bgw.
Gttgfj (Agsn)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 7>)
@ncst﬇snir aurrcws hcrb vgst tnrii-mlbieslcegd dga- Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? > mlfi (71 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
 yrletns. @ncsts cffgslcegddy usi tnisi tueeid eitwcrjs
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 0 mlfi
” wnlfn letirsift wltn ctnir fcrrlmcrs gem fngbairs
ch mlvirsi crl`les ” gs sncrtfuts tc ctnir Yemirwcrdm Ivgslce 1, [grry 7
rigdbs. Vufn ocureiys gri pirldcus, gs tni trgvidir rlsjs Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 78/=
iefcuetirle` `ncst﬇snirs cr ivie wcrsi frigturis mcwe BIQL]V
 aidcw..
 aidcw Di`iemgry Vlzi? G `ncst﬇snir suhhirs ec cesdgu`nt
piegdtlis hrcb gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir cppceiets, uediss
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? = mlfi tniy“ri bg`lfgddy lefilftim. Pltnirle` gttgfjs hrcb
[irscegd Bctis? 0; sbgddir ieiblis fgeect Frgsn lt uediss tniy ngvi gt

@NCV]HLVNIQ
digst 7; pcst-scgj mgbg`i mlfi, gdtncu`n gttgfjirs
stldd `gle tni hudd gbcuet ch Leltlgtlvi mgbg`i migdt.
Miflslvi gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect migd
bcri tnge (6 + gttgfjir“s Vtrie`tn) divids ch mgbg`i
tc lt, ect fcuetle` divids gmmim ay Fngrbs cr ctnir
bg`lf.
]ueeidle`?  ]ni `ncst﬇snir aurrcws tnrcu`n igrtn
gem stcei. Lt fge istgadlsn stigdtn le fcbagt ay rcddle`
lts Fcbagt Bcvibiet pccd tc ml` mcwe letc tni
igrtn, gem mcis ect eiim tc bgji eiw rcdds tc ribgle
fcefigdim wnldi bcvle` uemir`rcuem.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Vpiftrgd Duri (7b: Vlbpdi: Lemi﬇elti: Issiefi 7)?
Dlji ge ge`dir﬇sn, tni `ncst﬇snir ixtiems ge gddurle`
cr`ge hrcb lts secut tc gttrgft priy wnldi tni rist ch
lts acmy ribgles fcefigdim. ]ni duri, tgjle` tni hcrb
ch gey `ncst tni bcestir ngs ivir fcesubim, ls cedy
sibl-letiddl`iet: lt aifcbis fcehusim lh fcevirsgtlce
mlvir`is hrcb g slbpdi sfrlpt. Lh g fngrgftir tcufnis
tni spiftrgd duri, tni `ncst﬇snir bgy pgy g Plddpcwir
tc ibir`i hrcb tni `rcuem gem gbausn nlb wltn g
`rgppdi `gbalt. ]ni `ncst﬇snir bgjis g mls`ulsi rcdd
wnie lt frigtis
Fngrgftirs wnctni slbudgfrub
cvirfcbi tc cei
lt wltn mitirblei
t wclts
cr twc qugdlty.
tnrisncdm
suffissis ectlfi tni duri ls strge`i wltncut spcttle` tni
suabir`im bcestir: tnrii cr bcri tnrisncdm suffiss-
is bgji tni `ncst﬇snir“s suatirrgeige prisiefi gp-
pgriet.
Vwgddcw Pncdi  (79b: Qifiixlvi: Miflslvi-ce-
dy: Lestget: Issiefi 1)? Ghtir migdle` 6+ divids ch
mgbg`i tc g `rgppdim ieiby wltn g miflslvi sgv-
g`le` gttgfj, tni `ncst﬇snir bgy swgddcw tnib gdlvi.
Pltnle tni aigst“s `uddit, tniy fcetiem wltn lts ml`is-
tlvi gflms, ge ievlrcebietgd ngzgrm wltn mgbg`i
6D/rcuem gem mlh﬇fudty 9. G swgddcwim ieiby bgy
gttibpt tc fut nls wgy hrii wltn g mlh﬇fudty 9 `gbalt,
aut fgeect ctnirwlsi gttgfj lt hrcb leslmi wltncut g
ridivget stuet. Ivie tnie, tniy fcetiem wltn Mihiesi
1 gem lts hudd scgj gem Ngrmeiss. ]ni `ncst﬇snir fge
cedy swgddcw gectnir nubge-slzim fngrgftir lh lts
privlcus bigds gri Lefgpgfltgtim cr migm.
Wugjle` Vdgb  (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Pltnir-
le`-cedy: Lestget: Issiefi 7)? ]ni `ncst﬇snir sdgbs
lts bgsslvi audj mcwewgrm wltn sufn hcrfi tngt tni
igrtn tribadis. Lt bgjis ge ueadcfjgadi wltnir-
le` agsn gttgfj g`glest igfn igrtnacuem fngrgftir
wltnle bimlub rge`i, rcddle` cefi gem gppdyle` igfn
fngrgftir“s Ivgslce sipgrgtidy. Igfn fngrgftir lt nlts
hgdds prcei gem dcsis Leltlgtlvi iqugd tc (6 + ixtrg suf-
fissis), aut tni `ncst﬇snir cedy `gles tnls Leltlgtlvi
hrcb cei tgr`it, pdus cei Leltlgtlvi pir gmmltlcegd nlt
tgr`it. ]nls ls usgadi cefi pir sfiei, uediss risit ay
`cle` tnrii tures gacvi `rcuem wltncut iltnir tgjle`
g bcvibiet gftlce cr suhhirle` miflslvi  mgbg`i.
Ieiblis wnc dcsi bcri Leltlgtlvi tnge tnilr (Vtgbleg +
Qislstgefi) tubadi cei rge`i agem tcwgrm tni `ncst-
﬇snir, gs tni igrtn frgfjs aieigtn tnilr hiit.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
@ncst﬇snirs dgy tnilr trgps gem wglt ” chtie hcr mgys gt
gtnilr
tlbiusugd
” hcrpriy,
scbicei tc tgjiigt
aut tniy“dd tnigeytnle`.
aglt. Hiddcw `ncsts
]niy gri
gri gdsc
fdivir? Le sngmcwdgems gem ctnir nguetim grigs, `ncst-
﬇snirs sit tnilr duris eigr pdgfis wniri ctnir `ncsts
ri`udgrdy gppigr gem blblf tnilr hcrbs, trlfjle` bcrtgds
wnc fcbi tc glm gefistcr splrlts cr digre hrcb spiftrgd
tutcrs.
@ncst﬇snirs prihir tc nuet gdcei, tncu`n gmvieturirs
wnc mgri tc trgvid vlg `ncst﬇snir aurrcws digre tngt
tni `lget wcrbs gft le fcefirt tc mihiem tnilr tirrltcry.
]niy“dd adcfj c﬋ pgssg`is wltn tnilr audjs, cr fcddgpsi
tueeids ce letrumirs“ nigms wltn higts ch strie`tn.
 G `ncst﬇snir gttibpts tc fiii wnie lt ngs tgjie mgbg`i
le gey ch lts dgst il`nt ∑= nigdtn divids.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

@lget Fcestrlftcr
Di`iemgry tirrcrs ch tni Igstire oue`dis gem Pistire Gftlces?  Fdlba? 8 mlfi: Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 0 mlfi
 ac`s, `lget fcestrlftcrs gri gey vgrlity ch fcestrlftle` (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Qislst Mlsigsi/
segjis, sufn gs tni gegfcemg cr acg, tngt fge `rcw tc [clsce? 0 mlfi: Viesis? 9 mlfi (sii ]nirbgd Viesi):
Vtigdtn? 9 mlfi
bcestrcus
cr slxty hiitslzis le Frigtlce, rigfnle` ixtribis chbgs-
﬇hty
le lscdgtim ifcsystibs. ]niy usi tnilr Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 1
slvi fclds tc frusn tni arigtn cut ch priy sufn gs miir, FCBAG]
fgpyagrgs, gem uehcrtuegti nubges, wnldi swgddcwle`
Gttgfj (Alti)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 79)
sbgddir gelbgds dlji ﬇sn cr alrms wncdi. Vcbi bgji
tnilr ncbis gbce` tni triitcps, adiemle` le wltn hcdlg`i Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 7; mlfi (7= tc fcetrcd)
 aihcri hgddle` cetc ge uesuspiftle` vlftlb. Ctnirs nuet Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 8 mlfi
le rlvirs, swlbble` uemir tni surhgfi ch wgtir aihcri Ivgslce 6, [grry 7
due`le` cut tc fdglb g ngpdiss gelbgd tngt stcppim hcr Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? >/;
g mrlej.
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV

Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? = mlfi Frusnle` Fclds? G `lget fcestrlftcr tgjis ec Mihiesi
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x6/∑=x6/Lefgp. piegdtlis hrcb `rgppdle`, gem fge mrg` ge ieiby ce
tni sgbi ture lt bgjis g sgvg`le` gttgfj
gt tgfj g`glest tnib.

@LGE] FCEV]QLF]CQ
Yefcldle` Virpiet Qusn? Iviry ture tni fcestrlftcr
mcis ect tgji g bcvibiet gftlce, lt stcfjs g sle`di
suffiss, tc g bgxlbub ch tnrii. Igfn stcfjim suf-
fissis gmms +7 Ivgslce. Lt gmms gdd stcfjim suffissis
tc g rusn rcdd, gem tc gey `rgppdi `gbalt lt leltlgtis ce
tni sgbi ture le g fiurry, risittle` stcfjim suffissis
tc zirc. Pltn tnrii stcfjim suffissis, lt bgy gdsc ri-
fiixlvidy bcvi cei rge`i agem fdcsir tc tni ieiby
wltncut fcuetle` gs lts bcvibiet gftlce hcr tni ture.
Gey ctnir bcvibiet gftlces wgsti gdd stcfjim suf-
fissis.
BIQL]V
Fgbcufig`i?  Mcuadi <s ce Vtigdtn rcdds wnldi
nlmmie gblm triitcps cr miesi hcdlg`i. Gqugtlf vgrl-
gets `gle fgbcufig`i wnldi swlbble` cr sdltnirle`
tnrcu`n bum.
]nirbgd Viesi?  @lget fcestrlftcrs siesi tnilr
priy“s acmy nigt, mcuadle` <s ce gey rcdd tc ectlfi g
wgrb-adccmim fngrgftir gem l`ecrle` piegdtlis hcr
vlsugd castgfdis sufn gs mgrjeiss cr blst.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
@lget fcestrlftcrs mipiem ce tni idibiet ch surprlsi
wnie tniy nuet. ]ncu`n tniy“ri fgpgadi ch bcvle`
swlhtdy tc fgtfn tnilr priy, tniy prihir tc wglt, nlmmie,
uetld g tgsty gem uesuspiftle` bcrsid ngppies ay. ]ni
segjis gri gdsc ecfturegd frigturis, mcle` tni bgocr-
lty ch tnilr nuetle` gt el`nt. Di`lce scdmlirs ce dgti-
el`nt wgtfnis le tni Igst jiip ge iyi cut hcr fcestrlf-
tcrs, dist tnilr sdiiple` fcbrgmis-le-grbs iem up wltn
 acei-frusnle` adgejits.
adgejits.
@lget fcestrlftcrs fiii wnie tniy tgji mgbg`i tc tnilr
dgst ∑6 nigdtn divid, uediss tniy gri le tni blmmdi ch
frusnle` tnilr priy tc migtn: tnie tniy fiii ghtir tni
`rgppdi iems lestigm.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

@lget @rcsaigj
]ni `lget `rcsaigj rgridy sle`s le fgptlvlty. Myegstlf ]ni `rcsaigj“s sce` fge swgy ivie tni ngrmist nigrt. Buslflges
fcddiftcrs dguefn ixpimltlces mimlfgtim tc dlstiele` hcr try tc fgpturi lts issiefi le tnilr fcbpcsltlces, aut ec lbltgtlce
lts aigutlhud fgdd le lts egturgd ngaltgt. ]ni alrms“ pdub- fcbis fdcsi. @rcsaigjs hcrb acems wltn tncsi tniy trust wnc

g`i vgrlis, hrcb adgfj gem wnlti wltn strljle` spdgsnis gddcw tnib tc fiy hrii, bgjle` tnib `ccm hgbldlgrs.
ch rim ce tni arigst gem wle`s, tc arl`nt aduis, scht rcs-
is, gem sueey yiddcws. ]ncsi wnc jiip tnib le bieg`- Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle Agttdi? 6 mlfi
irlis mc sc hcr tnilr aiguty bcri tnge tni ncpi ch tnilr [irscegd Bctis? 1;
sce`, tncu`n tniy spiem hcrtueis ce tnilr gvlgrlis, oust Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp.
le fgsi.
Letlbgflis?  Mi﬇ele`? —Dlhi ls buslf gem ngrbcey.‒:
@lget `rcsaigjs stgem gacut tnrii hiit tgdd. ]nilr slzi Bgocr? —Hcr iviry bidcmy, tniri gri fcuetdiss pcssl-
priviets tnib hrcb fiyle` dce` mlstgefis, aut tniy fge
adi ngrbcelis.‒: Blecr? ]n
]nii Cpie Vjy (Dce`le`)
tgji tc tni glr hcr sncrt pirlcms. ]ni bystirlcus alrms gri Gftlces? Hdy? = mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? 0 mlfi: Viesis?
egtlvi tc tni Adissim Lsdi gem ctnir tibpirgti dcfgdis. = (sii Jiie Nigrle`) mlfi: Vle`? 71 mlfi
]rgvidirs eigr Ge-]ie` gem @cdmiesigd rifcrm sl`ntle`s Gppigrgefi =, Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 1
le tnilr ocuregds, gem cei birfnget le Olail fdglbs tc FCBAG]
pcssiss g bgtim pglr, tncu`n ecei ngvi ivir siie tnib.
Gttgfj ([ifj)? 6 mlfi (Mgbg`i >)
Pnitnir tni ngtfndle`s ni sidds gri trudy hrcb g fgptlvi
pglr cr stcdie hrcb g wldm `rcsaigj“s eist ls g bgttir ch Fcbagt  9 mlfi
miagti gbce` nls rlvgds. Ivgslce 7,Bcvibiet?
[grry 7
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? =/;

@LGE] @QCVAIGJ
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Pgrele` Vce` (Dgtiet)?  ]ni `rcsaigj“s bgstir
digres tni bigele` ch lts mlhhiriet
mlh hiriet tceis, gem tigfnis lt
eiw sce`s tngt fceviy slbpdi bissg`is. —Mge`ir‒ ls
g fcbbce cei. Vcbi trgleirs tigfn tni alrms mlhhiriet
mlh hiriet
sce`s tc gsscflgti wltn spifl﬇f picpdi, dittle` tnib
jecw wnie scbicei ls gpprcgfnle`.
BIQL]V
Jiie Nigrle`?  Mcuadi <s ce gdd nigrle`-agsim
[irfiptlce rcdds.
VCFLGD FNGQBV
Gefliet Duddgay (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei,
[irldcus: Issiefi 1)? ]ni `rcsaigj“s sce` risib-
adis g duddgay hrcb tni tgr`it“s fnldmnccm, tlrle` nlb
cr ” lh ni“s gdrigmy gsdiip ” mrlvle` nlb miipir
letc sdubair. Bgji ge lesplri rcdd wltn lts Vle` pccd.
Lh suffisshud, lts tgr`it“s Mihiesis suhhir g fubudg-
tlvi ∑7 hcr igfn rcuem tni alrm sle`s. G tgr`it tngt“s
gdrigmy gsdiip ribgles sc hcr tni murgtlce: suh﬇fliet
stlbudus, sufn gs g sdgp tc tni hgfi cr g eclsi dcum
iecu`n tc mrcwe cut tni sce`, prcbpts g ([irfip-
tlce + Qislstgefi) rcdd cppcsim ay tni `rcsaigj“s Vle`
pccd. ]gjle` miflslvi mgbg`i gutcbgtlfgddy wgjis
g fngrgftir.
Grlg ch tni Vtigmhgst Hrliem (>b: Vlbpdi: Cei
sfiei: Issiefi 1)? ]ni `rcsaigj“s sce` `dgmmies g
dlstieir“s nigrt le tlbis ch scrrcw, sittdis nir higrs,
cr nidps nir pdget nir hiit gem ai argvi le tni pris-
iefi ch cefcble` ieiblis.
ieiblis . ]ni
]ni tgr`it `gles +7 tc nir
Qiscdvi hcr tni murgtlce, gs dce` gs sni fge stldd nigr
tni sce`.
Nigrtstrle`s Qiscegefi (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Cei sfiei: Issiefi 6)? ]ni `rcsaigj sle`s g agttdi
nybe tngt ur`is scbicei ce, g agddgm tngt riblems
nlb ch nls ﬇rst dcvi, cr nls ieiby“s getnib tngt stlrs nlb
tc rg`i. Ghtir gt digst il`nt tctgd ncurs dlstiele` tc g
pgrtlfudgr sce`, lt fge gftlvgti tnls Fngrb tc fnccsi g
tgr`it gem sle` tni bidcmy gt wldd, cr g trgleir“s sl`egd.
Geycei wnc fge nigr tni sce` `gles +1 suffissis
ce ge lestldd cr lesplri gftlce g`glest tni tgr`it wnie
divirg`le` cei ch nir ]lis tngt tniy jecw gem ivcjle`
tni sce`“s ibctlce. ]ni `rcsaigj jecws g bgxlbub
ch tnrii sufn sce`s gt g tlbi. Lh lt digres g eiw cei, tni
cdmist cei hgmis hrcb bibcry.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
@lget `rcsaigjs gri ribgrjgady letiddl`iet, fgpgadi ch
nubge ibpgtny. ]ncu`n tniy mce“t uemirstgem nubge
spiifn, tniy `dige ibctlces hrcb vclfis gem acmy dge-
`ug`i, rcddle` Qigm Letietlces chtie tc mlsfire g spigj-
ir“s ]lis. Lt bgy sle` sce`s tngt sncri up tncsi hiidle`s,
cr gttibpt tc fnge`i tnib. @rcsaigjs ngvi sgvim
sgvim hrliem-
snlps ctnirs miibim lrripgrgady arcjie, slbpdy siijle`
tc scctni
blty tnilrrlvgds
aitwiie bgstirs“ nurts, bgstir“s
gt g fgeey cr fgusim hudd-adcwe ie-
crmir.
 G `rcsaigj fge cedy ngvi cei sce` Fngrb gftlvi gt g
tlbi. Lt“s g pigfihud gelbgd ay egturi gem eivir leltlgtis
fcbagt. ]nrigtieim, lt filis tc sghity: fcreirim, lt ﬇`nts
cedy tc isfgpi. G `lget `rcsaigj ls g 6-mct Hgbldlgr
Hgbldlgr..

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
@rgvincuem 
]ni eifrcpcdis ch Vloge gem eigray sngmcwdgems spgwe
spgwe
`rgvincuems? dgejy, ibgflgtim fgeleis wltn sncrt, gsn
`rgy hur, bcttdim wltn acei-wnlti spcts. Vgm-iyim gem
bidgefncdy,, tniy wgemir dceidy rcgms gem musty frypts,
bidgefncdy
siijle` splrlts wncsi ue﬇elsnim ausleiss tniy bl`nt
dgy tc rist. @rlb gs lt siibs tc bgey, Vlogeisi bcrtlflges
dit tnisi migtndy ” tncu`n dlvle` ” ncuems hiim upce
fcrpsifiisn, tngt tniy bgy tgji ce tni vclfi gem blem
ch tni migm hcr g tlbi gem siij ristltutlce hcr aurlim
wrce`s. Higrdiss le tni hgfi ch iirli `ncsts gem wgdj-
le` fgmgvirs, `rgvincuems bgji fnclfi fcbpgelces hcr
tni Gayssgd gem Dlblegd Ixgdtim, gem geycei idsi wnc
trufjs chtie wltn migtn.
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? = mlfi
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp.
Gftlces? ]nrigtie? 9 mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? 8 mlfi:
Viesis? > mlfi (sii Jiie Ecsi): Vtigdtn? = mlfi:
]rgfjle`?
]rgfjle`? < mlfi (sii Jiie Ecsi)
Gppigrgefi 1, Qiscdvi 6 (9 vs. higr),
@uldi 1
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? < mlfi (Mgbg`i <)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 8 mlfi (9 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > mlfi
Ivgslce =, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? =/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Fcesubi tni Hgddie? Ay igtle` g sl`el﬇fget pcrtlce
ch bigt hrcb g fcrpsi, g `rgvincuem `gles tni vclfi,
bibcrlis, gem pirscegdlty ch tni mifigsim. Lt spigjs
gey dge`ug`i tni migm pirsce jeiw, gem `gles gm-
mltlcegd mlfi pccds agsim ce tni Galdltlis sni ngm le
dlhi, lefdumle` scflgd pccds sufn gs Agr`gle, [irsugmi,
gem ]nrigtie.
]nrigtie. Lt stldd fge“t mc geytnle` lt fcudme“t pnysl-
fgddy mc aihcri, sc gdtncu`n lt fcesubis tni fcrpsi ch
g riecweim sfudptcr, lt fgeect ncdm g fnlsid.
]ni `rgvincuem tgjis ce tni mifigsim“s Letlbgflis,
gs widd. ]nls mrlvis lt tc fcbpditi tgsjs ce nir aingdh?
siemle`
 

@QGXINCYEM

wcrm tc hgbldy, `ittle` rivie`i ce g jlddir, itf. ]ni Jiie Ecsi? Mcuadi <s ce gdd sfiet-agsim [irfip-
`rgvincuem ritgles tnisi bibcrlis hcr mgys iqugd tlce rcdds.
tc tni mipgrtim“s pirbgeiet Plddpcwir rgtle`, gem Dcygd @ugrmlge (Dgtiet)? L`ecri tni usugd fiurry
fge cedy bgletgle cei sufn pirscegdlty gt g tlbi. Gs piegdtlis ce g mihiem ctnir gftlce fiurrlim wltn gey
g bg`lfgd galdlty, g bgstir bgy fcbblt il`nt bctis ctnir gftlce.
tc gddcw tni `rgvincuem tc ritgle tni migm pirsce“s
Pgry Pgtfnmc` Xl`ldgefi (Dgtiet)? Gmm cei gu-
bibcrlis lemi﬇eltidy lestigm. @rgvincuems gri
tcbgtlf suffiss tc rcdds tc ectlfi nlmmie fngrgftirs.
lbbuei tc gey mlsigsis g acmy fgrrlim cr lehiftlces
lt wcudm ctnirwlsi suhhir hrcb igtle` mifgyim fiisn. Ypce suffiss,
tc wgji tnihrcb
lts bgstir `rgvincuem agrjs dcumdy iecu`n
sdiip, lh eiimim.
Vegrdle` @ugrmlge Gttgfj (Dgtiet)? Pnieivir ge
ieiby gttgfjs tni `rgvincuem“s bgstir wnldi lt prc- Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
tifts nir wltn g mihiem ctnir gftlce, lt bgy rispcem
wltn g miflslvi fcuetirgttgfj, wnlfn lt bgy usi hcr g @rgvincuems ce tnilr cwe aingvi bufn dlji crmlegry
mlsgrb cr mlstrgft `gbalt. mc`s ( Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim, p. 981) uetld tniy igt g fcrpsi. ]niy wge-

BIQL]V
mir fibitirlis gem frypts, gs widd gs nguetim dcfgdis
wniri spiftirs siij ge iem tc tcrbiet, gem fcesubi
Fcesubi tni Hgddie? Ay igtle` g sl`el﬇fget pcrtlce migm acmlis ay lestleft. Cei sufn ncuem fcudm gpprcgfn
ch bigt hrcb g fcrpsi, g `rgvincuem `gles tni vclfi, tni fngrgftirs wltn g ﬇egd riquist, jlfjstgrtle` g quist
bibcrlis, gem pirscegdlty ch tni mifigsim. Lt spigjs
tc nidp tni hgddie cr g nuet hcr dcst trigsuri.
gey dge`ug`i tni migm pirsce jeiw, gem `gles gm-
mltlcegd mlfi pccds agsim ce tni Galdltlis sni ngm le @rgvincuems bgji ixfiddiet `ulmis hcr trgvid tnrcu`n
dlhi, lefdumle` tncsi hcr scflgd lefiuiefi. Lt stldd fge“t mc
sngmcwdgems. Fngrgftirs
Fngrgftirs bgy iefcuetir cei le g trgvid-
geytnle` lt fcudme“t pnyslfgddy mc aihcri, sc gdtncu`n
le` bcrtgd“s sirvlfi, cr gs ge Gayssgd cr Dlblegd Ixgdt“s
ltfgeect
fcesubis
ncdm gtni fcrpsi ch g riecweim sfudptcr, lt
fnlsid. dcygd fcbpgelce. G `rgvincuem ls g 6-mct Hgbldlgr.
Vcbi trgleirs usi tnib gs higrdiss wgr ncuems le tni
]ni `rgvincuem tgjis ce tni mifigsim“s Letlbgflis, Yemirwcrdm cr nguetim pdgfis. @rgvincuems fiii wltn
gs widd. ]nls mrlvis lt tc fcbpditi tgsjs ce nir aingdh? mgbg`i le tnilr ﬇rst ∑1 nigdtn divid uediss prctiftle`
siemle` wcrm tc hgbldy, `ittle` rivie`i ce g jlddir,
tnilr bgstirs cr gftle` ce fcbbgem, aut tnilr uefgeey
itf. ]ni `rgvincuem ritgles tnisi bibcrlis hcr mgys
rislstgefi tc spccjle` tnrcws c﬋ cppceiets ixpiftle`
iqugd tc tni mipgrtim“s (Plddpcwir), gem fge cedy
tnib tc rigft gs gey mc` wcudm.
bgletgle cei sufn pirscegdlty gt g tlbi. G `rgvi-
ncuem“s bgstir bgy fcbblt il`nt bctis tc gddcw tni
Ctnirs mce“t rlsj tnilr `rgvincuems le agttdi, ﬇emle`
`rgvincuem tc ritgle tni migm pirsce“s bibcrlis
tnib bcri vgdugadi hcr tnilr galdlty tc mrim`i up sifrits
lemi﬇eltidy lestigm. @rgvincuems gri lbbuei tc gey
mlsigsis g acmy fgrrlim cr lehiftlces lt wcudm ctnir- tni migm tccj wltn tnib tc tnilr `rgvis, cr dcfgti nlm-
wlsi suhhir hrcb igtle` mifgyim fiisn. mie tcbas gem uebgrjim aurlgds ay hcddcwle` tni `ncsts
tniy digvi ainlem. Cffgslcegddy, g airigvim bgstir bl`nt
Migtnsiesi?  @rgvincuems siesi mibgtirlgdlzim
dit nir `rgvincuem fcesubi g dcst dcvim cei“s fcrpsi sc
`ncsts wltn gdd ﬇vi siesis, lefdumle` tcufn, gem fge
sni fge jiip g hgfslbldi ch nlb grcuem lemi﬇eltidy: aut
gttgfj tnib. ectnle` ch tni crl`legd pirsce ls rigddy tniri, ect ivie
Higrdiss Fcbpgelce? Pniri ctnir mc`s ture tgld nls `ncst, gem le Vloge tnls ls fceslmirim tni nil`nt ch
gem fiii cr wnlei gem agdj wnie crmirim tc ietir g `gufni aingvlcr.
sngmcwdgem cr agttdi tni uemigm, `rgvincuems jecw
ec sufn tirrcr. ]niy gri lbbuei tc gey higr ihhift g
migtndy scurfi lefilfts.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
@ridlmgjg
tni ]ncusgem Nue`ry Ple`s
Iviry ficfj ch alrms sl`ntim le tni hgr Pist arle`s g bc-
biet ch mrigm? —Ls tnls tni mgy L mli3‒ Ysugddy
Ysugddy,, lt“s cedy g
ficfj ch stgrdle`s. Aut cei tlbi le g tncusgem, tni ficfj
cedy `its dcumir, dgr`ir, gem ge`rlir gs lt gpprcgfnis.
Pnie lt misfiems tc gttgfj, lt“s gdrigmy tcc dgti tc rue.
]ni `ridlmgjg ls ge ivir-`rcwle` bgss ch Pydm-frgzim
butget alrms, igfn cei oit-adgfj, tngt ixlsts cedy tc strlp
tni fiisn hrcb geytnle` tngt dlvis. Lt fge wlpi ietlri vld-
dg`is c﬋ tni bgp le bcbiets. ]ni `ridlmgjg ls g trui
nlvi aile`? Lemlvlmugds ribcvim hrcb lt slfjie gem mli
le mgys, ec bgttir ncw tniy“ri
tniy “ri fgrim hcr. ]niy tigr tnib-
sidvis gpgrt tc riprcmufi, cei alrm alrtnle` twc cr bcri
ctnirs. Vcbitlbis tniy mc tnls ch tnilr cwe gffcrm:
ctnir tlbis, lt ngppies gs scbicei hrgetlfgddy mihiems
nlbsidh, ect jecwle` tngt hcr iviry alrm sdgle, twc bcri
squlrb cut ch tni fcrpsi tc tgji lts pdgfi.
 G `ridlmgjg ls g agttdi `rcup ay mihgudt. ]ni trglts aidcw
aidcw
gdrigmy lefdumi fgdfudgtlces hcr agttdi `rcup trglts wniri
gpprcprlgti: hcr lestgefi, vgduis `lvie hcr Ivgslce gem
[grry gdrigmy lefdumi tni `rcup“s Mrldd gem Bl`nt aceus-
is. Fcbpceiets ch g `ridlmgjg eivir gft gdcei.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? > mlfi
Bg`eltumi? 9 + Vlzi
Gftlces? Higts ch Mistruftlce? (9 + Vlzi) mlfi (bgy
gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts, cr 9 gt Vlzi 9): Hdl`nt?
Hdl`nt ? > mlfi:
Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce? 8 mlfi: Viesis? 8 mlfi
Qiscdvi =, @uldi 7

@QIDLMGJG, ]NI ]NCYVGEM NYE@Q\ PLE@V
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Fdgw)? (0 + Vlzi) mlfi
ml fi (Mgbg`i
(Mgb g`i 77 + Vlzi)
Gttgfj ([ifj)? (0 + Vlzi) mlfi (Mgbg`i 0 + Vlzi):
]g`s? [lirfle`
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? (0 + Vlzi) mlfi
Ivgslce 8, [grry =
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? (1 + Vlzi)/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Adct Cut tni Vue? ]irrgle wltnle sncrt rge`i ch g
`ridlmgjg ls fceslmirim mlh﬇fudt, gem fngrgftirs wltnle
lt suhhir ge Ivgslce piegdty iqugd tc tni `ridlmgjg“s
(Vlzi/1), rcuemim up. Gt Vlzi 9, tni grig ch ihhift le-
frigsis tc bimlub rge`i. Fngrgftirs wnc ctnirwlsi
l`ecri mlh﬇fudt tirrgle stldd suhhir tni Ivgslce piegdty.
Hrcb Cei, Bgey? G `ridlmgjg fcbis letc aile`
gs g Vlzi 7 agttdi `rcup wltn idlti Mrldd gem Bl`nt 7.
Pnie
Pn ie lts Bg`eltumi trgfj ﬇dds wltn mgbg`i, lt `gles g
divid ch Vlzi lestigm ch dcsle` lt. Hcr iviry Bg`eltumi
acx bgrjim wltn mgbg`i, gmm +7 tc tni `ridlmgjg“s
mlfi pccds: tnisi aceusis vgelsn wnieivir Bg`el-
tumi rihrisnis. Lh tni `rcup `rcws tc Vlzi 9, tni eixt
tlbi lts Bg`eltumi trgfj ﬇dds wltn mgbg`i, lt spdlts letc
twc Vlzi 6 `ridlmgjg. Cefi tni twc ficfjs ﬇elsn chh
tnilr furriet priy, tniy `c tnilr sipgrgti wgys.
BIQL]V
Di`lce Vwgrb ]gftlfs? ]ni `ridlmgjg gmms Vlzi
tc lts pccds hcr higts ch mistruftlce gem fcbagt bcvi-
biet le gmmltlce tc tni usugd trglts.
Blemdiss? @ridlmgjg trigt gdd scflgd lefiuiefi gs ue-
gffiptgadi gem ngvi pirhift bcrgdi.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
 G `ridlmgjg ls ect ispiflgddy sbgrt. Lt fgris cedy gacut
jlddle`, gttgfjle` tni bcst cavlcus tgr`it rgtnir tnge
swgrble` wigjir priy. Lt fgeect cpie mccrs, tncu`n lt
sbgsnis tnrcu`n castgfdis wnie lt fge: cedy sturmy fcv-
ir gem sldiefi jiip g `ridlmgjg cut. Cefi lt sfcurs tni
grig fdige, lt bcvis ce. Lt“s ect vlemlftlvi gem mcise“t
nuet mcwe strg``dirs lh lt mcise“t lbbimlgtidy pirfilvi
tnib. Lt mcise“t rifc`elzi lemlvlmugds gs sipgrgti hrcb
`rcups, sc lh cei plifi ch tni wncdi vgelsnis murle` tni
﬇`nt, lt mcise“t rigdlzi tngt —plifi‒ stldd ixlsts le gey
bigele`hud wgy ghtirwgrm.
]ni spifl﬇f biges ch mistrcyle` g `ridlmgjg gri suaoift
tc Vtcrytiddir mlsfritlce gem pdgyir le`ieulty. Gs g rudi
ch tnuba, gddcw g scdutlce tc rimufi Vlzi ay cei lh lt fge
mistrcy alrms wncdisgdi gem ie bgssi rgtnir tnge biridy
leourle` cr jlddle` tnib plifibigd, aut `lvi tni ficfj tni
usugd mihiesi tni tnrigt gddcws tc gvclm lt. Cptlces le-
fdumi dgr`i ixpdcslces gem ctnir bgsslvi gppdlfgtlces ch
﬇ri: girlgd ievlrcebietgd ngzgrms, sufn gs pclsce blsts:
gttgfjs gem spidds tngt g﬋ift g dgr`i grig, sufn gs Migtn
ch Caslmlge Auttirfilis ( Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim, p. =01) cr tni Mrg`ce-
Adccmim Fngrb Grrcw Qgle ]ibpist: frigtlvi `gbalts
wltn nl`n mlstfudtlis tngt usi tni ievlrcebiet: gem tni
dlji. Fngrgftirs fge gdsc ﬇em ece-vlcdiet scdutlces, sufn
gs puttle` tni ficfj tc sdiip, durle` lt gwgy hrcb vudeirg-
 adi bcrtgds, cr sigdle` lt gwgy
gwgy..
 G `ridlmgjg mcise“t fiii fcbagt uediss g rgjsng wgrdcrm
cr Ixgdtim bgstir fcbbgems lt tc.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Ngdcim Nusj
Vcbitlbis, wnie lt rgles le g Pydm-tcufnim grig le tni
Ecrtnire ]nrisncdm wnldi tni sue snleis, fngcs tglets
tni fdcums, turele` g ecrbgd sue sncwir letc g Pydm cei.
]ni gdtirim rgle aures wniri lt dgems, ect wltn figbi aut
wltn sigrle` nigt. ]ni stcrb sfcrfnis frcps gem siviri-
dy aures geycei fgu`nt le tni midu`i. Ivie ghtir tni sjlis
fdigr,, g sifcemgry tnrigt durjs lle
fdigr e pummdis ch pccdim dl`nt.
Pnie g pirsce cr gelbgd mrlejs ch tni dlqulm suedl`nt,
tnilr fcri fgtfnis gadgzi. Dl`nt fcrusfgtis hrcb iviry
crl﬇fi gs tnilr acmy slzzdis gem stigbs. ]ni hgdsi sue-
dl`nt aclds gwgy tnilr blems gem pirscegdltlis, uetld gdd
tngt ribgles ls tni ngdcim nusj ” g aile` ch puri rgml-
gefi gem rgw lestleft wrgppim le lts stldd-dlvle` fiisn.
Vcbi picpdi elfjegbi tnisi frigturis —sue mc`s,‒ gs
tnilr bcst fcbbce hcrbs le nubge sittdibiets gri
tncsi ch aidcvim pits tureim bcestrcus.
 G ngdcim nusj eiims tc hiim ce dl`nt tc survlvi. Misplti
tnilr gelbgd fueele`, nusjs fge“t jlemdi figbis cr
dl`nt dgbps, lestigm stigdle` lddublegtlce hrcb tnilr
surrcuemle`s. Gbaliet suedl`nt ecurlsnis tnib murle`
tni mgy, aut ghtir suesit, tniy gpprcgfn nubge sittdi-
biets cr fgbpsltis gem gttgfj tni lengaltgets tc stigd
dl`nt hrcb dgetires gem nigrtn ﬇ris: le fcdm Ecrtnire
fdlbis, dcsle` cei“s fgbp﬇ri tc g mispirgti nusj fge
prcvi migmdy. Ixgdtim gelbg ageeirs prcvlmi pgrtlfudgr-
dy pctiet sustiegefi.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle Agttdi? 8
Nigdtn Divids?  ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=x7/Ixtle-
`ulsnim
Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 8 mlfi (fge gttibpt
Vtrie`tn 9 higts): Viesi Dl`nt? 7; mlfi: Viesis? 8 mlfi
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i <)
Gttgfj (Fdgw/[ubbid)? 0 mlfi (Mgbg
(Mgbg`i
`i 77)
Fcbagt Bcvibie
Bcvibiet? t? 9 mlfi
Ivgslce 1, [grry 7
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 6/6
 

NGDCIM ]YVJ

Dgbaiet Vgdvi
# ch Gmmim ∑;
Nig
Nigdt
dtn
n Div
Divids Lddu
Lddubl
bleg
egtl
tlce
ce Div
Divi
id
+; ]ctgd mgrjeiss: ec bcce
+7 Fgemdi: wgele` bcce
+1 ]crfn: hudd bcce: `dcwle` gelbg ageeir*
+6 Fgbp﬇ri: aurele` gelbg ageeir*
+= Bgsslvi ac
ace﬇ri: mg
mgwe/musj: cv
cvirfgst/sngmim mg
mgydl`nt: ac
ace﬇ri ge
gelbg ag
ageeir*
+9 Qg`le` lehirec: hudd suedl`nt
.
* Vcdgr Ixgdtim gelbg ageeirs fcuet gs cei lddublegtlce divid nl`nir
Lh tni dl`nt scurfi ls hcfusim hrcb g sle`di pclet rgtnir tnge gbaliet, dcwir lts ihhiftlvi lddublegtlce ay cei stip pir
rge`i agem tni nusj ls hrcb tni scurfi.

V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV Gmm cei ∑; nigdtn divid pir divid ch dl`nt furrietdy
Dl`nt?  Cefi pir ture, rifiixlvidy spiem
Adlemle` Dl`nt?  snlele` ce tni nusj agsim ce tni fngrt aidcw, wnlfn
cei Plddpcwir tc `gle +6 Ivgslce hcr cei ture, gs tni arigjs lddublegtlce mcwe letc mlsfriti divids hcr pur-
dl`nt wltnle aifcbis adlemle`. Geycei wnc fge pir- pcsis ch ngdcim nusj systibs. Pltncut g scurfi ch
rigd dl`nt, g nusj tgjis cei divid ch ditngd mgbg`i pir
filvi tni 6,
mlh﬇fudty ngdcim nusjqulfjdy
tc rigft bust rcdd (Plts tc
iecu`n + Gwgrieiss),
dccj gwgy: ncur, l`ecrle` Ngrmeiss. Pydm-`ieirgtim dl`nt, le-
hglduri digvis tnib adlemim (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, p. 7>>) hcr tni fdumle` g nusj“s cwe leeir `dcw, prcvlmis ec aiei﬇ts.
eixt rcuem.
Dubleisfiet Higst? Hcr cei Plddpcwir, tni nusj Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
rcdds 7; mlfi gt mlh﬇fudty 7 tc stigd hrcb g sle`di dl`nt
scurfi wltnle sncrt rge`i gs g blsfiddgeicus gftlce, Ngdcim nusjs gri frigturis ch lestleft. ]niy frigti Pydm
mifrigsle` tngt scurfi“s lddublegtlce divid ay cei (sii sue sncwirs cut ch puri rividry: eiw nusjs acre tnls
fngrt) gem nigdle` cei agsnle` cr ditngd nigdtn divid. wgy gri oust slmi i﬋ifts. Pnie sgtim, tniy“ri vlcdiet gem
Ixgdtim gelbg ageeirs pldhirim tnls wgy mifrigsi ay lbpudslvi, wnldi wgele` dl`nt cr mgrjeiss bgjis tnib
cei letieslty divid: ncwivir, lh tni dl`nt scurfi ngs
fueele` le tnilr mispirgtlce. ]niy fge cpirgti mccrs
ge Issiefi rgtle`, tni Dubleisfiet Higst rcdd“s mlh﬇-
gem ivie usi rumlbietgry tccds lh tniy ngvi cppcsgadi
fudty aifcbis (scurfi“s Issiefi). Lh tni nusj spiems
tnubas, aut gri lefgpgadi ch spiifn aiycem `utturgd
fcesifutlvi rcuems suffisshuddy stigdle` dl`nt hrcb tni
frlis. Pnldi tniy“ri ect primlspcsim tc pgfj tgftlfs, g
sgbi scurfi, lt mcise“t eiim tc spiem bcri tnge cei
dcei dl`nt scurfi fge mrgw sivirgd tc tni sgbi pclet, gem
Plddpcwir. g pifjle` crmir qulfjdy mividcps.
Fgdd tni Hgdsi Qgles? Hcr cei Plddpcwir, g ngdcim
nusj lemufis g Pydm sue sncwir gs g blsfiddgeicus  Gelbgds wltn
wl tn tni ]ley Frigturi Birlt gri tcc sbgdd tc
gftlce, gs dce` gs hudd suedl`nt cr iqulvgdiet lddubl-  aifcbi ngdcim nusjs: tni dlqulm suedl`nt
suedl`nt jldds tnib cut-
egtlce snleis upce lt. ]nls frigtis ge ievlrcebietgd
rl`nt. Fcevirsidy,
Fcevirsidy, frigturis ch Di`iemgry V Vlzi
lzi su﬋ir su-
ngzgrm wltn mgbg`i 7A/1 rcuems, mlh﬇fudty 9. ]ni
pir﬇flgd aures lh tniy mrlej tni hgdsi suedl`nt, aut gri tcc
dlqulm suedl`nt diht ainlem ls g pclsce wnie le`istim,
dgr`i tc ai trgeshcrbim.
migdle` =l/rcuem (D le Frgsn) wltn murgtlce 9 rcuems
gem g ∑6 piegdty: fngrgftirs wnc wcudm mli tc tnls
Lh g ngdcim nusj su﬋irs mgbg`i tc lts ∑= nigdtn divid
pclsce trgeshcrb letc ngdcim nusjs lestigm. Nusjs gri
mui tc dgfj ch dl`nt, lt
l t furds le ce ltsidh dl
dlji
ji g agejim fcgd
lbbuei tc tnisi ihhifts.
gem dlis mcrbget rgtnir tnge aile` Ixtle`ulsnim. Lt usis
BIQL]V
Dubleisfiet Higst rifiixlvidy gem suafcesflcusdy wnldi
Vgdvi? Qigd dl`nt, sufn gs Frigtlce“s sue-
Dgbaiet Vgdvi? Qigd mcrbget wnieivir sustfliet dl`nt snleis ce lt, gem ri-
dl`nt, ﬇ridl`nt, Ixgdtim gelbg ageeirs, cr dl`nt fgst ay gwgjies wnie lt nigds lts ﬇rst ∑7 nigdtn divid.
grtlhgfts, `rgets g ngdcim nusj vl`cr gem iemurgefi.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Nguet
Birfngets frcss Ngrmie Hcrm cedy wnie tni sue ls nl`n,
gem fgbp hgr hrcb tni slti. Nuemrims ngvi mlim niri
cvir tni fieturlis le wgrs gem rglms ” scdmlirs, trgmirs,
nirmirs, pld`rlbs. Igfn el`nt, tnilr `ncsts rlsi tc ri-ie-
gft tni agttdis gem tni sdgu`ntir.
Vgmdy, gdd tcc bgey ch tncsi sdgle gt Ngrmie Hcrm mi﬇eim
tnibsidvis tnrcu`n adccmsnim. ]ni pgssg`i ch tni dlv-
le` mrgws tnilr iyis gem tnilr lri. ]gjle` ce suastgefi,
tnisi nguets ig`irdy ture tnilr spiftrgd adgmis ce pgss-
irs-ay, mgrjiele` tni hcrm“s wgtirs wltn adccm.
Nguets ” gdsc fgddim —ifncis‒ cr —mrceis‒ ” gri gs sngm-
cws ivie gbce` `ncsts. Dcst le migtn, tniy fge mc ectnle`
 aut ripigt tnilr dgst bcbiets cvir gem cvir cvir.. Cedy tncsi
tnle`s tngt wiri lbpcrtget tc tnib le dlhi stlr g spgrj ch
gwgrieiss. Fcehrcetim ay tni hgfi ch g dcvir
d cvir cr tni ageeir
ch g ngtim hci, g nguet tures lts gttietlce hrcb tni rifur-
rle` tgadigu ch lts migtn tc gft le tni dlvle` wcrdm.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 7: Ocle Agttdi? = mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 8;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp.
Letlbgflis? Mi﬇ele`? —L“b gdlvi, ec bgttir wngt ycu
sgy.‒ Bgocr? —L bust ﬇elsn wngt L“vi stgrtim.‒
Gftlces? Viesis? = mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 8 mlfi
Gppigrgefi 7, Qiscdvi 9, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Vncrt swcrm)?  8 mlfi (Mgbg`i 71,
blelbub 1)
Gttgfj (Vnlidm agsn)? 9 mlfi (Mgbg`i 71)
Fcbagt Bcvibie
Bcvibiet? t? = mlfi
Ivgslce 1, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? >/; (@ncstdy nguairj)
BIQL]V
Cei-]rgfj Blem? G nguet trigts gdd lefiuiefi ueri-
dgtim tc lts myle` bcbiets cr pirpitugd dgacr gs uegf-
fiptgadi. Gmm +7 Qiscdvi wnie g fngrgftir“s lefiuiefi
ls ridgtim aut wcudm jiip lt hrcb pdgyle` cut lts vl`eitti.
G fngrgftir tryle` tc fcevlefi tni nguet lt“s migm bust
usi lestldd gftlces tc ircmi lts Mi﬇ele` Letlbgflis fcb-
pditidy. Lh suffisshud, tni `ncst pgssis letc Ditni.

NGYE]
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Gppgrltlce  (7b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei: Issiefi 7)?
]ni nguet aifcbis vlsladi, aut ect fcrpcrigd.
Bgtirlgd Letruslce  (79b: Qifiixlvi: Cei rcuem:
Issiefi 7)? ]ni nguet bgtirlgdlzis hcr cei rcuem. Lt
bgy cedy usi tnls Fngrb wnldi tgjle` ge gftlce eif-
issgry tc gft cut lts pcst-bcrtib —sfrlpt,‒ sufn gs
ngfjle` gt ge letrumir.
Yemielgadi Nlstcry (1;b: Vlbpdi: Cei rcuem:
Issiefi 7)? ]ni nguet“s uesngjigadi aidlih swiips lts
tgr`it letc lts miduslce. ]ni tgr`it fngrgftir siis tni
grig gs lt wgs gt tni tlbi ch tni nguet“s migtn.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Ivie ﬇`ntle` tni dlvle`, g nguet gttibpts tc ri-iegft tni
bcbiet ch lts migtn. Lt wigvis lts furriet hcis letc lts
pgst“s egrrgtlvi, fgddle` tnib ay cdm cppceiets“ egbis
gem hcrfle` tnib tc ritrgfi hcrbir ieiblis“ stips. Gt
Lefgpgfltgtim, tni nguet hgmis gwgy uetld tni eixt ivi-
ele`, wnie lt ai`les lts tclds geiw.
Nguets bgy ngvi gmmltlcegd mlfi pccds gem/cr ml﬋iriet
gttgfjs, ridgtle` tc tnilr gftlces wnie tniy mlim. ]ni
 aist gri slx mlfi: ctnirs gri hcur cr ﬇vi. @lvie fcbagt
trglts gssubi g nguet tngt mlim le agttdi cr ay vlcdiefi.
]ncsi wnc mlme“t usugddy fge“t mivlgti hrcb tnilr bcralm
rcutleis tc ﬇`nt, tncu`n tniy bl`nt agr`gle cr tnrigt-
ie lh hgfim wltn scbitnle` lbpcrtget hrcb tnilr dlvis.
Vtcrytiddirs sncudm gdsc gmm gectnir Mi﬇ele` Letlbgfy
 agsim ce tni nguet“s dlhi.
dlhi.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Nigrthdgbi
Pnie ﬇rst fceourim, g nigrtfigbi ls ect ge lbprisslvi ” ect le figbis aut le ncdy wgr.
dccjle` idibietgd. Dlttdi bcri tnge ge gbaudgtcry figbi,
ec arl`ntir tnge g `uttirle` fgemdi, lt wgets hcr snidtir Issiefi? 7 (sii Lesplrgtlce): Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle
g`glest ivie tni sdl`ntist ariizi ” bgey prihir tc tgji Agttdi? 9
up rislmiefi le g dgbp cr dgetire. G nigrtfigbi mcise“t [irscegd Bctis? 8;
`rcw wnie him tlemir, gem fge agridy stgrt g ﬇ri. Lestigm, Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Ixtle`ulsnim
tni nubge nigrt ls lts cedy huid. Pnie lts dl`nt hgdds ce g
Letlbgflis?  Mi﬇ele`?  —Lefigbi tni pgsslces ch
sgpliet aile`, tni i﬋ift ls sc prchcuem lt fge jldd.
ctnirs.‒: —Agsj le tni arlddlgefi ch tni nubge nigrt.‒
]ni nigrtfigbi stcjis tni pgsslces ch gdd wnc dccj upce Gftlces? Lestldd? 7; mlfi: Lesplri? > mlfi: Qigm Letie-
lt wltn ﬇iry Issiefi, mrlvle` tnib tc ivir bcri ixtribi tlces? > mlfi: Viesis? 0 mlfi
gftlces le sirvlfi ch tnilr lmigds. Aut tni bcrtgd nigrt Gppigrgefi =, Qiscdvi =, @uldi 1
fge cedy sustgle sc bufn pgsslce: lh ect gddcwim tc fccd, FCBAG]
lt mitcegtis le g ﬇iry mlspdgy, digvle` g sbcjle` ncdi le
Hdgri? 7; mlfi
tni vlftlb“s fnist. ]nie, tni nigrtfigbi aures g dlttdi
strce`ir, g dlttdi arl`ntir. Him ce iecu`n nigrts, lt `rcws Fcbagt Bcvibie
Bcvibiet? t? 8 mlfi
hrcb ibair tc nigrtn﬇ri
nigrtn﬇ri,, tc ace﬇ri, gem ivietugddy tc g Ivgslce =, [grry ;
tcwirle` fcefig`rgtlce tngt fge fcesubi ge ietlri flty Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 8/;

NIGQ]HDGBI
Birlts
 Gsnis ch Hiidle`?
Hiidle`? ]ni nigrtfigbi dcsis cei Plddpcwir
hcr igfn mgy lt mcise“t `gle gey. Lh lt rues cut, dcwir lts
Issiefi trglt ay cei gem ristcri 6 Plddpcwir. Lh tnls
wcudm tgji lt tc Issiefi
I ssiefi ;, tni nigrtfigbi mlis.
Aurele` Nigrts? Lh gey ibctlce-agsim i﬋ift g nigrt-
figbi frigtis rimufis g ece-fcbagtget cr trlvlgd fngr-
gftir tc Lefgpgfltgtim, tni suaoift“s nigrt ixpdcmis hrcb
tni sniir prissuri ch ﬇iry Issiefi rcldle` wltnle, jlddle`
nlb lestgetdy: igfn ece-trlvlgd fngrgftir wltnle fdcsi
rge`i ch tni ixpdcslce tgjis (nigrtfigbi“
( nigrtfigbi“ss Issiefi) mlfi
ch g``rgvgtim mgbg`i, l`ecrle` Ngrmeiss. ]ni nigrt-
figbi `gles tnrii Plddpcwir pclets tngt fge ixfiim lts
usugd bgxlbub. ]ni ixpdcslce fge l`elti sifcemgry
﬇ris, gt Vtcrytiddir mlsfritlce.
Hlri“s Egturi? Geytnle`
Egturi?  Geytnle` figbbgadi tngt strljis g nigrt-
figbi wltn Issiefi 6 cr nl`nir fgtfnis ce ﬇ri, lefdumle`
picpdi.
Lesplrgtlce? Firtgle gftlces, iviets, cr sltugtlces `rget
Plddpcwir pclets tngt fge ixfiim g nigrtfigbi“s usu-
gd bgxlbub, ectim wniri ridivget. Pnie lt ngs 7;
Plddpcwir pclets, lefrigsi lts Issiefi trglt ay cei mct:
lt dcsis gdd Plddpcwir pclets aiycem 6. Nigrtfigbis
`rcw dgr`ir gs tnilr Issiefi lefrigsis, hrcb g fgemdi
figbi gt Issiefi 7 tc g tcrfn figbi, tnie g sbgdd fgbp-
﬇ri, tnie g rcgrle` ace﬇ri, gem ﬇egddy tc g bgsslvi plddgr
ch dlvle` ﬇ri gt Issiefi 9. Gt Issiefi =, tni Nigrtfigbi
`gles tni Di`iemgry Vlzi Birlt (Ixgdtim, p. 906).906). Gt
Issiefi 9, lt fge `rcw ec dgr`ir, aut fge stldd spiem lts
ixtrg Plddpcwir. ]ni dgr`ir tni nigrtfigbi, tni hgrtnir lt
snims lts dl`nt: wltncut castruftlce, ge Issiefi 9 nigrt-
figbi fge igsldy ai siie hcr bldis.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Iejlemdle` @gzi (>b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget:
[syfni: Issiefi 7)? ]nls Fngrb iengefis ge lesplri
gftlce. Lh lt“s suffisshud, tni tgr`it“s pgsslces gri actn
﬇`urgtlvidy gem  dltirgddy
 dltirgddy lefigbim. Ni suhhirs cei ditngd
mgbg`i pir tnrisncdm suffiss, suaoift tc Ngrmeiss.
]nii nigrtfigbi bust
]n bus t ai wltnle tni tgr`it“
tgr`it“ss dlei ch sl`nt.
Gt Issiefi 9, lh g fngrgftir mlis hrcb tnls Fngrb“s
ihhifts, tni mitcegtlce ch nir nigrt spgwes g eiw
Issiefi 7 nigrtfigbi.
VCFLGD FNGQBV
Hgltn“s Cwe ]lemir  (1;b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei:
[syfni: Issiefi 6)? ]ni nigrtfigbi“s wgrb `dcw
arl`nties, fgstle` ge gurg ch dl`nt cvir ivirycei
wltnle sncrt rge`i ch lt tngt lbpcsis g piegdty ch ∑
(nigrtfigbi“s Issiefi) tc tnilr Qiscdvi rcdds tc mihiem
g`glest lts lestldd gem lesplri gftlces. ]ni ﬇rst tlbi le
g sfiei tngt geycei ghhiftim ay tnls gurg gfts ce
ge Letlbgfy tni nigrtfigbi frigtis cr iengefis, cr
gfts tc pursui g pgsslce lt lefigbis, tni nigrtfigbi
`gles tnrii Plddpcwir pclets tngt fge ixfiim lts usugd
bgxlbub.
Vprigm tni Hdgbis (0b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget:
Ifdlpsi: Issiefi 6)? Pltn cei lestldd gftlce, tni nigrt-
figbi tgr`its g Mi﬇ele` Letlbgfy le cei pirsce gem
lestldds ge lmietlfgd Blecr Letlbgfy le gectnir. ]ni
eiwdy lestlddim Letlbgfy fgeect ai ircmim hcr (nigrt-
figbi“s Issiefi gt tni tlbi ch Fngrb gftlvgtlce) mgys.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Vtcji tni Huregfi (9b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget:
Issiefi 7)? Pnie tni nigrtfigbi
nigrtfigbi suffisshuddy
suffisshud dy lestldds cr
strie`tnies ge Letlbgfy le scbicei idsi, lt `gles cei
Plddpcwir pclet tngt fge ixfiim lts usugd bgxlbub.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Nigrtfigbis gri splrlts ch pgsslce bcri tnge ch bue-
mgei figbi. ]niy mce“t spigj le wcrms aut tnrcu`n puri
ibctlce, arigtnle` fiiitle` hiidle`s letc ctnirs“ nigrts.
Fcefilvle` ch ivirytnle` le tirbs ch hirviet mislris,
tniy fgri ectnle` hcr dc`lf cr bcrgdlty, gem gft ce rgw
lestleft wltncut ixpdlflt lestruftlces. Yefcetrcddim, g
nigrtfigbi rues rgbpget, ect aifgusi lt ieocys aurele`
nigrts tc gsn, aut slbpdy aifgusi tngt“s lts egturi.
Iviry nigrtfigbi ls acre gt Issiefi 7, wltncut gffiss
tc bcri pcwirhud Fngrbs. ]ni prcfiss ch fudtlvgtle` g
nigrtfigbi ls leltlgddy sdcw, wltn Plddpcwir wce alt ay
 alt tnrcu`n oumlflcus usi ch Vtcji tni Huregfi gem tni
Aurele` Nigrts Birlt: usle` Iejlemdle` @gzi ls g `gb-
 adi, aut g`glest g wigjieim tgr`it fge pctietlgddy risudt
le g eit `gle ch Plddpcwir. Cefi g nigrtfigbi rigfnis
Issiefi 6, `glele` gffiss tc Hgltn“s Cwe ]lemir gem
Vprigm tni Hdgbis, lt `rcws bufn bcri rgplmdy.
Vtcrytiddirs letrcmufle` g nigrtfigbi tc g sfiei bgy
fnccsi tc sit lt gt gey Issiefi rgtle`. Gt Issiefi 6+, tni
i﬋ifts ce gey eigray fcbbueltlis sncudm ai ectlfi-
gadi, prcvlmle` digms hcr levistl`gtlce letc tni fgusi ch

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
 Oue`di Vtgdjir
Qutndiss alpimgd sgurlges, busfudgr gem dige, prcwd
Vcutnigstire oue`dis. Vfgdy nigms wltn segjidlji iyis
gem idce`gtim buzzdis spcrt tuhts ch higtnirs tngt trgld
mcwe tni dlzgrms“ spleis. ]niy stgem tgddir tnge bcst
nubges, wltn dce` wlry grbs gem fiixladi tglds. ]niy
 acgst g rumlbietgry scflgd strufturi, `gtnirle` le
pgfjs dlji wcdvis, gem fge bgji gem usi slbpdi tccds
gem wigpces, dlji stcei-tlppim spigrs. Bcri letiddl-
`iet tnge bcst aigsts, aut stldd frigturis ch primgtcry
lestleft gem blemdiss, tirrltcrlgd vlcdiefi, tni stgdjirs
fdglb wldm mcblelces le hgr-fiue` rglehcrists. ]nilr
fueele` bgjis tnib wldy ieiblis hcr letrumirs, wltn g
 agslf dge`ug`i ch nlssle` gem ngem sl`es tngt tniy usi tc
fccrmlegti gttgfjs cr alfjir cvir riscurfis. ]niy ivie
fcbbgem prlbgd bg`lfs tngt fcbi tc tnib le mrigbs.
]ncsi wnc stumy tni oue`di stgdjirs ecti strge`i mls-
fripgeflis le tnilr aingvlcr gem ivlmiefi le tni hcr-
`cttie rules le wnlfn tniy squgt, wnlfn su``ist tnisi
sgvg`is bl`nt cefi ngvi aiie bcri. Vcbi sfncdgrs
widd-virsim le gefliet nlstcry bgji tieucus fce-
eiftlces aitwiie tnisi ngdh-sgpliet frigturis gem g
dce`-dcst sgurlge picpdi tngt cefi ficurlsnim tnrcu`n-
cut Frigtlce: ctnirs gr`ui tngt sufn fceeiftlces gri
wlsnhud tnlejle` gt aist.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? =: Ocle Agttdi? 0 mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 6;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp.
Gftlces? Fdlba? 8 mlfi: Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 8 mlfi (bgy
gttibpt Vtrie`tn 6 higts): ]nrigtie? 0 mlfi: Viesis? 0
mlfi: Vtigdtn? > mlfi: ]rgfjle`? > mlfi
Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 1
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Fdgw)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 71)
Gttgfj (Vncrt Vpigr)? < mlfi
ml fi (Mgbg`i
(Mg bg`i 77)
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 9 mlfi (8 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? < mlfi (sii Mgrtle` Digp)
Ivgslce =, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 0/=

OYE@DI V]GDJIQ
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
[gfj Nuetle`? Gmm cei suffiss tc gttgfj rcdds hcr
igfn gddlim stgdjir wltnle fdcsi rge`i ch tni ieiby,
up tc tnrii suffissis.
suffissis . ]ni stgdjir bgy gdsc pgy g Pldd-
pcwir tc gmm tngt bgey mlfi tc tni rgw mgbg`i ch g
miflslvi gttgfj, riprisietle` lts pgfjbgtis“ cppcr-
tuelstlf figejle` gttgfjs.
BIQL]V
Mgrtle` Digp? Mcuadi <s ce rusnis.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Oue`di ]ncres (=b, 1l: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei: Issiefi
7)? Cei wigpce tni stgdjir wlidms `rcws sngrp
wccmie tncres, `glele` tni [lirfle` tg`.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Dlvle` Igrtn Qistcrgtlce (6b, 6l cr 8b, 8l:
Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi 7)? Cefi pir sfiei, nigd cei
agsnle` mgbg`i divid hcr tnrii bctis gem tnrii Leltlg-
tlvi, cr ditngd hcr slx bctis gem slx Leltlgtlvi. ]ni stgdjir
fge“t tgji g rifiixlvi bcvi gftlce ce tni ture lt usis
tnls Fngrb. Qisit tnls Fngrb wnie tni stgdjir tgjis
iecu`n mgbg`i tc lefrigsi lts wcuem piegdty tc ∑1
cr ∑= wnldi usle` tni mihiem ctnir gftlce tc prctift
ge gddy.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Hliry [rcwiss (9b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei: Issiefi
7)? ]ni stgdjir bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 9 higts.
Vnlbbirle` Blrg`i (6b: Qifiixlvi: Cei rcuem:
Issiefi 7)? ]ni stgdjir rimufis gdd piegdtlis tc Vtigdtn
rcdds le fcbagt ay cei gem `gles cei Leltlgtlvi gt tni
iem ch tni rcuem lh lt ribgles ueectlfim.
Arigtn ch Fdgrlty (=b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? ]ni stgdjir bgy gftlvgti tnls Fngrb wnieivir
geycei usis g Fngrb cr ctnir bg`lfgd galdlty le lts
prisiefi, rcddle` Viesis wltn g mlh﬇fudty ch tni tgr`it“s
Issiefi rgtle`. Lh suffisshud, lt jecws tniy usim bg`lf
aut ectnle` gacut lt, gem aifcbis bcri g``risslvi.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Oue`di stgdjir pgfjs gri wgry gem aiddl`iriet, wltn ai-
twiie hcur gem twidvi bibairs. ]niy wgre c﬋ letrum-
irs ce tnilr tirrltcry wltn tnrigtiele` scuems, agsnle`
spigr nghts g`glest snlidms gem nlssle`. Lh fngrgftirs mls-
pdgy g``risslce, dle`ir wltncut pirblsslce, cr usi bg`lf
tni stgdjirs ectlfi, tniy gttgfj. ]niy gddcw hcis tc fiii
gem gffipt surriemir, scbitlbis tgjle` fgptlvis lh tniy
eiim scbitnle` mcei tniy fge“t mc ce tnilr cwe. ]ni
Vtcrytiddir fge usi tnls tc pudd fngrgftirs letc ge G`i-
cdm bystiry,
bystiry, ixpdcrle` rules ﬇ddim wltn gefliet gem gdlie
wcemirs. Vtgdjirs eivir surriemir, aut bgy fiii fcbagt
wltn mgbg`i le gey ch tnilr ∑1 nigdtn divids.
Pnitnir g pgrtlfudgr pgfj cr lemlvlmugd prihirs stigdtn
gem ogvidles cr fdgws gem bidii spigrs ls up tc tni
Vtcrytiddir. ]ni dlstim Fngrbs gri ixgbpdis: ml﬋iriet
stgdjirs mlspdgy ml﬋iriet idibietgd gsteltlis, gem tniy
mce“t gdd pcssiss iviry Fngrb. Dljiwlsi, tniy bgy ngvi
ctnir Fngrbs gdce` slbldgr tnibis.
Oue`di stgdjirs gri tni ribegets ch g sgpliet gem pcwir-
hud picpdi, tni ay`cei Mrg`ce Jle`s. Cffgslcegddy, cei
sncws bcri letiddl`iefi tnge tni ctnirs gem digms siv-
irgd pgfjs gs cei dgr`ir fdge: lt bgy `gtnir tnib letc g
 agttdi `rcup wltn Vlzi 1, gvirg`i
gvirg`i Mrldd, gem Bl`nt 7.
[gfjs hriquietdy sfrgp gbce`st tnibsidvis cvir tirrltc-
ry, gem eivir gagemce wngt tniy“vi fdglbim, prcvlmle`
pctietlgd wgys hcr sgvvy fngrgftirs tc bgelpudgti tnib.
Lh tniy hcuem g wgy tc fcbbuelfgti, fngrgftirs fcudm
wle tni frigturis“ dcygdty gs tni Fcbbgem cr Qitgleirs
Birlt ( Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim, p. 790).
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Bgjgrlcs,
tni Vl`ld“s Mrigbir,
Mibce ch tni Vifcem Flrfdi
Bgjgrlcs gppigrs gs g ycutn wltn nglr ch fcppir wlri wgris wltncut g hglr migd ls uegffiptgadi (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,,
gem g rgleacw snlbbir upce nls iyis. Nls hcribcst mi- p. 11;), lefdumle` fcbbgems hrcb g scrfirir wnc“s
slri ls tc sprigm nls sl`ld gfrcss Frigtlce, alemle` bcrtgd acuem nlb.
mrigbs tc nlb. Vcrfirirs fgdd Bgjgrlcs tc gmvlsi tnib Mrigb-Alemle` Vl`ld? G fngrgftir wltn Cffudt 9,
le trgmi ei`ctlgtlces cr tc agr`gle hcr nls ctnirwcrdm- cr Cffudt 6 gem g spiflgdty le Mibces, bgy bgji
dy trigsuris. Fruidir subbceirs sit tni mibce tc tcr- g mlh﬇fudty 6 (Letiddl`iefi + Zdcwir ch Dle`ulstlfs cr
bietle` hcis le mrigbs. CffudtR) rcdd tc mrgw Bgjgrlcs“ sl`ld ce tni arcw ch
g wlddle` cr nidpdiss bcrtgd. Bgrjim bcrtgds fge“t
]ncsi wlsnle` tc agr`gle wltn Bgjgrlcs bust mc sc le ri`gle Plddpcwir hrcb sdiip, gem fge“t mrigb gt gdd
mrigbs, wniri ni rislmis le g fltgmid ch gppdi-`riie uediss Bgjgrlcs vlslts tnib. Iviry (7; ‖ Leti`rlty)
fnryscprgsi gem wnlti gdgagstir, ﬇ddim wltn siesugd mi- mgys g bgrjim fngrgftir wltn zirc Plddpcwir `cis
dl`nts. ]ni wcemirs Bgjgrlcs c﬋irs gri rgridy hcuem le wltncut rifcvirle` gey Plddpcwir, sni iltnir `gles
Frigtlce? `ibs ch frystgddlei scrrcw
scrrcw,, el`ntbgri-sfietim tni Blecr Bgmeiss Mirge`ibiet (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, p. 78>),
pirhubis, tni dge`ug`i ch tcgms. Nls fcst ls gdwgys hglr, cr lefrigsis tni Mirge`ibiet“s letieslty cei stip lh
tncu`n widd-ei`ctlgtim. sni gdrigmy ngs lt. Qibcvle` tni bgrj uealems nir
mrigbs, aut mcise“t ribcvi Mirge`ibiets. Vni fge
Issiefi? 9: Plddpcwir?
Issiefi? 9:  0: Ocle
Plddpcwir? 0: Agttdi? > mlfi
 Ocle Agttdi? > wgsn gwgy ge lejim cr pgletim sl`ld, aut g argemim
cr sfgrrim sl`ld bust ai ribcvim iltnir wltn bg`lf
Bctis? 7;;
[irscegd Bctis? 7 ;;
fgpgadi ch nigdle` frlppdle` leourlis cr ay futtle`
Divids? ∑;x7/∑7x6/∑1x9/∑=x6/Lefgp.
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x7/∑7x6/∑1x9/∑=x6/Lefgp. gwgy tni bgrjim fiisn, wnlfn lefilfts hcur mlfi ch
 Mi﬇ele`? —Ixpgem tni rgejs ch by sl`-
Letlbgflis? Mi﬇ele`?
Letlbgflis? ditngd mgbg`i tngt fge“t ai ei`gtim cr privietim.
ld-aigrirs.‒: —Arigjle` agr`gles ls uehcr`lvgadi.‒: CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Bgocr? —Arle` by `ccms tc arcgmir bgrjits.‒: Vl`-
ld-Aigrirs ([cssisslvieiss): Blecr? ]ni @uldm (Hcem- [rlsbgtlf Fdcum ]cufn (8b, 6l: Vuppdibietgd:
eiss) Lestget: Mugd, Ifdlpsi, [irldcus: Issiefi 6)? Prigtnle`
Prigtnle`
g ngem le g fcdcrhud ngzi ch mrigbs gem el`ntbgris,
 Gpprglsi @ccms? 71 mlfi: Agr`gle? 7= mlfi:
Gftlces? Gpprglsi
Gftlces?
Frghtle`? 71 mlfi: Mibce Flty Dcri? 0 mlfi: Ifcecb- Bgjgrlcs
frgsnis gesgps nls hci“s
ieiby, wldd. G wltnirle`
cr miflslvi gttgfj
gttgfj tngt nltstngt
ge
lfs? 7; mlfi: Levistl`gti? 0 mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? < ieiby, suppdibietim ay tnls Fngrb stigds cei Pldd-
mlfi: Viesis? > mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 7; mlfi: ]rgfj-
]rgfj- pcwir hrcb tni tgr`it: tnls fge lefrigsi Bgjgrlcs“
le`? 9 mlfi Plddpcwir aiycem lts bgxlbub, aut ixfiss uespiet
Gppigrgefi =, Qiscdvi 9, @uldi = pclets vgelsn gt tni iem ch tni sfiei.
FCBAG] ]grelsnim ]rlejit @dlet (0b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Mi-
(Yegrbim)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 7;)
Gttgfj (Yegrbim)? 7; flslvi-cedy, Ifdlpsi, [syfni: Issiefi 6)? Qcdd 71 mlfi
(Ifdlpsis usi ZBgelpudgtlce + AurigufrgfyR) g`glest
Bcvibiet? 8 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 8 tni Qiscdvi ch ge ieiby wltnle bimlub rge`i gs g
Ivgslce 6, [grry 6 mlh﬇fudty = `gbalt. Vuffiss bgjis tni vlftlb sii ge
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? >/=
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  >/= ldduscry trigsuri scbiwniri wltnle bimlub rge`i ch
BIQL]V
Bgjgrlcs, tgldcrim tc gppigd tc cei ch nir Bgocr cr
Mi﬇ele` Letlbgflis. Vni bust bcvi tcwgrm lt, gem
Fudt 1? Vl`ld-aigrirs prgy hcr ridlih tngt eivir fcbis. fge“t gttgfj gey tgr`it uetld sni rigfnis lt. ]ni Vcdgr
[rirc`gtlvi?  Gey scflgd le-
Mibce-Birfnget“s [rirc`gtlvi? 
fiuiefi tngt wcudm fcbpid Bgjgrlcs tc `lvi gwgy nls Fngrb Iyi ch fngrgftirs
ihhifts riemir tni Yefcequirim
lbbueiVue gemFngrb.
tc tnls fcbpgrgadi

BGJGQLCV, ]NI VL@LD'V MQIGBIQ
VCFLGD FNGQBV
@gtis ch tni Mrigble` Bgrjit (9b, 7wp
Z+7;b, 7wpR: Vlbpdi: Cei mrigb: Ifdlpsi: Issiefi
6)? Bgjgrlcs ietirs tni mrigbs ch g sdiiple` fngr-
gftir wncsi gpprcxlbgti dcfgtlce ni jecws, dittle`
nlb spigj tc gem ie`g`i le scflgd lefiuiefi wltn nir.
Caoifts nidm cr wcre ay actn pgrtlflpgets“ pnyslfgd
acmlis gffcbpgey tnib: gey ixfnge`im caoifts
gppigr
mcuadis gt
<stni
ce riflpliet“s
gdd gftlces lhpnyslfgd dcfgtlce.
tni mrigbir aigrsBgjgrlcs
nls sl`ld.
s l`ld.
(Ifdlpsis fge“t `gle tnls aiei﬇t.) Gt gey tlbi, Bgjgrl-
cs fge fcbblt g 7;-bcti, 7-Plddpcwir surfngr`i tc
fnge`i tni mrigb letc g el`ntbgri le wnlfn ni gem
tni mrigbir fge ngrb igfn ctnir, wltn mgbg`i gem
ctnir miditirlcus ihhifts fgrryle`
fgrr yle` cvir tc tnilr pnyslfgd
acmlis. Lt“s ect pcssladi tc mli tnls wgy ” Lefgpgfltgt-
im fngrgftirs dcsi gdd Plddpcwir lestigm.
Dctus-@ldmle` ]ce`ui (9b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget:
Issiefi 9)? Mcuadi >s ce g agr`gle rcdd. Mcuadi 0s
lestigm lh Bgjgrlcs chhirs scbitnle` ni frghtim hrcb
ctnirwcrdmdy bgtirlgds.
Pgjle` Mrigb Ghfilftlce (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Cei sfiei: Ifdlpsi, [syfni: Issiefi 6)? Qcdd 71 mlfi
(Ifdlpsis usi ZBgelpudgtlce + AurigufrgfyR) g`glest
tni Qiscdvi ch cei cr bcri fngrgftirs. Ghhiftim
fngrgftirs pirfilvi ge ldduslce ” iltnir ge gdtirgtlce
tc tni ievlrcebiet, cr ge ldduscry ietlty up tc tni slzi
ch g ncusi ” gs rigd, uediss pnyslfgd letirgftlce wltn lt
rivigds ctnirwlsi. Fngrgftirs fge spiem 7 Plddpcwir
tc rislst lh tnilr aidlih le tni ldduslce lbpirlds g Bgocr cr
Mi﬇ele` Letlbgfy.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Nigrthidt ]rigsuris Gpprglsgd (>b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Cei sfiei: Ifdlpsi: Issiefi =)? Bgjgrlcs pirhiftdy
l`ecris gttibpts tc blsriprisiet tni vgdui ch caoifts
chhirim hcr sgdi cr trgmi, lefdumle` [syfni ihhifts dlji
tni Vcdgr Fngrb Vcud-Vegrle` [ltfn (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, p. 1>8),
uediss tni siddir“s scdi bctlvgtlce ls upncdmle` g Mi﬇e-
le` Letlbgfy, ect prc﬇t. Bgjgrlcs fge hrii ctnirs hrcb
sufn lefiuiefi ay lehcrble` tnib ch tni trutn. Ni gutc-
bgtlfgddy mlsfires gey ]lis g siddir ngs tc nir wgris.
Nurry Ncbi (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? Ce nls eixt ture, Bgjgrlcs vgelsnis tc nls sub-
bceir“s slmi: uegvgldgadi wnldi ueacuem.
Bgtirlgdlzi (9;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? Bgjgrlcs gppigrs hrcb g swlrd ch prlsbgtlf blst.
Bigsuri tni Plem (9b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? Bgjgrlcsagr`glele`
cr scbicei mitirbleiswltn
tninlb.
egturi ch g sl`ld-aigrir

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Vl`ld-Viijle` (7;b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei: Issiefi
6)? Mcuadi 0s ce Viesis-agsim rcdds g`glest sl`-
ld-aigrirs.  
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Bgjgrlcs c﬋irs uelqui gem vgdugadi trigsuris. Ni gf-
fipts bgey hcrbs ch fcbpiesgtlce ” vgst subs ch fur-
riefy, grtlhgfts, hgvcrs, gem sc ce ” aut nls hgvcrlti migd
 ay hgr ls pgybiet le uewlddle` bcrtgds bgrjim wltn nls
sl`ld. Fcehrcetim wltn bcrgd caoiftlces tc tnls, ni ix-
prissis pcdlti aibusibiet.
Bgjgrlcs fge“t tnrigtie tni Ixgdtim le fcbagt. Lh ei`c-
tlgtlces hgld, ni mlscrliets ieiblis wltn Pgjle` Mrigb
G﬍lftlce gem stgdds tni strce`ist hci wltn ]gr]grelsnim
elsnim
]rlejit @dlet, tnie mibgtirlgdlzis gem fiiis. Nls trui
wigpces gri nls fceeiftlces le Frigtlce: tgji tnls cp-
pcrtuelty tc letrcmufi uelqui gem fcdcrhud getg`celsts
” fudtlsts, scrfirirs, Ixl`iets, tni @uldm, itf. Ni ngs
ec birfy hcr tncsi wnc riei`i ce migds wltn nlb, gem
ixgfts puelsnbiets rge`le` hrcb tcrbietim mrigbs tc
siemle` blelces cr tni lemiatim tc ngrgss tni pirpitrg-
tcr le tni wgjle` wcrdm.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Bgtg-\gmn
]ni Fce`irlis ch Caslmlge gem Gurcrg
Bgtg-\gmn ls g dgrvgd ainibctn, hrisndy acre hrcb tni FCBAG]

Pydm. Lts ncusi-slzim acmy ls g swlrdle` fce`irlis ch bg- Gttgfj (Caslmlge fdgws)? 78 mlfi (Mgbg`i 11,
ey-fcdcrim gurcrg
gurcrg wltn g rlm`i ch caslmlge gtcp lt, wniri blelbub 9)
g mgrle` rlmir fge stgem. Bgtg-\gmn ngs twidvi fdgwim Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? 71 mlfi (79 mlfi tc fcetrcd)
dlbas ch caslmlge, igfn cei stgemle` nl`n gs g nubge,
 aut ect pnyslfgddy fceeiftim tc tni ainibctn“s fietrgd
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 7; mlfi
 acmy ” cedy hglet wlsps ch gurcrg dlbe lts uppirbcst Ivgslce =, [grry 8
im`i. Bgtg-\gmn ls riprisietgtlvi ch tni dcw iem Pydm Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 19/7;
 ainibctns tni Hglr Hcdj b bl`nt
l`nt rlmi letc a
agttdi
gttdi cr siem tc V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
nigm tnilr grblis.
Cvirwnidble` Bl`nt? Bgtg-\gmn bgjis ue-
cppcsim `rgppdi fcetrcd rcdds g`glest ieiblis ch
Issiefi? 6: Plddpcwir?  0: Ocle Agttdi?
Agttdi? 7; mlfi
sbgddir slzi, uediss tniy usi bg`lf tngt gddcws tnib tc
[irscegd Bctis? 9; `rgppdi dgr`ir hcis, sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld ]ifnelqui
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x19/Lefgp (sii Caslmlge Acmy) (Ixgdtim ]nlrm Imltlce, p. 1>;).
Vpiim Aceus? +1 BIQL]V

Gftlces?   Higts
Vtrie`tn 7; ch Viesis?
higts): Vtrie`tn? 79 mlfi
> mlfi: (bgy<gttibpt
]nrigtie? mlfi Fcdm Lrce Agei? Pigpces bgmi ch lrce migd g`-
`rgvgtim mgbg`i tc Bgtg-\gmn.
Bgtg-\gmn.
Gppigrgefi 6, Qiscdvi =, @uldi 7

BG]G \GMN
Di`iemgry Vlzi? Bgtg-\gmn suhhirs ec cesdgu`nt
piegdtlis hrcb gttgfjs bgmi ay sbgddir ieiblis,
uediss tniy gri bg`lfgddy lefilftim. Pltnirle` gttgfjs
hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect Frgsn lt uediss tniy ngvi
gt digst 7; pcst-scgj mgbg`i mlfi, gdtncu`n gttgfj-
irs stldd `gle tni hudd gbcuet ch Leltlgtlvi mgbg`i migdt.
Miflslvi gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect migd
bcri tnge (6 + gttgfjir“s Vtrie`tn) divids ch mgbg`i
tc lt, ect fcuetle` gey divids gmmim ay Fngrbs cr
ctnir bg`lf.
Caslmlge Acmy?  Gs g aile` ch dlvle` `dgss, Bg-
tg-\gmn
tg-\ gmn dgfjs tni gegtcby hcr susfiptlaldlty
susfiptlal dlty tc buemgei
pclsce, mlsigsi, miprlvgtlce, cr fcevietlcegd wcuem
piegdtlis. Ncwivir, nircis bgy gttibpt tc frlppdi tni
aigst ay sngttirle` cei ch lts twidvi dlbas, g mlh﬇fudty 9
`gbalt. Igfn tlbi g dlba ls sngttirim, Bgtg-\gmn dcsis
6 pclets ch Leltlgtlvi hrcb tni summie sncfj ch gbpu-
tgtlce. Hcr iviry twc dlbas g hci mistrcys, Bgtg-\gmn
suhhirs g ∑7 wcuem piegdty, tc g bgxlbub ch ∑=. Lh gdd
ch lts dlbas gri mistrcyim, Bgtg-\gmn ls lbbcaldlzim,
uegadi tc gttgfj gem ihhiftlvidy prcei, uegadi tc rl`nt
ltsidh.
Vngmcwsiesi?  Bgtg-\gmn ngs ec iyis, aut siesis
sngmcws fgst ay lts gurcrg, pirfilvle` tni wcrdm
uelbpimim gem mcuadle` >s ce gdd [irfiptlce rcdds
ixfipt le tctgd mgrjeiss cr tctgd lddublegtlce le wnlfn
sngmcws fge“t ixlst.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
[rlsb-[yri Lbbcdgtlce  (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Lestget: Miflslvi-cedy)? Bgtg-\gmn bgjis g `rgppdi
`gbalt (Ixgdtim, p. 1;;) wltn ﬇vi aceus mlfi ce tni
rcdd. Lt suspiems g `rgppdim ieiby wltnle lts gurcrg
acmy, wnlfn ls ge ievlrcebietgd ngzgrm wltn Mlh﬇-
fudty 6, Mgbg`i =D/rcuem (Ixgdtim, p. 16;). Bg-
tg-\gmn l`ecris tni usugd piegdtlis hcr `rgppdle`, aut
fgeect sgvg`i, sdgb, cr tnrcw lts hci. Lt ngs Mihiesi ;
g`glest gttgfjs bgmi ay tni `rgppdim ieiby, aut tni
piegdty tni vlftlb suhhirs hcr aile` `rgppdim suatrgfts
suffissis , ect mlfi.
Qgjle` Caslmlge Vngrms  (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Lestget: Miflslvi-cedy)? Bgtg-\gmn“s fdgws wnlrd le g
rgzcr-sngrp caslmlge vcrtix, rcddle` g sle`di miflslvi 
gttgfj wltn ﬇vi aceus mlfi g`glest gdd fngrgftirs wltnle
sncrt rge`i. Lt rcdds (Leltlgtlvi / 1) tctgd mlfi ch mgbg`i
g`glest gdd fngrgftirs lt nlts, aut suatrgfts lts furriet
wcuem piegdty hrcb tnls mgbg`i rcdd. ]nls gttgfj“s rge`i
ls rimufim tc fdcsi gt wcuem piegdty ∑1 cr nl`nir.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Gurcrg Adiim  (9b, 9l: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: Mifl-
slvi-cedy,
slvi -cedy, [irldcus)? Pn
Pnie
ie Bgtg-\gmn
Bgtg-\gmn tgjis miflslvi  le` tni al``ist tnrigt gbce` tnib letc ltsidh gem plfjle`
mgbg`i hrcb g fdcsi rge`i gttgfj cr dcsis g dlba tc
tni sgbi, g prlsbgtlf figsn irupts hrcb tni wcuem.
]nls ls g cei-tlbi ievlrcebietgd ngzgrm wltn Mlh﬇fudty
(> ‑ furriet wcuem piegdty), Mgbg`i 9D g`glest gdd
fngrgftirs wltnle fdcsi rge`i. G mgbg`im fngrgftir
ls adlemim hcr tni rist ch tni sfiei (Ixgdtim, p. 78>).
Adlemle` Gurcrg  (9b, 1l: Qifiixlvi: Yetld lts eixt
ture: [irldcus)? Ieiblis wltnle bimlub rge`i tgji g
∑6 piegdty ce gttgfj rcdds gem ctnir vlslce-mipiemiet
gftlces tgr`itle` Bgtg-\gmn.
Hci-Vegtfnle` @rgsp
Fdgsn, Miflslvi-cedy)?
Miflslvi -cedy)?  (9b, gmn
Bgtg-\ 7wp:fge
Bgtg-\gmn Qifiixlvi:
fdgsn geLestget:
gttgfj
g`glest lt wltn g `rgppdi `gbalt, gem bgy iengefi lt
wltn [rlsb-[yri Lbbcdgtlce rifiixlvidy. Pleele` tni
fdgsn gmms tnrii suffissis ce actn tni Leltlgtlvi rcdd
gem tni (Vtrie`tn + Argwd) rcdd. ]nls mcis ect fcuet gs
Bgtg-\gmn“s
Bgtg-\ gmn“s fcbagt gftlce. Lt fge“t
f ge“t usi tnls Fngrb gt
wcuem piegdty ‑1 cr nl`nir.
@cm-Bcestir Qivlvgd  (7wp: Qifiixlvi: Lestget:
[irldcus)? Pnie Bgtg-\gmn Frgsnis ge ieiby, lt
bgy rcdd (furriet Leltlgtlvi ‑ furriet wcuem piegdty).
Lt fcsts cei suffiss hrcb tnls rcdd tc nigd cei divid ch
ece-g``rgvgtim mgbg`i, gem tnrii suffissis igfn
tc ristcri g dlba mlsgadim ay g `gbalt. ]nls Fngrb
risits lt tc agsi Leltlgtlvi gem ls usgadi cefi pir sfiei.
BCALDL]\ FNGQBV
Bgey-Di``im [ursult  (8b: Vuppdibietgd:
Lestget)? Bgtg-\gmn fge rusn ge ieiby wltn dcwir
Leltlgtlvi hrcb bimlub rge`i wltn ﬇vi aceus mlfi, le-
stgetdy fdcsle` tni mlstgefi ce g suffiss. Lt fgeect usi
tnls Fngrb gt wcuem piegdty ∑1 cr nl`nir.
VCFLGD FNGQBV
Dcygd Bcestrcslty  (9b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget)? Bg-
tg-\gmn
tg-\ gmn `gles += Qiscdvi g`glest gey scflgds cflgd lefiuiefi
bgmi ay g fngrgftir ctnir tnge lts rlmir. Lt `gles 7
Leltlgtlvi lh lt suffisshuddy gppdlis lts Qiscdvi.
Ctnirwcrdmdy Ncrrcr Blie  (9b: Qifiixlvi:
Lestget)? Bgtg-\gmn gmms ﬇vi aceus mlfi tc g tnrigt-
ie rcdd gem l`ecris gdd piegdtlis ce tngt rcdd. Qislstle`
fcsts ge gmmltlcegd pclet ch Plddpcwir, gem riqulris
levcjle` gt digst g Bgocr Letlbgfy ch fcurg`i le tni
Miflslce [clet.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Pgdd-Qiemle` Fdgws (9b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget)?
@gle mcuadi 0s ce tni rcdd hcr g higt ch mibcdltlce.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Bgtg-\gmn ls g bcestrcusdy pcwirhud `rgppdir gem usis
tngt tc lts gmvgetg`i wnie hgfle` g `rcup ch ieiblis, tgj-
c﬋ tni rist wltn Qgjle` Caslmlge Vngrms. Lt tnrlvis wnie
ieiblis surrcuem lt, agejle` ce lts iecrbcus slzi gem
mihieslvi Fngrbs tc jiip lt sghi. Gs bcri ch lts di`s arigj

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
gem lt aifcbis wigjir, lt usis diss rlsjy tgftlfs, prihirrle`
tc adlem gem sipgrgti hcis aihcri squgsnle` tnib. Pnie
Bgtg-\gmn“s wcuem piegdtlis rigfn ∑=, lt fiiis fcbagt tc
nigd uediss g rlmir hcrfis lt tc fcetleui wltn bg`lf.  
 Gs g bcuet, Bgtg-
Bgtg-\
\gmn hcddcws lts bgstir“s fcbbgems
gem eivir spccjs cr mlscaiys uetld lts wcuem piegdtlis
rigfn ∑=. G rlmir fge fccrmlegti nir gttgfjs wltn tni
Fce`irlis“ tc frigti g mivgstgtle` c﬋ieslvi, bgjle`
rge`im gttgfjs ce suspiemim cppceiets gem tgjle` gm-
vgetg`i ch tni nl`n `rcuem nir pirfn c﬋irs. Bgtg-Bgtg-\
\gmn
snleis wnie g fgtgpnrgft“s hci pdgys ngrm tc `it, bgxl-
blzle` lts bcaldlty gmvgetg`is gem frusnle` fcvir ue-
mirhcct tc fdigr tni wgy hcr lts rlmir“s gttgfjs.
 

EGBIDIVV PQI]FN

Egbidiss Pritfn
Vni mcise“t jecw ncw dce` sni“s aiie migm.

Vcbi pgssle` grby“s nccvis wcji nir, fnureim up tni

igrtn gem puddim nir hrcb migtn“s sdubair. @rgvi mlrt

fdle`s aieigtn wngt“s diht ch nir ﬇e`ireglds. Vni mcise“t
jecw nir egbi, ngs cedy g sfrgp ch rcttim sldj hcr g fdui,
lts pgttire hgmim. Vcbicei bust jecw nir, scbiwniri
scbiwniri..

Vni oust ngs tc ﬇em tnib.

Egbidiss writfnis gri wgdjle` fcrpsis tngt rlsi wnie

uebgrjim bgss `rgvis gri mlsturaim. ]niy ngvi hcr-
`cttie wnc tniy cefi wiri, gem tni eiim tc ribibair
mrlvis tnib tc ai``le`, tc vlcdiefi, cr wcrsi.

Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 6: Ocle Agttdi? 9 mlfi

[irscegd Bctis? 0;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x=/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp.
Letlbgflis?  Mi﬇ele`?  —L bust digre wnc L wgs.‒:
Bgocr?  —L bust ﬇em pigfi.‒: Blecr?  ]ni Hiidle` ch
Ncbi (Ecstgd`lg)
Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 0 mlfi (bgy gttibpt
Vtrie`tn 9 higts): Qigm Letietlces? 9 mlfi: Viesis? 8
mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 8 mlfi: Vtigdtn? = mlfi
Gppigrgefi 6 (Nlmicus), Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 7

FCBAG]

Gttgfj (Yegrbim)? 0 mlfi (Mgbg`i 71)

Gttgfj (Vwcrm)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 7=)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 6 mlfi
Ivgslce 1, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 1/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV

Ge`ulsn ch tni Hdisn? Pnie g writfn spiems g

Plddpcwir tc gmm g suffiss tc ge gttgfj g`glest ge
ieiby sni ls usle` vlcdiefi tc fcirfi letc nidple`
nir, gmm tngt ieiby“s furriet wcuem piegdty le aceus
mlfi tc tni rcdd gdsc.
VCFLGD FNGQBV

[lticus [dig (7;b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget: Issiefi

1)? ]ni writfn gppigds tc nir tgr`it“s cwe migtndy
higrs. Gmm cei gutcbgtlf suffiss tc g pirsugmi rcdd,
gem rircdd 8s uetld ecei gppigr.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Pnie gpprcgfnle` scbicei hcr glm le mlsfcvirle` tnilr

Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Aurlim le g egbidiss writfn“s blem ls g `uttirle` spgrj
ch bibcry? [risietim wltn nir trui egbi gem nlstcry,
sni rifc`elzis lt, gem jecws lt tc ai rigd. Fdivir fngr-
gftirs fge trlfj cr fcevlefi nir tc gffipt eiw ceis,
tncu`n, lh hcr lestgefi ﬇emle` nir crl`legd lmietlty ls
lbpcssladi, cr tirrladi gftlces le nir pgst wcudm priviet
nir hrcb ristle` pigfihuddy lh sni mlsfcvirim tnib.
lmietltlis gem tncsi ch tnilr dcvim ceis hrcb dlhi, egbi-
diss writfnis ridy ce tnilr pltlgadi stgtis? tnilr `rgvis
mlsturaim, tnilr acmlis rgvg`im ay rct, bibcrlis `cei.
Vncudm tnilr tgr`its prcvi ngrm-nigrtim cr uewlddle`
tc nidp, tniy ngvi agridy iecu`n `rgsp ch dge`ug`i gem
sjldd tc mibgem ” gt swcrm-pclet, lh eifissgry ” g prcp-
ir aurlgd uemir tnilr rl`nthud egbi, gdce`slmi tnilr jle.
Qiueltim wltn nir bibcrlis gem dglm tc rist prcpirdy,
tni writfn“s acmy fcddgpsis, lts splrlt mipgrtim tc Ditni.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Qctncppir
Igsldy vlsladi ivie tc tni digst gttietlvi trgvidirs le tni mlfi: Vwlb? 8 mlfi: Viesis? 9 mlfi: Vtigdtn? = mlfi:
Igst, rctncppirs gri iecrbcus idibietgd hrc`s, arl`ntdy ]rgfjle`? 9 mlfi
fcdcrim gem tni slzi ch g dgr`i mc`. ]niy ngvi ectnle` Gppigrgefi 1, Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 1
tc higr hrcb primgtlce, gs tniy“ri dljidy tc ai tni bcst
FCBAG]
pclscecus tnle` hcr bldis grcuem. Lbbuei tc gey tcx-
(]ce`ui)?  > mlfi (Mgbg`i ; gem pclsce
Gttgfj (]ce`ui)? 
le, tniy fcesubi ctnir pclsces gem fcefietrgti tnib le wnie miflslvi
miflslvi,, mgbg`i 1l/rcuem (D le frgsn), murg-
tnilr viry Issiefi, `rcwle` ivir bcri ecxlcus.
tlce twc rcuems, ‖1 piegdty)
Qctncppirs“ igsy`cle` egturi jiips tnib hrcb wgemir- Gttgfj (]ce`u
(]ce`ui `rgppdi)? 8 mlfi (9 tc fcetrcd)
i `rgppdi)? 8
le` hgr, gem tnilr pclsce sdcwdy siips letc tni grig wniri Bcvibiet? 0 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 0
tniy mwidd, trgeshcrble` lt letc g hitlm swgbp. Pnie Ivgslce 6, [grry 7
cei mcis bcvi ce, dlhi ixpdcmis le lts wgji. Le tnls wgy,
rctncppirs nidp tc sdcwdy riouviegti tni wldm, hiddle` cdm Birlts
gem tlrim hcrists tc bgji wgy hcr eiw `rcwtn.
Hgr-Vegtfnle` ]ce`ui? ]ce
]ce`ui
`ui gttgfjs fge rigfn cut tc
Issiefi?  1: Plddpcwir?
Issiefi? 1:  9: Ocle
Plddpcwir? 9:  Ocle Agttdi?  0
Agttdi? 0 sncrt rge`i gem ngvi tni fiixladi tg`.
Bctis? 0;
[irscegd Bctis? 0;
[clsce Lbbuelty? Qctncppirs
Lbbuelty? Qctncppirs gri fcbpditidy lbbuei
Divids? ∑;x7/∑7x7/∑1x1/∑=x7/Lefgp.
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x7/∑7x7/∑1x1/∑=x7/Lefgp. tc gdd pclsces gem viecbs, buemgei gem supiregturgd.
Letlbgflis?   Mi﬇ele`?  Migmdy ]cxles (Nue`ir):
Letlbgflis?
Bgocr? —]gji tni pgtn ch digst rislstgefi.‒ ]cxle ]rgfjir? Mcuadi <s ce gdd rcdds levcdvle` mitift-
Gftlces?   Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 0 mlfi (bgy pirhcrb
Gftlces? le` cr trgfjle` tni scurfis ch pclsces.
Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Oubp? > mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 0
 

QC]NC[[IQ

CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
]cxlf Fdcum (9b, 1l: Vlbpdi: Hlvi tures: Ifdlpsi:
Issiefi 1)? ]ni rctncppir ixumis g tnlfj, sprigm-
le` fdcum ch pclsce, wltn tni sgbi trglts gs lts usugd
pclsce aut wltn ge lengdgtlce viftcr. Ce tni ﬇rst ture, ltl t
ghhifts geycei wltnle sncrt rge`i: ce tni sifcem ture,
lt ixtiems tc bimlub rge`i. Ce tni slxtn ture, lt fce-
suastgefi cut, wnlfn rimufis lts murgtlce ay cei le-
tirvgd.
]ce`ui  (7;b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei:
Gmmir“s ]ce`ui 
Issiefi 1)? ]ni rctncppir bgy fcbalei tni ihhifts ch
up tc (Issiefi) uelqui pclsces lt ngs le`istim wltnle
tni dgst wiij, gem usi tni eiw suastgefi le gey ch lts
gttgfjs cr Fngrbs hcr tnls Fngrb“s murgtlce. ]nls eiw

miesis gs tni surhgfis

gey ixpcsim Fngrb iems, fcvirle`
wltn tni pclsce.tni `rcuem
]nisi gem
surhgfis gmblxturi usis tni murgtlce,
mgbg`i/letirvgd, nl`nist chgem
lts fcbpceiet pclsces“
piegdty vgduis. ]ni
ribgle g tcufn viftcr (dlbltim tc cpie wcuems cr le- Vtcrytiddir bgy gmoust tncsi vgduis tc ﬇t tni stcry cr
`istlce) hcr tni sfiei. bltl`gti tni pclsce“s pctiefy gs eiimim. Gmmltlce-
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
gddy, tni pclsce bgy lefilft uelqui ihhifts ce tncsi
ixpcsim tc lt, sufn gs g friiple` fcdm gs tni vlftlb“s
Vtle`le` Qlpcsti (1b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: Fcuetir- adccm sdcwdy hriizis, cr ngdduflegtlces hrcb g mibce
gttgfj, Miflslvi-Cedy: Issiefi 7)? Pnie strufj wltn splmir“s viecb.
gey gttgfj gt fdcsi cr sncrt rge`i, tni rctncppir
ixngdis g blgsbg ch pclsce tngt fdle`s tc lts gttgfjir, Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
wltn lts usugd pclsce trglts gem ge lengdgtlce viftcr.
Aihcri mgbg`i ls rcddim, tni rctncppir bgjis g mi- Qctncppirs gri bcstdy mge`ircus tngejs tc tnilr pclsce,
flslvi, ueadcfjgadi gttgfj wltn > mlfi: suffiss migds ispiflgddy lh tniy“ri widd-him. ]niy gri ect usugddy g`-
ec mgbg`i aut pclsces tni gttgfjir. `risslvi uediss tniy“ri dcw ce pclscecus sustiegefi gem
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV gftlvidy nuetle` hcr eiw tcxles, cr mlriftim
m lriftim ay g scrfirir
tc gttgfj: le actn fgsis, tniy durj aieigtn tni surhgfi ch
Yevildle`
Issiefi 7)?tni fgdds tc (6b,
DljiVfcrplce dlji: 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget:
tni rctncppir hriis bummy wgtir tc mls`ulsi tnilr arl`nt nlmis uetld tniy“ri
fdcsi iecu`n tc rigfn tnilr priy wltn tnilr tce`uis,
pclsces hrcb tnilr fgrrlirs. ]nls fcudm bgji tni pclsce
tncu`n tni stigmy migtn ch eigray vi`itgtlce ls g sl`e tc
le g mrlej sipgrgti cut letc g fdigrdy vlsladi dgyir, cr
bgji g pclsceim vlftlb dltirgddy swigt tni migmdy tni wgry. G rctncppir fiiis wnie lt tgjis mgbg`i tc lts
﬇rst ‖1 nigdtn divid.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Vjy ]ltge
Egtlvi tc Vcutnigstire oue`dis, tnisi bgsslvi frigturis gri Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 8: Ocle Agttdi? > mlfi
 actn tribiem
tribiemcus
cus dlzg
dlzgrm
rm gem tirrladi
tirrladi rgptcr
rgptcr.. Lbbi
Lbbiesi
esi,, arc
arcgm
gm Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x9/∑1x9/∑=x1/Lefgp.
wle`s stritfn tc bcri tnge 9; hiit gfrcss. ]nilr higtnirs, Vpiim Aceus? +=
grrgyim
wnie tnilrle gwle`s
vlcdiet sprgyBgey
uehurd. ch fcdcrs, hcrb higrscbi
ge ixpdcrir“s pgttires
dgst bcbiets Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 7; mlfi (bgy gttibpt
Vtrie`tn 9 higts): Hdy? 9 mlfi (< mlfi gt virtlfgd dce`
fcbi wnldi `dgefle` up tc sii tni aigst“s rgzcr-sngrp aigj
rge`i cr nl`nir): Letlblmgti? 71 mlfi: Viesis? < mlfi
gs lt strljis dlji g fcbit. Lh g vlftlb ls uedufjy, tni sjy tltge
(sii Jiie Ecsi): ]rgfjle`? > mlfi
tcys wltn lts priy, sngjle` gem file`le` nlb grcuem tc scht-
ie nlb up aihcri mivcurle` nlb. Qiscdvi 6, @uldi 7
FCBAG]
]ni sl`nt ch lts fristim nigm gem iecrbcus aigj rlsle` Gttgfj (Aigj)?  < mlfi (Mgbg`i 7>, blelbub 8:
gacvi tni triidlei, cr tni ﬇irfi wlems hrcb tni mcwe- [lirfle`)
 aigt ch lts `l`getlf wle`s, ls iecu`n tc ture squgms ch
Gttgfj (]gdces)? 7; mlfi (Mgbg`i 78)
ngrmieim scdmlirs agfj tc siij gectnir rcuti. ]ni sjy
tltge ngs segtfnle` tgdces pcwirhud iecu`n tc silzi ge Gttgfj (Ple`)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 7=)
gmudt gem fiy gwgy wltn nlb, gem ls fcvirim hrcb nigm Gttgfj (]gdce @rgppdi)? 77 mlfi (7; tc fcetrcd)
fcet rcd)
tc tci le `dlttirle`, lbpieitrgadi sfgdis. Cedy tni acdmist Fcbagt Bcvibiet?  71 mlfi (sii Bgstir ch tni
nircis fge tgbi g sjy tltge gs g bcuet ” hcr tniy bust Vjy)
survlvi agttdi wltn tni aigst ” aut tncsi wnc suffiim Ivgslce = (sii Bgstir ch tni Vjy), [grry 6
 aifcbi bgstirs ch tni glr.
glr.
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 71/=

V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Fdgbp Mcwe? Cefi pir sfiei, g sjy tltge tngt migds
6+ divids ch mgbg`i wltn g miflslvi tgdce gttgfj
bgy pgy cei Plddpcwir tc lbbimlgtidy ai`le `rgp-
pdle` lts vlftlb wltncut g `gbalt, rifiixlvidy bgjle` tni
cppcsim fcetrcd rcdd. Gmm +7 tc tni agsi Leltlgtlvi tni
frigturi risits tc hcr iviry rcuem ch fcetrcd lt `gles.
Mcblegtle
Mcblegtle` ` Agttdifry?
tdi﬇idm gem trubpits ]nii sjy tltge
]n
lts supribgfy. Pnie survltsiys
surviys
Leltlgtlvi ls
tni nl`nist gbce` agttdi pgrtlflpgets ay 79 cr bcri, lt
bgy spiem 7; Leltlgtlvi tc ri`gle cei Plddpcwir.
Higrscbi Mlspdgy? Vprigmle` lts wle`s, tni sjy
tltge tirrl﬇is gdd wnc aincdm lt. Cefi pir sfiei, rcdd
Letlblmgti cefi gem gppdy lt g`glest tni Qiscdvi ch
igfn fngrgftir wnc fge sii lt. ]ncsi wncsi Qiscdvi lt
cvirfcbis bust fiii le tirrcr uetld tniy rigfn ixtribi
rge`i hrcb tni tltge, cr pgy cei Plddpcwir tc rislst.
Buemgei gelbgds gem bcrtgds gutcbgtlfgddy fiii
wltncut bg`lfgd letirvietlce, gem fge“t rislst wltn
Plddpcwir. Lh tni sjy tltge Lefgpgfltgtis cr jldds g
ece-trlvlgd cppceiet, tnls galdlty risits.
@rcuem-Fnurele` Vtrghi Gttgfj?  ]ni sjy tltge
mrg`s lts bgsslvi tgdces gfrcss tni agttdi﬇idm gs g
fcbagt gftlce, fdgwle` gt tni turh gs lt fngr`is. ]ni
uptureim igrtn gem miip `cu`is lt digvis frigti g
swgtn ch mlh﬇fudt tirrgle.
Ncrlzce-Vwiiple` Ple`spge? Vpiem cei
Plddpcwir. Pltn g bl`nty mcweaigt ch lts wle`s,
tni sjy tltge bgjis g sle`di wltnirle` wle` gttgfj
gppdlim g`glest gdd ieiblis wltnle fdcsi rge`i. ]nls
gttgfj jecfjs gey ieiblis wnc tgji mgbg`i hrcb
lt agfj cei rge`i agem, gem tni tltge bgy tgji g ri-
fiixlvi bcvi gftlce le gey mlriftlce, wnlfn mcise“t
fcuet gs lts bcvi gftlce hcr tni ture. Lt `gles hudd Lel-
tlgtlvi hrcb tni tgr`it wnc tccj tni bcst mgbg`i, +7
hcr igfn ctnir tgr`it wnc tccj gey mgbg`i. Hcr g
sifcem Plddpcwir pclet, lt bgy fiurry tni leltlgd wle`
gttgfj wltn g wltnirle`  cr miflslvi  aigj gttgfj.
]nls galdlty bgy ai usim cefi pir sfiei, aut risits
wnieivir tni sjy tltge“s wcuem piegdty lefrigsis.
Vplei-Vngttirle`
Vplei Ibpircr“s Aigj? Vtrljle` wltn
-Vngttirle` Ibpircr“s
ge gpix primgtcr“s sjldd gem gdd tni hcrfi lts lbpris-
slvidy idce`gtim eifj fge prcvlmi, tni sjy tltge bgy
bgji aigj gttgfjs gt sncrt rge`i. Lh tni tgr`it ngse“t
gftim yit tnls ture cr ls le Leltlgtlvi Frgsn, suffisshud
miflslvi aigj gttgfjs bgmi gt sncrt rge`i risit tni
tltge tc 8 Leltlgtlvi lestigm ch 6, gem suffisshud wltn-
irle`  plirfle` aigj gttgfjs bgmi gt sncrt rge`i
l`ecri up tc 0 grbcr scgj lestigm ch =.
BIQL]V
Jiie Ecsi? Mcuadi <s ce sfiet-agsim Viesis rcdds.
Vjy tltges usi tnilr tce`uis tc glm le sbiddle`.
Di`iemgry Vlzi? ]ni sjy tltge suhhirs ec cesdgu`nt
piegdtlis hrcb gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir cppceiets, uediss
VJ\ ]L]GE
tniy“ri bg`lfgddy lefilftim. Pltnirle` gttgfjs hrcb
sbgddir ieiblis fgeect Frgsn lt uediss tniy ngvi gt
digst 7; pcst-scgj mgbg`i mlfi, gdtncu`n gttgfjirs
stldd `gle tni hudd gbcuet ch Leltlgtlvi mgbg`i migdt.
Miflslvi gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect migd
bcri tnge (6 + gttgfjir“s Vtrie`tn) divids ch mgbg`i,
ect fcuetle` divids gmmim ay Fngrbs cr ctnir bg`lf.
tni agt-
Bgstir ch cvir
hcr bcvle` tni Vjy? ]nitirrgle
mlh﬇fudt sjy tltge suhhirs
wnldi ce ec
tnipiegdtlis
`rcuem,
aut tgjis g ∑6 piegdty tc fcbagt bcvibiet gftlces
wnldi fiyle` gt dcw gdtltumis (virtlfgd bimlub rge`i
hrcb tni `rcuem cr dcwir). Lt `gles +6 Ivgslce wnldi
scgrle` gt virtlfgd dce` rge`i cr nl`nir, gs dce` gs lt
ngse“t tgjie gey fcbagt gftlces wltnle tni sfiei. Lt
fge fiy fcetleucusdy gt >; bldis ge ncur hcr up tc 7;
mgys wltncut rist gt nl`n gdtltumis.
Cvirwnidble` Bl`nt?  Vjy tltges bgji uecp-
pcsim `rgppdi fcetrcd rcdds g`glest ieiblis ch sbgddir
slzi, uediss tni vlftlbs usi bg`lf gddcwle` tnib tc
`rgppdi dgr`ir hcis, sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld ]ifnelqui
(Ixgdtim, p. 1>;).
]nlfj Vfgdis? ]ni sjy tltge mcis ect suatrgft wcuem
piegdtlis
hrcb sncrthrcb lts Mihiesi.
rge`i Le gmmltlce,
cr hurtnir gttgfjs
rimufi tnilr bgmi
blelbub
mgbg`i g`glest tni sjy tltge ay cei uediss tniy
aiei﬇t hrcb ge Glb gftlce.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
]ni sjy tltge mcblegtis tni agttdi﬇idm hrcb tni `rcuem,
jiiple` ieiblis gt agy wltn Higrscbi Mlspdgy gem
Ncrlzce-Vwiiple` Ple`spge, stybyle` tnilr gmvgefi
wltn @rcuem-Fnurele` Vtrghi, tnie plfjle` tnib c﬋ cei
 ay cei wltn lts aigj, usle` lts idce`gtim eifj tc lts gm-
 vgetg`i. Lt“s g fdubsy filir gt dcw gdtltumis mui tc lts au
audj,
dj,
sc lt usugddy rihrgles hrcb `ittle` glracrei uediss lt“s
lt “s try-
le` tc mlsie`g`i cr wltnmrgw ” cr lt“s gdrigmy wce.
Pnie g fngddie`ir mcis `it wltnle fdcsi rge`i, tni sjy
tltge dgsnis cut wltn lts sngrp, migmdy tgdces. @rgppdle`
ge cppceiet gem mrcpple` nlb hrcb ge lbprisslvi
nil`nt ls slbudtgeicusdy ge gttibpt tc ngrb tni ieiby
gem g mlspdgy ch tni tltge“s mcblegefi, aut g hci“s gddlis
fge tgji gmvgetg`i ch lts pccr fiyle` sjldds gt dcw gdtl-
tumis tc risfui nlb aihcri lt fdlbas tcc nl`n.
Hlirfidy tirrltcrlgd, g sjy tltge mihiems lts mcbgle g`glest
gey wnc wcudm fngddie`i lts scviril`ety. Aifgusi ch lts ix-
tieslvi fil`nt rge`i, lt fceslmirs lts mcbgle tc ixtiem cut tc
tni ncrlzce ” gem scbitlbis aiycem. G sjy tltge cedy fiiis
 agttdi
 agttdi ghti
ghtirr tg
tgjle`
jle` mgbg`i
mgbg`i tc
tc lts ﬇htn ∑1 nigdt
nigdtn
n divid.
divid.
 G sjy tltge ls g 6-mct Hgbldlgr.
Hgbldlgr.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Vtcrb Virpiet
Acre ch tni hury ch g tnuemirstcrb, stcrb sirpiets Gftlces? Higts ch Mistruftlce? 71 mlfi (fge gttibpt
gri wldm, tirrlhyle` ixprisslces ch idibietgd bl`nt. Vtrie`tn 0 higts): Hdy? 7; mlfi: Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce?
Mrgfcelf le hcrb, tniy fge stritfn hcr bcri tnge 7;; bi- > mlfi: Viesis? < mlfi: Vtigdtn? 0 mlfi
tirs. ]nilr lrce-ngrm sfgdis gri tni fcdcr ch stcrb fdcums, Gppigrgefi =, Qiscdvi 9, @uldi 1
dittle` tnib adiem le ixfiptlcegddy widd wltn tnilr eg- FCBAG]
tlvi ngaltgt gem strlji wltncut wgrele`. Dlji dl`ntele`,
tniy dgsn cut gt tni tgddist tgr`its ﬇rst: uedlji dl`ntele`,
strlji)? 77 mlfi
Gttgfj (]gld strlji)? 7 mlf i (Mgbg`i
(M gbg`i 7;)
tniy gri vlemlftlvi, ivie pitty, ﬇xgtle` ce g sle`di leml- (Alti)? < mlfi (Mgbg`i >)
Gttgfj (Alti)? <
 vlmugd gem tcrbietle` nlb wltn dl`ntele` strljis dlji g (Fdgw)? 71 mlfi (Mgbg`i 8)
Gttgfj (Fdgw)? 71
fgt pdgyle` wltn lts priy. Ncwivir, hcr gdd tnilr pcwir, Bcvibiet? 71 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 71
stcrb sirpiets gri sncrt-dlvim? ]niy ixplri wltn tni iem
Ivgslce =, [grry =
ch tni stcrb. Gs tniy sngttir, tniy priflpltgti g wnlti
must vgduim ay sgvgets hcr lts furgtlvi prcpirtlis.
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  7=/71
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 7=/71
C󰁨󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁬󰁸󰁩 F󰁮󰁧󰁱󰁢󰁶

Issiefi? =: Plddpcwir? 0:
Issiefi? =: 0: Ocle
 Ocle Agttdi? < Adgst (77b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Hudblegtle` Adgst (7 Vlb pdi: Lestget: Mi -
Bctis? <;
[irscegd Bctis? <; flslvi-cedy: Issiefi 6)? ]ni stcrb sirpiet `gtnirs
Issiefi le g frgfjdi ch idiftrlflty, tnie dits fiy wltn
Divids? ∑;x=/∑7x=/∑1x=/∑=x1/Lefgp.
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x=/∑7x=/∑1x=/∑=x1/Lefgp. g tribiemcus dl`ntele` acdt. Qcdd 71 mlfi hcr tnls ue-
Letlbgflis? Mihlele`?  —Vtrlji! Vbgsn! Mistrcy!‒: adcfjgadi miflslvi gttgfj, wnlfn gmms up tc > ixtrg
Bgocr? ]ngt Pnlfn Pldd Cutdlvi Bi (Oigdcus Hury): —L suffissis ce tni gttgfj rcdd gs mlfi ch mgbg`i.
misplsi trlfjiry!‒ Qiauji  (>b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget:
]nuemircus Qiauji 

V]CQB VIQ[IE]
Pltnirle`-cedy: Issiefi 6)? ]nls Fngrb gppdlis g
sle`di wltnirle` tgld strlji gttgfj tc tni lemlvlmugd
Mihiesis ch gdd tgr`its wltnle sncrt rge`i: tni stcrb
sirpiet `gles hudd Leltlgtlvi hrcb tni tgr`it wnc tccj tni
bcst mgbg`i, +7 hcr igfn i gfn gmmltlcegd tgr`it wnc tccj
gey mgbg`i, pdus gey `gleim hrcb Leltlgtlvi Arigj.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Ivgpcrgtle` Mihiesi (0b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: [irld-
cus, Yelhcrb: Issiefi 1)? ]ni stcrb sirpiet wgs acre
hrcb dl`ntele`, wlem, gem wgtir, gem fge aifcbi
tnib. ]ni stcrb sirpiet `gles +1 Ivgslce uetld lts eixt
ture, gem rimufis wltnirle` mgbg`i ay ngdh aihcri
gppdyle` scgj (rcuemim up).
Dlvi Plri (9b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget: Fcuetirgttgfj,
Pltnirle`-cedy: Issiefi 1)? ]ni stcrb sirpiet ri-
spcems tc gey rge`im cr fdcsi gttgfj lt gttibpts tc
pgrryy wltn ge 77-mli
pgrr 77-mli wltnirle`  fcuetirgttgfj, rip-
wltnirle` fcuetirgttgfj,
risietle` g sncfj ch dl`ntele`. Lt cffurs ghtir tni gttgfj
ls rcddim aut aihcri mgbg`i ls rcddim: lt mcise“t fcuet
gs tni sirpiet“s fcbagt gftlce, gem tni sirpiet cedy
`gles 7 Leltlgtlvi ec bgttir ncw bufn mgbg`i lt migds
wltn tnls fcuetirgttgfj.
BCALDL]\ FNGQBV
Gsfiemle` tc tni Nigvies (9b, 9l: Vlbpdi:
Lestget: Ifdlpsi, [irldcus: Issiefi 6)? Vtcrb systibs
fge stritfn hcr bldis, gem stcrb sirpiets gri lbpg-
tliet. ]ni sirpiet trgeshcrbs letc g bgsslvi huslddgmi ch
dl`ntele`, grfle` hrcb fdcum tc fdcum: gt tni ai`leele`
ch lts eixt ture, lt grrlvis gt g eiw dcfgtlce, rigmy tc
gft. ]nls Fngrb hueftlces hrcb gey dcfgtlce wltnle tni
stcrb tngt alrtnim tni sirpiet wniri dl`ntele` fcudm
pdguslady strlji, lefdumle` wltnle stcrb fdcums, gem
fge tgji tni sirpiet tc gey sufn dcfgtlce wltnle tni
acuems ch tni sgbi stcrb. Gttgfjirs fgeect tgr`it
tni stcrb sirpiet wnldi lt“s le trgeslt. Ifdlpsis fge usi
tnls Fngrb le gey stcrb, aut usle` lt le g stcrb wltn ge
gftlvi stcrb sirpiet ls mge`ircus ” tniy“ri nl`ndy tir-
rltcrlgd. G wlsi Ifdlpsi pdges tc dgem scbiwniri scdlm
hcr nir ﬇egd dcfgtlce ” g rcchtcp, g splri, g nl`n fdlhh
dim`i ” cr rlsjs pdubbitle` hrcb tni sjy.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
 G stcrb sirpiet lse“t `lvie tc ei`ctlgtlce, ecr ls lt igs-
ldy fcetrcddgadi wltncut alemle` lt tc cei“s wldd tnrcu`n
subbcele`. Ncwivir, ge Ixgdt (cr g argvi bcrtgd) bgy
 ai gadi tc tgdj cei ch tnisi idibietgds letc ﬇xgtle` ce g
spifl﬇f tgr`it ay gppigdle` tc lts vgelty gem prlmi. Vtcrb
sirpiets ngvi priflcus hiw wigjeissis sgvi tnilr sncrt
dlhispges, gem gri usugddy cedy vudeirgadi tc gttgfj wnie
eigr tni `rcuem.
Fngddie`im mlriftdy,
mlriftdy, g stcrb sirpiet mgsnis iviry struf-
turi lt fge ﬇em tc filemirs aihcri turele` lts rg`i mlriftdy
upce tncsi wnc cppcsi lt, ridlsnle` tni bcbiet wnie
tniy rigdlzi tniy ngvi ec snidtir. Vtcrb sirpiets eivir
ture gslmi tnilr mistruftlvi hury
hury,, eivir fiii cr surriemir
” tnilr dlvis gri tcc sncrt tc sngbihuddy wgsti, gem tniy
puelsn hcis hcr tnlejle` tniy fcudm fngddie`i tni splrlt
ch tni stcrb ltsidh.
 

V]QL^ 

Vtrlx
@lget hcrist cwds wltn ﬇htiie-hcct
wle`spges, strlx nuet ay mlvle` mcwe
hrcb tni sjlis gem fgrryle` tnilr priy
gdcht wltn tnib ” priy tngt fge rge`i
hrcb miir, tc wcdvis, tc lscdgtim trgvidirs.
Bcttdim mgrj-arcwe higtnirs tngt bgji ec scuem
le fil`nt gem dgr`i, rcuem iyis tngt sii fdigrdy le tni
mgrj bgji tnib migmdy ecfturegd gbausn primgtcrs,
wnldi tnilr wlfjim fdgws ngvi bcri tnge iecu`n
strie`tn tc silzi gem sgvg`i priy.

Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir?
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 9: 9: Ocle Agttdi? 
 Ocle Agttdi? 
0 mlfi
Divids? ∑;/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp
Gftlces?   Higts ch Vtrie`tn? 8 mlfi (bgy gttibpt
Gftlces?
Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Hdy? > mlfi: Letlblmgti? 9 mlfi:
Viesis? 9 mlfi (sii Ig`di Iyi gem El`nt Xlslce):

Vtigdtn?
Qiscdvi 01,mlfi:
@uldi]rgfjle`?
1 8 mlfi
gttibpt ri-istgadlsnle` stigdtn le fcbagt cr wltnmrgw-
FCBAG]
le` hrcb tni agttdi﬇idm ay slbpdy fiyle` nl`nir tnge lts
([ifj)? 0 mlfi (Mgbg`i 79)
Gttgfj ([ifj)? 0 79) ieiblis fge sii.
Gttgfj (]gdces)? 77 mlfi
ml fi (Mg
(Mgbg`
bg`ii 77)
77) BIQL]V
Gttgfj (@rgppdi)? > mlfi (0 mlfi tc fcetrcd) Iyi? G strlx `gles ﬇vi aceus mlfi ce vlsugd [ir-
Ig`di Iyi? G
Bcvibiet? > mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > fiptlce-agsim rcdds tc ectlfi scbitnle` wnldi lt ngs tni
Ivgslce 9, [grry 6 nil`nt gmvgetg`i, gem fge bgji cut ﬇ei mitglds ch
hgr-chh tgr`its tnls wgy. Lt gutcbgtlfgddy suffiims ce rcdds
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 6/;
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  6/;
tc trgfj g fngrgftir wnldi glracrei, uediss tngt fngrgftir
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV ibpdcys pirhift fcefigdbiet bg`lf.
Gwgy?  Pnie g strlx migds 9+ divids ch
Fgrrlim Gwgy?  Ig`di Ple` Qusn?  Qusn?  G strlx bgy rusn ieiblis hrcb
mgbg`i wltn g wltnirle`  tgdce gttgfj, lt bgy hcr`c
wltnirle` tgdce dce` rge`i gacvi tnib, gs dce` gs tni ncrlzcetgd mls-
rifilvle` gey Leltlgtlvi gem lestigm pirhcrb g rifiix- tgefi aitwiie tnib ls stldd gt sncrt rge`i.
lvi `rgppdi `gbalt g`glest tngt ieiby. Igfn pclet ch Xlslce?  G strlx fge sii le mlb fcemltlces
El`nt Xlslce? 
Leltlgtlvi lt wcudm ngvi `gleim gmms cei aceus mli tc wltncut piegdty, gem rimufis tni mlh﬇fudty ch [irfip-
tni fcetrcd rcdd lh tni `rgppdi ls suffisshud. tlce-agsim rcdds bgmi le miipir mgrjeiss ay cei.
Fdutfnis? Pnie tni strlx sgvg`is g `rgppdim
Mrigm Fdutfnis? Pnie
ieiby, lt bgy gdsc mrg` nlb gdce` wltn gey bcvi-
biet gftlces lt tgjis, wltncut ristrglele` nlb ﬇rst. ]ni
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
strlx bgy bcvi ecrbgddy murle` g `rgppdi gs dce` gs
 G strlx prihirs fiy-ay
fiy-ay `rgppdi `gba
`gbalts,
lts, segtfnle` up priy
lt“s le fil`nt.
gem fgrryle` lt c﬋ tc lts eist cr gectnir nl`n pirfn tc
Misfiet?  G strlx tngt filis mcwewgrm tc
Vwccple` Misfiet?  plfj gpgrt gt lts dilsuri. Lt fgeect tnrcw cr sdgb `rgppdim
bgji g miflslvi  ueixpiftim gttgfj gmms twc gutcbgt-
miflslvi ueixpiftim ieiblis, aut bgy ridigsi tnib hrcb g `rigt nil`nt tc
lf suffissis tc tni gttgfj rcdd. G strlx scgrle` nl`n le tni
fgusi hgddle` mgbg`i gs ecrbgd. Lt gttibpts tc fiii upce
sjy ls aiycem siescry rge`i wltncut
wltncut supirnubge siesis,
su﬋irle` 9+ divids ch mgbg`i, fgrryle` gwgy geytnle`
iesurle` ge gbausn ce ﬇rst strlji gem gddcwle` tni strlx tc
fgu`nt le lts tgdces.
 79
I^6

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Vtiid Igtir
Aieigtn Vcutnire sgems, g pgtliet cppcrtuelst wltn g
`digble` bitgd snidd gwglts. ]ni stiid igtir ls ge lesif-
tldi igrtn idibietgd, aiitdi-dlji aut wltn g dce`, fiixladi
eifj, tngt igts bitgds, ml`istle` tnib tc dgyir upce lts
ixcsjiditce. Lt `rcws uetld lt rlvgds tni yimmlb le slzi,
gem tnie lts snidd wgrps letc ge iecrbcus fcfcce. Hrcb
tnls fcfcce ibir`is g `lget dgfiwle` tngt dgys 7;; i``s
gem ixplris scce ghtir. ]nls fiy“s fnltle gem tni fcfcce lt
digvis ainlem gri ch tni strce`ist gddcys, bgmi hrcb gdd
tni bitgds lt ngs fcesubim. Le qulitir tlbis, stiid igtirs
wiri fcetiet tc ﬇em tnilr ripgst miip aieigtn tni igrtn,
 aut le tni wgr-tc
wgr-tcre
re ]lbi ch ]ubudt, tniy ml` plts gem
nlmi gt tni acttcb, wgltle` hcr grbcr-`lrmim nubges tc
stubadi le.
Vtiid igtirs ngtfn hrcb aurelsnim lrce i``s, ai`leele`
tnilr dlvis gs ouvieldis tni slzi ch g dgr`i mc`. \cue`ir
ceis dlvi le `rcups ch tnrii tc ﬇vi: huddy `rcwe ceis gri
bcri scdltgry gem spiem bcst ch tnilr dlvis gacut tni
slzi ch g ncrsi, uetld oust aihcri tnilr fnrysgdls. ]nie,
tniy aifcbi rgviecus gem `cr`i tnibsidvis uetld tniy
`rcw dgr`i iecu`n tc bitgbcrpncsi.
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 8 mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 0  0;
;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x6/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=x1/Lefgp.
Letlbgflis? Mi﬇ele`? —Gdd bitgd ls rl`nthuddy g pgrt ch
bi.‒: Bgocr? Ixgdts (Oigdcusy)
Gftlces?  Agr`gle? 8 mlfi: Fdlba Igrtn/Vtcei? 71
mlfi: Viesis? 0 mlfi (sii Bitgd Vfiet): Vtigdtn? 0
mlfi: ]rgfj Bitgd? 7; mlfi (sii Bitgd Vfiet)
Gppigrgefi 1, Qiscdvi =, @uldi 1
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? > mlfi (Mgbg`i 7;)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 9 mlfi (8 uemir`rcuem)
Ivgslce 7, [grry 1
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 7;/> (sii Lbpdgfgadi Nuetir“s
Gi`ls)
BIQL]V
Aurrcw? ]ni stiid igtir aurrcws uemir`rcuem gem
bust bcvi tc g spifl﬇f tgr`it“s pcsltlce, up tc cei
hudd rge`i agem gwgy, wltn g rifiixlvi bcvi gftlce,

V]IID IG]IQ
l`ecrle` mlh﬇fudt tirrgle. Lt fge aurrcw tnrcu`n sgem
gem scld, lefdumle` pgfjim mlrt, aut ect tnrcu`n stcei
cr ctnir scdlm agrrlirs. Yeixpiftim gttgfjs lt bgjis
ghtir tnls bcvibiet le tni sgbi ture gmm twc gutcbgt-
lf suffissis tc tni mgbg`i rcdd.
Bitgd Vfiet? Gmm tnrii suffissis ce Viesis gem
]rgfj Bitgd rcdds tc ectlfi cr ﬇em gey jlem ch bitgd,
up tc g bldi gwgy.
Qgviecus Nuetir “s Agequit? Hcr igfn buemgei
Nuetir“
bitgd caoift sbgddir tnge g `rigt swcrm tni stiid igtir
fcesubis, lt ri`gles g bcti ch Issiefi, tc lts usugd
bgxlbub: dgr`ir sufn caoifts `rget tnrii bctis igfn
lestigm. G stiid igtir fge“t ml`ist cr alti tnrcu`n gr-
tlhgfts, aut lt fge swgddcw tnib wncdi, `glele` bctis
iqugd tc tni grtlhgft“s rgtle`. Fngrgftirs fge fut tni
stiid igtir cpie, cr hcrfi cr fgocdi lt tc vcblt up lts
dgtist bigd, tc rifcvir tnilr wcemirs (cr scbicei
idsi“s). ]ni stiid igtir bust suffiim gt g mlsgrb
`gbalt aihcri igtle` scbitnle` gectnir fngrgftir
ncdms, wigrs, cr wlidms.
Xlargtlce Viesi?  Vtiid igtirs ngvi ec iyis gem
mce“t ridy ce sl`nt. Lestigm, tniy hiid vlargtlces ce tni
wlem
hrcb gem
pccrtnrcu`n
dl`ntle`,tnigem
`rcuem. ]niy
mcuadi <stgji
ce ec piegdtlis
Viesis rcdds
wnieivir vlargtlces gri prisiet.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
[gtliet Nuetir“s Vgemtrgp (>b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Cei sfiei: Ifdlpsi, [irldcus: Issiefi 1)? ]ni stiid
igtir aurrcws aieigtn sgem cr scld, hcrble` g trgp
tngt ixtiems cut tc sncrt rge`i hrcb tni idibietgd,
ncrlzcetgddy gem virtlfgddy. ]ni tcpbcst dgyir gppigrs
uemlsturaim, aut wnie trcm upce lt lbbimlgtidy fcd-
dgpsis letc g swlrdle` vcrtix ch igrtn. Casirvirs bgy
ectlfi tni trgp wltn g ([irfiptlce + Gwgrieiss) rcdd,
cppcsim ay tni stiid igtir“s Vtigdtn (cr ge Ifdlpsi“s
(Vtgbleg + Vtigdtn)). Pnie tni trgp fcddgpsis, lt
frigtis ge ievlrcebietgd ngzgrm tngt migds 6l/
rcuem, wltn mlh﬇fudty 6. ]ni letirlcr ls mlh﬇fudt tirrgle
gem lbpcsis g ∑1 vlslaldlty piegdty tc gftlces tngt ridy
ce sl`nt. Lt riqulris g suffisshud (Vtrie`tn + Gtndit-
lfs) fdlbale` gftlce, mlh﬇fudty =, tc isfgpi wltncut g
risfui hrcb gacvi.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Lbpdgfgadi Nuetir“s Gi`ls  (0b, 7l: Qifiix-
lvi: Lestget: [irldcus: Issiefi 1)? @gle +9 Ngrmeiss
g`glest g sle`di miflslvi gttgfj. Gey 7s rcddim ce tni
gttgfjir“s mgbg`i rcdd suatrgft hrcb suffissis.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Vtiid igtirs gri tcu`n, stuaacre, gem pgtliet. ]niy rgridy
gft rgsndy cr gttgfj wltncut puttle` tnilr priy gt scbi
mlsgmvgetg`i, dlji trgpple` tnib le g sgem plt, gbausn-
le` hrcb uemir tni igrtn, cr mlsgrble` tnib. Ixgdts wltn
tnilr pgecpdlis mrgw stiid igtirs dlji bctns tc figbi gem
tni idibietgds gri oigdcus ch tni Ixgdtim galdlty tc wcrj
bg`lfgd bgtirlgds, aut fgrihud ei`ctlgtlces fge frigti
prc﬇tgadi sltugtlces hcr actn pgrtlis. Lemlvlmugd stiid
igtirs ngvi cei cr twc uelqui Letlbgflis le gmmltlce tc
tni Mi﬇ele` cei tniy gdd sngri.
Ouvieldi stiid igtirs gri Issiefi 7, wnldi gmudts gri
Issiefi 1. ]ncsi fdcsi tc fnrysgdls gri ivie dgr`ir gem
bcri pcwirhud: riprisiet tnls ay gmmle` nigdtn divids
gem, gt tnilr dgr`ist, tni Di`iemgry Vlzi Birlt ( Ixgdtim
Ixgdtim,
p. 911) gem Issiefi =. G stiid igtir fiiis fcbagt wnie lt
tgjis mgbg`i le lts ﬇rst ∑= nigdtn divid.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

]ni Hcrdcre Bgecr

Ce g nldd cvirdccjle` g flty slts g ncusi. ]ni rcgm aidcw
 austdis wltn fgrgvges gem wgemirle` bcejs. Di`lces
bgrfnle` tc g eigray cutpcst stlr up tni must. Ce tni
ncrlzce, snlps fiy tni fig`s ch [idips, cr Dccjsny, cr
Fnirgj. ]ni sprgwdle` ncusi ls tnrii `rgem stcrlis tgdd.
Dgr`i wlemcws rifiift tni suesit: tirrgfis fgtfn tni
fccd ariizi. Aut pglet ngs hgmim gem fnlppim, gem tni
ncusi sg`s le tni blmmdi. [iirle` tnrcu`n tni wlemcws
rivigds cefi-cpudiet hurelturi adgejitim le must, gem
cefi-bgoistlf stglrwgys wltn blssle` rgldle`s gem arc-
jie trigms.
bcurele` hcr tni hgbldy tngt dcvim lt. Aut le tni dceidy
 yigrs slefi
sle fi tnilr migtns, tni
t ni bgecr ngs `cei hrcb bid-
gefncdy tc bgdivcdiet.
Lt trgps trispgssirs wltnle, tni rccbs ivir-snlhtle`,
wnitnir tniy fcbi siijle` dcst rlfnis cr g slbpdi el`nt“s
snidtir. Lt spurs tnib tc ge`ir gem higr, bgjis tni wigj-
wlddim ture g`glest fcbpgelces, gem digms ivie tni bcst
fdigr-nigmim mcwe tcrturim ngddwgys letc lbpcssladi
rccbs, uetld tniy fcddgpsi hrcb ixngustlce cr stgrvgtlce,
cr jldd igfn ctnir.

Hlvi nuemrim yigrs g`c, tnls iecrbcus istgti wgs tni Issiefi? =: Plddpcwir? >: Ocle Agttdi? 77 mlfi
ml fi
budtl`ieirgtlcegd mwiddle` ch tni wigdtny Mutge hgb- (nigrt cedy)
ldy. ]nie, mlsgstir strufj. Ivirycei wnc ietirim tni [irscegd Bctis? <;
ncusi suffubaim tc summie, leixpdlfgadi migtn. Ivie Nigdtn Divids?  ∑;x7;/∑7x79/∑1x79/∑=x7;/
tni hiw bibairs ch tni ncusincdm gwgy ce ausleiss Lefgp. (nigrt cedy)
hidd tc tni sgbi mccb cefi tniy ritureim. ]ni ncusi
ltsidh mifdleim rgplmdy, wltnle mgys gppigrle` mifgmis  Mi﬇ele`?
Letlbgflis?
—Ivirytnle` wltnle tnisi ]ni Mutge
wgdds Hgbldy
ls blei, (Bcurele`):
lefdumle` ycu.‒:
gagemceim. Ecw, Mutge Bgecr ls g `ncst, stldd le
Bgocr? —L wldd sncw ycu wngt lt biges tc mispglr.‒

HCQDCQE BGECQ
Gftlces?  Agr`gle? > mlfi: Dcri? 9 mlfi: [irsugmi?
0 mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? 0 mlfi: Viesis? 0 mlfi (sii
Vcbitnle`“s Pgtfnle`): ]nrigtie? 71 mlfi
Gppigrgefi 6, Qiscdvi 9, @uldi 6
FCBAG]
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 7;/7; (nigrt cedy)
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Iemdiss Ngddwgy, Vnlhtle` Vtglrfgsi? Migm
iems ripdgfi letirsiftlces. Ecesieslfgd stglrwgys
gppigr gem mlsgppigr. Mccrs cpie cetc mlhhiriet
pdgfis hrcb cei bcbiet tc tni eixt. Egvl`gtle` tc
gey spifl﬇f mistlegtlce leslmi tni ncusi riqulris
g (Plts + Vurvlvgd) ixtiemim gftlce (cr Vtrie`tn +
Gtnditlfs, tc sbgsn mlriftdy tnrcu`n wgdds), mlh﬇fudty
=, wltn `cgd eubair 7; gem letirvgd ﬇vi bleutis. Lh
tni bgecr wles, tni fngrgftir stldd `its tniri aut tni
ncusi getlflpgtis tnib, `glele` mcuadi >s ce gdd
rcdds tc cppcsi cr lefiuiefi tnib wnie tniy grrlvi.
Lh tni fngrgftir actfnis g rcdd, tni ncusi trgps tnib
le g rccb wltncut ixlts, g eivir-iemle` stglrwidd, cr
gectnir lbpcssladi grig, riqulrle` frigtlvi scdutlces
tc isfgpi.
hglduri digmsIgfn fngrgftir
tni ncusi bust rcdd
tc sipgrgti lemlvlmugddy, gs
tnib.
Vcbitnle`“s Pgtfnle`? Mcuadi <s ce sl`nt- gem
nigrle`-agsim [irfiptlce rcdds.
BIQL]V
Yehcr`lvle` ]irrcr Ncusi? Gey pgrt ch tni bgecr
cr caoift tngt wgs prisiet wnie tni ncusi aifgbi g
`ncst riauldms ltsidh g`gle fcbpditidy cei rcuem ghtir lt“s
mistrcyim, ixfipt lts nigrt. ]ni bgecr ltsidh ngs ec nigdtn
divids gem fge“t ie`g`i le fcbagt. Le lts miipist acwids
pudsis lts migm nigrt, wltnle g pltfn-mgrj fngbair, prc-
tiftim ay g ngdh-ml`istim bgss ch rcttim sleiw gem mry
acei. ]ni nigrt bgy prcmufi gey eubair ch zcbalis
(Ixgdtim, p. 9;1) hrcb tni bgss gt g tlbi, gs g fcbagt
gftlce, hcr iltnir ﬇vi bctis cr tnrii nigdtn divids pir
zcbali. G fngrgftir fge mistrcy tni nigrt ay gttgfj-
le` lt mlriftdy, wnlfn gdsc mistrcys tni `ncst ltsidh, aut lt
fge“t tgji miflslvi mgbg`i gem mcise“t suhhir Leltlgtlvi
Frgsn uetld lt ngs ec zcbali `ugrmlges diht: wltnirle` 
gttgfjs stldd gwgrm tni gttgfjir tnilr hudd Leltlgtlvi.
CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Frusnle` Mispglr  (>b: Vlbpdi: Cei sfiei:
Issiefi 1)?  ]ni rccb nlmis tni ixlt gem snrlejs tni
mlstgefi aitwiie lts wgdds. ]nls ls ge ievlrcebietgd
ngzgrm (Ixgdtim, p. 16;) wltn mlh﬇fudty 9, migdle`
twc agsnle` mgbg`i pir rcuem gem `rgetle` tni
bgecr Leltlgtlvi pir rcuem iqugd tc tni eubair ch fngr-
gftirs wnc tccj mgbg`i tngt rcuem, tc g bgxlbub ch
﬇vi Leltlgtlvi. Fngrgftirs bgy rislst tni ngzgrm wltn
(Vtrie`tn
tlce + Gtnditlfs)
+ Gwgrieiss) tc tc ncdm
﬇em tnitni wgdds
ixlt: gemgtiltnir
agy: ([irfip-
g higt ch
strie`tn cr (Mixtirlty + Dgrfiey) tc cpie lt.
MIHIEVLXI FNGQBV
Nuemrim Fngbairs Bgzi  (>b: Qifiixlvi: Cei
sfiei: Ifdlpsi: Issiefi 6)? Fnge`i gey pcrtgd“s mis-
tlegtlce, lefdumle` ixtiregd wlemcws gem mccrs, tc
gey ctnir pcrtgd“s mistlegtlce ce tni bgecr“s `rcuems.
Ifdlpsis bgy usi tnls Fngrb le gey auldmle`, aut actn
tgr`it gem mistlegtlce pcrtgds bust ai wltnle bimlub
rge`i ch tni Ifdlpsi.
Hcuemgtlce ch Aceis (9b: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Mifl-
slvi-cedy: Issiefi 6)? ]ni bgecr lestgetdy fcesubis
cei fcrpsi (legelbgti cr ctnirwlsi)
ctnir wlsi) geywniri ce tni
`rcuems tc nigd tnrii nigdtn divids cr ri`gle ﬇vi Lel-
tlgtlvi.
VCFLGD FNGQBV
Ibair-Vtcjle` Miduslce (>b, 7wp: Vlbpdi:
Cei sfiei: [syfni: Issiefi =)? Ce g suffisshud
tnrigtie gftlce, tni bgecr fcevlefis g fngrgftir
wltnle lts wgdds tngt cei ch nir fcbpgelces sifritdy
pdcts g`glest nir gem ueigrtns dce`-aurlim fcefilfts.
]ni tgr`it tibpcrgrldy mividcps g ei`gtlvi Bgocr ]li
tcwgrm nir fcbpgelce gem tibpcrgrldy dcsis tni aie-
i﬇ts ch gey pcsltlvi ]li tcwgrm nlb. Letirgftlces wltn
nlb prcbpt nir tc pnyslfgddy gttgfj uediss sni spiems
cei Plddpcwir tc ncdm agfj hcr cei rcuem, cr cei
bleuti cutslmi fcbagt. Ixgdts iem tni ihhift igrdy ay
spiemle` hcur Plddpcwir tnls wgy: bcrtgds ngvi ec
sufn rifcursi.
BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV
Bgtirlgdlzi  (=9b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? ]ni hcrdcre bgecr fge bgtirlgdlzi wnieivir lt
siesis scbicei gpprcgfnle` lts tirrltcry cr dccjle`
up gt lts nldd hrcb aidcw. Vii Ixgdtim, p. 97;, hcr hudd
bgtirlgdlzgtlce rudis.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Aifgusi tni hcrdcre bgecr cedy cffgslcegddy bgtirlgdlzis,
dcfgds mce“t g`rii ce wnitnir lt rigddy ixlsts. Ec spifl﬇f
dcfgtlce ls `lvie niri hcr tni bgecr, sc tni Vtcrytiddir fge
pdgfi lt wnirivir sni eiims tc hcr nir `gbi.
]ni bgecr dits trispgssirs `it fcbhcrtgadi gt ﬇rst, ue-
tld tniy tnlej tni stcrlis wiri oust tngt, pgssim mcwe ay
tni hgbldy“s nilrs tc sfgri c﬋ sfgvie`irs. ]nie lt snlhts
rccbs gem lefrigsis pgrgeclg uetld tni letrumirs ai-
fcbi ncpidissdy dcst gem ture ce igfn ctnir. Lt risirvis
Frusnle` Mispglr hcr wnie fngrgftirs fcbi tcc fdcsi
tc ﬇emle` lts nigrt. Lt usis ltibs lts cweirs gem suemry
trispgssirs diht ainlem gs tccds hcr scflgd lefiuiefi. G
 accj hgdds hrcb g snidh, cpiele` tc tni ixgft pg`i tngt
fceviys tni bgecr“s bissg`i. Wuldds sfrgtfn cut egbis
gem arcjie sietiefis ce cdm pgrfnbiet. Hgmim mcdds
wltn sbldle` hgfis ture up ueixpiftimdy, su``istle` gp-
prcvgd cr sbu` trlubpn.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Fngrgftirs fge agr`gle wltn tni bgecr lh tniy tgji tni
tlbi tc uedcfj lts sifrits gem igre lts trust. ]ni trutn
ch wny lts hgbldy bit lts `rlsdy iem gem wngt fgusim lt
ls aurlim miip le tni pgst: scdvle` tngt bystiry wcudm
dit tni bgecr rist gt dgst. Gdtncu`n lt“s ncstldi gem tgjis
pdigsuri le wgtfnle` vlftlbs burmir igfn ctnir, lt gdsc
wgets  tc rist, sc lt suafcesflcusdy digvis fduis dyle`
grcuem
sfrlaadihcr
ce sgvvy levistl`gtcrs
g wgdd tc plfjVgbgemrg33,
rigmle` Pniri“s up ” g fngrfcgd
  cr g
mrgwir tngt cpies gt ge cppcrtuei tlbi fcetglele` spi-
fl﬇f mcfubiets, hcr lestgefi. Fngrgftirs fge ﬇em scbi
fduis leslmi tni ncusi ltsidh, aut bust levistl`gti le tni
flty gs widd cr ﬇em gectnir wgy tc digre tni hudd stcry.
stcry.
]ni ncusi“s vlftlbs bgy gdsc ﬇em nlets tc ncw tc mi-
strcy lt ay levistl`gtle` ivlmiefi diht ainlem ay privl-
cus uehcrtuegti vlsltcrs ” bissg`is diht ngdh-wrlttie,
rifiet fcrpsis ect yit fcesubim, gem sc ce. Cefi tniy
digre gacut tni nigrt gem ﬇em lt, tni ncusi spgwes gs
bgey zcbalis gs lt fge g﬋crm tc prctift ltsidh, agdgefle`
bctis, zcbalis, gem nigdtn divids tc survlvi gs dce` gs
pcssladi. Lt usis
stgrts tc dcsi, cr Ibair-Vtcjle`
bgjis Agr`gle crMiduslce
[irsugmidlairgddy
gftlceslh tc
lt
fcevlefi lts gssgldgets tc nidp lt scdvi tni hgbldy“s bys-
tiry lestigm.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
]l`ir“s Iyi
 Gppigrle` leltlgddy bufn dlji g `ibstcei cr bleirgd
fdustir tni slzi ch g bidce, tni tl`ir“s iyi ” sc egbim
hcr cei ch lts bcri fcbbce bgelhistgtlces ” ls gftugddy
ge gbausn primgtcr pgr
primgtcr pgr ixfiddiefi,
ixfiddiefi, pcssissim ch g stcei“s
cwe pgtliefi gs widd gs lts hgetgstlf murgaldlty. Pnie lt
gttgfjs, lt cpies gdce` gdd-aut-levlsladi sigbs tc rivigd
lts trui hcrb? ect g splrlt ch tni igrtn, aut ge grbcrim
stcei aigst riblelsfiet ch g tnle, sngrp-im`im pge`cdle
tni slzi ch g dgr`i mc`. Frystgds iefrust lts uemiraiddy
dlji g `icmi, gem lt ngs ogws gem fdgws tc bgtfn. ]l`ir“s
iyis hriquietdy fruefn tnilr priy“s aceis aitwiie tnilr
frystgddlei tiitn gem mivcur tnib, aut wnie sngttirim
tni aigsts“ acmlis gri stcei tnrcu`n gem tnrcu`n.
Misplti lts dgejy hcrb, g tl`ir“s iyi“s bleirgd fcestruf-
tlce biges lt bgssis bufn bcri tnge lt dccjs dlji lt
sncudm. ]nrigtieim ay scbitnle` bcri mge`ircus, g
tl`ir“s iyi furds up letc lts `ib-dlji hcrb tc prctift lts
fcbpgrgtlvidy hrg`ldi frystgddlei aiddy, aifcble` rcfj-
ngrm gem gdbcst lbpcssladi tc leouri. Bleirs gem sfgv-
ie`ir dcrms iefcuetir tnisi frigturis bcri tnge gey-
cei idsi, aut tniy gri scbitlbis hcuem ce tni surhgfi,
pgrtlfudgrdy le rcfjy cr bcuetglecus ri`lces. ]niy gri
ixtribidy tirrltcrlgd gem gttgfj geycei cr geytnle` tngt
letrumis eigr tnilr eists, wnlfn tniy dlei wltn `ibs ch
slbldgr suastgefi tc tnilr acmlis: `lvie tlbi, tnisi ngtfn
dlji i``s, `lvle` rlsi tc g dlttir ch ycue` tl`ir“s iyis.
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 9
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x=/∑7x=/Lefgp
Gftlces? Mls`ulsi? > mlfi: Egvl`gtle` Yemir`rcuem?
9 mlfi: Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce? 7; mlfi: Viesis? 8
mlfi: ]nrigtie? 8 mlfi
Qiscdvi 1, @uldi 6
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Alti)? 8 mlfi (Mgbg`i <): ]g`s? [lirfle`
Gttgfj? (Fdgw)? < mlfi (Mgbg`i 9)
Gttgfj (Acmy Vdgb)?  0 mlfi (Mgbg`i 0): ]g`s?
Vbgsnle`
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 8 mlfi
Ivgslce 7, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 79/0
 

]L@IQ'V I\I

GE YEMIHIG]IM FNGB[LCE

@dgssogw ls hgbcus le scbi flrfdis le Eixus. Ge caslmlge-im`im oit tl`ir“s iyi fgpturim ay g sfgvie`ir dcrm gem
scdm tc g plt-hl`nt bgistrc, lt“s wce cvir g nuemrim acuts g`glest gttgfj mc`s, grbim `dgmlgtcrs, gem cefi, g wldm
aigr. ]nls dltni frigturi“s hges frimlt lt wltn ge gelbgd fueele` gs sngrp gs lts fdgws, jecwe tc flrfdi gem casirvi
cppceiets aihcri gttgfjle`.

[irngps lt“s tcc fdivir hcr lts cwe `ccm ” lt“s jlddim bcri tnge cei ngemdir cvir tni dgst yigr, gem tni dgst bgtfn
wgs g tctgd aust, wltn @dgssogw rihusle` tc uefurd gem hl`nt g fdgw strlmir. Cedy tni bgistrc jecws tni trutn, gem
lt tirrlhlis nlb? tngt fnuej ch oit tniy tureim dccsi le tni rle` wgse“t @dgssogw, gem ni ngs ec lmig wniri nls prlzi
hl`ntir rigddy ls.

V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Gbausn Nuetir?  ]ni tl`ir“s iyi `gles +6 ce
gttgfjs bgmi wnldi suffisshuddy mls`ulsim gs stcei.
Gs Vtcei Ltsidh? ]ni tl`ir“s
tl`ir“s iyi furds up letc lts stcei
hcrb gem fge rcdd Mls`ulsi tc hccd casirvirs. Lt bgy
gdsc spiem g Plddpcwir tc gmm +9 tc lts Ngrmeiss
wnldi le tnls hcrb. ]nls dgsts uetld lt uefurds
u efurds g`gle. Lt fge“t
tgji gey gftlces wnldi le tnls hcrb.  
BIQL]V
Hdgwdiss Xlsg`i? Casirvirs fge“t mlhhirietlgti g
tl`ir“s iyi le stcei hcrb hrcb g dgr`i `ibstcei cr
bleirgd mipcslt wltncut bg`lf.
Vturmy gs Vtcei? G tl`ir“s iyi fgeect ai jecfjim
agfj cr prcei ixfipt ay bg`lfgd ihhifts cr frigturis
ch di`iemgry slzi. G `rgppdim tl`ir“s iyi fgeect ai
tnrcwe cr sdgbbim uediss bg`lf sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld
]ifnelqui (Ixgdtim, p. 1>;) ls usim, cr lh tni gttgfj-
ir ls ch di`iemgry slzi.  
Vtcei Fgeect Adiim? G tl`ir“s iyi tgjis cei hiwir
nigdtn divid ch mgbg`i hrcb suffisshud miflslvi 
gttgfjs usle` aduet wigpces, aut cei ixtrg nigdtn
divid hrcb tncsi usle` sngrp cr tnrustle` wigpces.
]l`ir“s iyis dlji tc eistdi gbce` ctnir rcfjs, tnie aurst
cpie gem sdgb letc vlftlbs, stueele` tnib dce` iecu`n
tc slej tnilr mlgbcem-ngrm hge`s le. ]niy gri prctiftlvi
ch tnilr fcbpgrgtlvidy hrg`ldi, `icmlf uemiraiddlis, gem
ritrigt cr furd up letc stcei hcrb lh g hci dgems g scdlm
adcw tniri. Mcle` sc ls g mlstfudty 6 `gbalt
`gbalt tngt rimufis
lts scgj gem Ngrmeiss igfn ay twc hcr tni sfiei. ]l`ir“s
iyis rislmi bcst chtie le fgvis, bufn tc spiduejirs“
surprlsi. Vcbi pgrtlfudgrdy fcurg`icus (cr hccdngrmy)
trigsuri nuetirs bgji g dlvle` trgpple` gem jlddle` tl-
`ir“s iyis, wncsi vgdugadi `ibstcei acmlis gri wcrtn g
hcrtuei.
Bcst tl`ir“s iyis gri scdltgry, tcdirgtle` igfn ctnir cedy
dujiwgrbdy ” wnldi tniy bgy ai iefcuetirim le eub-
airs, igfn dccjs cut hcr eubair cei. ]l`ir“s iyis bgmi
ch dgzurlti, ncwivir, wnldi rgri, gri hgr bcri dljidy tc
fce`ri`gti gem ie`g`i le fcbpdix pgfj tgftlfs. Vlefi
dgzurlti fcbpcsis tni bgocrlty ch dgpls dgzudl, bleirs
ixtrgftle` tnls vgdugadi fcbbcmlty bust tgji ispiflgd
fgri, dist tni prcblsi ch g bctnir dcmi digm tnib mcwe g
tueeid hrcb wnlfn tniy wldd ect riture.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Yelfcre
Pnlti gs Ecrtnire secw wltn iyis tngt `dcw ge ueigrtndy pudp tc jiip tnib hrcb spcldle` wgr“s `ruiscbi idi`gefi.
 adui,, aigrle`
 adui aigrle` ge lrlmisfi
lrlmisfiet
et ncre tngt `dltt
`dlttirs
irs le fcdm sue-
sue- Yelfcres gri prcum, ngu`nty aile`s wnc spgri ec birfy hcr
dl`nt, `rgfihud aiycem tni ﬇eist pcitry ” g uelfcre siibs gey wnc lesudt cr blstrigt tnib: tniy vliw fgptlvlty gs tni
dlji g mrigb `lvie dlhi. Yelfcres
Yelfc res ngvi sirvim gs wgr bcuets wcrst c﬋iesi ch gdd, gem tncsi nidm g`glest tnilr wldd slfj-
hcr rgjsng ecadis hcr g`is, gem gs tni suaoifts ch stcrlis gem ie gem mli qulfjdy. Aut uelfcres mce“t stgy migm? ]niy rlsi
el`ntbgris hcr bgey g bcrtgd. G uelfcre“s ncre, wnldi dcvi- g`gle hrcb tni lfi le Pydm dgems ghtir g yigr gem g mgy, gem
dy, ls g migmdy wigpce, gem tncsi wnc gpprcgfn uewlsidy ncdm `rum`is tngt dgst fieturlis.
﬇em tnilr adccm stglele` tni secw. Bgstirdiss uelfcres
rue scdc cr `gtnir le `rcups ch tnrii tc tie le tni ecrtn- Issiefi? 6, Plddpcwir? >, Ocle Agttdi? > mlfi
ire Pydm“s acrmirbgrfnis, mihiemle` hgetgstlfgd dgems Nigdtn Divids? ∑;x1/∑7x1/∑1x6/∑=x1/Lefgp.
ch prlstlei gdduri hrcb gey wnc wcudm mispcld cr risngpi Letlbgflis?  Mi﬇ele`?  —L bust prisirvi pirhiftlce
tnib. Vcbi uelfcres acgst `dcrlcus wle`s, wltn bgsslvi le gdd lts hcrbs.‒: Bgocr? —Lesudts gri hcrivir.‒: Bysidh
spges gem higtnirs gs puri wnlti gs tnilr fcgts. Yelfcres gem By Jlem ([rlmi)
gri nl`ndy letiddl`iet, gem ngppldy fcevirsi wltn tncsi wnc
Vpiim Aceus? +9
mce“t c﬋iem tnib: aut tniy“ri Pydm frigturis, ect gelbgds,
wltn gdlie mrlvis tngt bgji tnib nl`ndy ueprimlftgadi. Gftlces?  Higts ch Vtrie`tn? > mlfi (bgy gttibpt
Vtrie`tn 6 higts): Hdy? 7; mlfi (wle`im cedy): Lesplri?
Yelfcres casiss cvir ngrbcey gem pdigsle` gistnitlfs.
gistnitl fs. Yelty, < mlfi: Ecrtnire Egvl`gtlce gem Vurvlvgd? 0 mlfi:
sybbitry,, gem wncdinigrtim mimlfgtlce ” tc geytnle`, ai lt
sybbitry Cffudt Jecwdim`i? 71 mlfi: [irsugmi? 8 mlfi: Qigm
dcvi, wigdtn, cr tni agsist fruidty ” gttrgft tnib. Ay fce- Letietlces? 9 mlfi: Qislst Mlsigsi/[clsce? 7; mlfi:
trgst, fcetrgmlftlce gem turbcld gri uespigjgady u`dy tc
Viesis? > mlfi: ]nrigtie? > mlfi: ]rgfjle`? 9 mlfi
tnib. Aiguty, tcc, mrgws g uelfcre, aut lts lmig ch aiguty ls gs Gppigrgefi 9, Qiscdvi 9, @uldi 9
strge`i gem ivir-snlhtle` gs tni Pydm ltsidh. G uelfcre sbldis
upce g adccm-spgttirim agttdi﬇idm gs chtie gs g suadlbi ficw-
ir grrge`ibiet, gs dce` gs tni dgttir mcise“t bgr tni hcrbir:
lt wcudm stgbp
tni ficwirs
letc

YELFCQE
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Ncre)? 71 mlfi (Mgbg`i 78)
Gttgfj (Jlfj/Vtcbp)? < mlfi (Mgbg`i 76)
Bcvibiet?? 7; mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet
Ivgslce =, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngreiss? 0/;
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
@cri? Miflslvi ncre gttgfjs gmm ixtrg suffissis tc
mgbg`i g`glest ieiblis wltn dcwir Leltlgtlvi, gs dce`
gs tni uelfcre ngse“t tgjie gey ctnir gftlces (lefdum-
le` rifiixlvi bcvibiet gftlces) tngt ture.
Vjy Queeir? Le Frigtlce, uelfcres fge rue gfrcss
tni surhgfi ch secw cr wgtir wltncut slejle` le. Le tni
Pydm, tniy fge tgji tc tni sjy, `gddcple` cvir fdcums
gem blst gs tncu`n tniy wiri scdlm `rcuem. Ple`im
uelfcres fge fiy ecrbgddy le gey ievlrcebiet.
BIQL]V
Fcdm Lrce Agei? Pigpces ch lrce migd g``rgvgtim
mgbg`i tc uelfcres.
@dcrlcus Gurg? G fngrgftir bust pgy cei Plddpcw-
ir tc gttgfj tni uelfcre gs dce` gs lt ngse“t gttgfjim
nir yit tnls sfiei: cefi sni spiems g Plddpcwir, sni
bgy gttgfj gt wldd hcr tni sfiei. ]ni uelfcre“s Lesplri
rcdds ngvi g tgr`it eubair ch 9, gs dce` gs tni ibctlce
lt“s lesplrle` gdl`es wltn lts Letlbgflis le fcetixt.
Nigrts Yebgsjim? Yelfcres fge selhh cut tni
stiefn ch mlsscegefi gem gsybbitry.
gsybbitr y. ]ni
]ni uelfcre bgy
usi lts Viesis gem ]rgfjle` pccds tc mitift fcefilft ch
gey jlem, lefdumle` pnyslfgd fcbagt, gr`ubiets, cr
letiregd turbcld sufn gs fdgsnle` Letlbgflis. ]niy fge
gdsc siesi bg`lfgd fcefilfts, sufn gs tni usi ch Py-
dm-Vngple` ]ifnelqui (Ixgdtim, p. 669) tc fgrvi
rigdlty cut ch fngcs.
Cgtns Itiregd?  G uelfcre fgeect `c agfj ce lts
wcrm cefi `lvie: lts prlmi ls g bg`lfgd hcrfi tngt
priviets lt hrcb mcle` sc. Ncwivir, lt mcuadis >s ce
ece-gttgfj gftlces tc upncdm g prcblsi cr g`riibiet.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Yelfcres gri qulfj tc sdgy tncsi wnc c﬋iem tnib, gem
hcfus sle`di-blemimdy ce mistrcyle` tnisi c﬋iemirs
 aihcri bcvle` ce tc ctnir tgr`its, ri`grmdiss ch ridgtlvi
mge`ir. ]niy digvi leourim jle tc mli lh tni wcuemim
fge“t rifcvir qulfjdy ” tc sii tnilr pirhiftlce bgrrim
tnus ls mls`ustle` tc tnib. Bgey uelfcres ecw sirvle`
gs bcuets hcr tni Fncsie wiri gagemceim tnls wgywgy,, cedy
hcr ge Ixgdtim fngbplce tc risfui tnib. Vufn gfts wle
tni hgi frigturis“ uemyle` dcygdty, gs dce` gs tnilr bgs-
tirs dlvi up tc tnilr nl`n ixpiftgtlces.
 G uelfcre ls g 6-mct hgbldlgr.
hgbldlgr.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

Pgdjuri
Acre ch migtn-mrigbs ce Ecrtnire agttdi﬇idms, tni wgdjurie gppigr gs `ngstdy, bgoistlf syetnisis ch mlvlei wgrrlcr
gem fgrrlce alrm. Vcbi bgelhist gs wle`im gem fdgwim gvgtgrs ch agttdi: ctnirs gri tirrladi wcbie gem bie scgrle`
gstrlmi adgfj-pdubim nlppc`rl﬋s, tnilr swcrms arl`nt gs pgle, tnilr nguairjs rim gs adccm. Gdd mwidd gt tni acr-
mirdgems aitwiie dlhi gem migtn, prcwdle` agttdi﬇idms gem sngmcwdgems ” gdcei cr le
ficfjs ” le sigrfn ch `ncstdy priy
priy.. Gem lh gdd tniy ﬇em gri tni dlvle`,
tniy fge gdwgys bgji eiw `ncsts.

 Gdtncu`n lt lse“t g `ncst ltsidh, g

wgdjuri“ss grbgbiets ivcji tncsi
wgdjuri“
ch tni agttdi﬇idm hrcb wnlfn lt
ls acre, bgjle` g wgdjuri hrcb
Lfincbi vlslady ml﬋iriet hrcb
cei wnc rcsi eigr Gsfieslce.
 \
 \it
it tni di`iems surrcuemle`
tnib gri slbldgr tnrcu`ncut
tni Ecrtn. Hcr ixgbpdi, bgey
trlais aidlivi tngt nigrle` g
wgdjurie“s wgld gwgy hrcb
g agttdi﬇idm ls g migtn cbie.

Hrgrltnl strljis bcri suatdy

tnge bgey ch lts ldj. ]gdd gem
`guet, swgtnim le hurdim adgfj
wle`s risibadle` g nccmim higtnir
fdcgj, lt diges ce lts spigr dlji ge cdm
bge wltn g stg﬋. Aut lt bcvis
swlht gs migtn ce lts stldt-
dlji alrm“s di`s, wnldi
lts ncrrlm, snlhtle` hgfi
ls tngt ch g jlddir siie
tnrcu`n tni iyis ch g hi-
 vir-strufj
 vir-stru fj fnldm.

Bcst wgdjurie arle` fgp-

turim `ncsts tc tnilr dgrmirs tc
gssug`i tnilr cwe wilrm nue`irs.
Aut Hrgrltnl sirvis g bl`nty bgs-
tir, gem lt fgrrlis lts vlftlbs gdcht tc
tngt mgrj bcegrfn“s fltgmid.

PGDJYQI
Issiefi? 1: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? < mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 0;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x6/∑1x6/∑=/Lefgp.
Gftlces?  Hdy? < mlfi: Viesis? > mlfi: ]nrigtie? 0
mlfi: ]rgfjle`? 8 mlfi
Gppigrgefi = (Nlmicus), Qiscdvi =, @uldi 1
FCBAG]
Gttgfj (Dce` spigr/strgl`nt swcrm)?  < mlfi
(Mgbg`i 7=)
Fcbagt Bcvibiet?  < mlfi, cr 77 wnldi fiyle`/
bcuetim
Ivgslce 1, [grry 6
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? </; (Vpiftrgd nguairj)
CHHIEVI FNGQBV
Ncrrl﬇f Pgld (9b: Vuppdibietgd: Lestget: Issiefi
7)? Lh g wgdjuri suffisshuddy tnrigties ge ieiby, tni
ieiby dcsis tnrii Leltlgtlvi, gs tirrcr cvirwnidbs
ivie tni stiidlist eirvis.
Vjy-Fgtfn ]gdces  (8b, =l: Vlbpdi: Lestget: [ir-
ldcus: Issiefi 1)? ]ni wgdjuri rifiixlvidy swccps
mcwe up tc tnrii rge`i agems hrcb gacvi tc lel-
tlgti g `rgppdi `gbalt: tnls Fngrb mcise“t wcrj lh
tni wgdjuri fge“t mlvi mcwewgrm gt digst cei rge`i
agem tcwgrm tni tgr`it. Gmm cei ixtrg suffiss tc tni
`rgppdi fcetrcd rcdd. Pnitnir tni fdlefn ls suffisshud
cr ect, tni wgdjuri bgy rifiixlvidy bcvi cei rge`i
agem le gey mlriftlce: lh lt ls suffisshud, tni wgdjuri
pudds tni `rgppdim tgr`it gdce`, wltncut riqulrle` g
mrg` gftlce. ]nls
]nls ls usgadi cefi pir sfiei, uediss risit
ay spiemle` twc fcesifutlvi tures bcvle` upwgrms
tc auldm gdtltumi.
MIHIEVI FNGQBV
Vngmcw-Xildim Mifiiftlce  (6b, 7l: Qifiixlvi:
Lestget: [irldcus: Issiefi 7)? Vtrigble` sngmcws
ainlem lts spigr, tni wgdjuri `gles +7 [grry g`glest
g sle`di gttgfj, cr +1 lh tni gttgfjir ls gt fdcsi rge`i.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Pgdjurie nguet sngmcwdgems gem agttdi﬇idms siijle`
`ncstdy priy.
priy. ]niy prihir tni `ncsts ch scdmlirs gem wgr-
rlcrs, aut gey wldd mc le g plefn. Pnie g wgdjuri fcbis
tc g pdgfi wniri ec `ncsts wgdj, lt tgr`its dlvle` fngb-
plces wnc mlspdgy ﬇`ntle` prcwiss, fceslmirle` sufn g
cei“s `ncst g midlfgfy gem g trcpny cefi wce. Le fcb-
 agt, g wgdjuri usis lts wgld strgti`lfgddy tc iegft summie
turegrcuems wnie hcis ngvi tni gmvgetg`i cr frgsn cp-
pceiets oust ghtir tniy risit tc agsi Leltlgtlvi. ]nie, lt
fgrrlis priy nl`n letc tni glr, iltnir tc mrg` `ncsts c﬋ 
tc lts dglr cr tc mgsn tni dlvle` tc tni `rcuem aidcw. G
wgdjuri gttibpts tc fiii ghtir tgjle` mgbg`i tc lts ﬇rst
∑1 nigdtn divid.
Misplti lts vcrgflcus
lbbimlgtidy fcesubigppitltis, g wgdjuri
lts priy gs mcise“t
scce gs lt gdwgys
ritures tc lts
eist, jiiple` g stgsn hcr dige tlbis. Airigvim
Airigvim dcvim ceis
gem survlvle` bibairs ch Vwcre Jlesnlps bl`nt stldd ai
gadi tc dgy tnilr hgddie hrliems tc rist, lh tniy fge trgfj
tni wgdjuri tc lts sgeftub. Vcbi wgdjurie gri wlddle` tc
strlji up g agr`gle, lh tni dlvle` c﬋ir g wcrtny ixfnge`i
hcr lts dcst bigd. Ctnirs cedy vliw
vl iw tni dlvle` gs ixtrg stiw
bigt hcr tni pct. ]ncsi Hrgrltnl tgjis hgfi ect cedy tngt
ncrrlhyle` wgdjuri, aut gdsc tni pirlds ch lts bgstir“s
fltgmid.

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI
Pnlti Qcai
 Ge ifnc c prcisslcegd bcureirs sufn gs Vloge“s gbim
scrrcwirs, wnlti rcais gri ibpty `grbiets rgmlgtle`
`rli, iemdissdy wgemirle` le g ueirgd prcfisslce tc ec-
wniri. ]ni vgst aurmie dlvle` bcureirs fgrry frigtis
pcwirud ibctlcegd lbprlets rcb wnlfn wnlti rcais
spgwe. ]nisi suadlbi, ncddcw rcais gri lesfrlaim wltn
 aigutlud, ivir-fnge
ivir-fnge`le`
`le` sybacds le `rgy gem arcezi:
tncsi wnc fge miflpnir tni wrltle`s digre sifrits rcb
tni Yemirwcrdm“s cr`cttie rigfnis. ]ncu`n pgdi gem
itnirigd, wnlti rcais gri pdgsblf frigtlces c ibctlce
gem Yemirwcrdm Issiefi, rgtnir tnge `ncsts.
Issiefi? 7: Plddpcwir? 9: Ocle Agttdi? 9 mlfi
[irscegd Bctis? 6;
Nigdtn Divids? ∑;/∑7x1/∑1x1/∑=/Lefgp.
Gftlces? Lesplri? 7; mlfi: Lestldd? 7; mlfi: Egvl`gtlce?
8 mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? > mlfi: Viesis? 8 mlfi
Qiscdvi =, @uldi 1
FCBAG]
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? > mlfi
Ivgslce =, [grry 7  =/;
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV
Piiple` Gurg?  Biri prcxlblty tc g wnlti rcai
ls iecu`n tc mrlvi ivie strce`-wlddim wgrrlcrs tc
tigrs. ]ni ﬇rst tlbi le igfn sfiei g `lvie fngrgftir
fcbis wltnle sncrt rge`i, rcdd tni wnlti rcai“s Lesplri
g`glest tngt fngrgftir“s Qiscdvi. Lh lt suffiims, sni“s
lbpgsslceim wltn `rlih gem suhhirs g ∑6 piegdty tc gdd
ece-rifiixlvi gftlces hcr tni sfiei, uediss sni spiems
7 Plddpcwir tc rislst. Gey `lvie fngrgftir cedy eiims
eii ms
tc rislst gey   wnlti rcai“s Piiple` Gurg cefi pir
sfiei. @ncsts tnls gurg suffisshuddy ghhifts lestigm
suffuba tc Ditni uediss tniy spiem 7 Plddpcwir.
 

PNL]I QCAI

@QLIHAIIV

]ni Yemirwcrdm“s aiis `dcw tni slfjdy `rgy-`riie ch Fcetg`lce `ncsts gem aigr gsnie-nuim strlpis. ]niy hiim
ce ibctlce rgtnir tnge eiftgr, prihirrle` tni vlarget ibctlces ch tni dlvle` tc tni muddim ceis ch tni migm, gem
tni wiiple` nceiy tniy prcmufi lbpgrts tnisi strce` hiidle`s tc tncsi wnc tgsti lt. Pnie g `rlihaii hiims upce
pcwirhud ibctlce, lt iblts g scht `riielsn-wnlti dl`nt, lddublegtle` lts surrcuemle`s cut tc sncrt rge`i. ]ngt dl`nt

bgjis fcrpsis
lh tniy“ri wltnle
mls`ulsim lts rgmlus `dcw
cr mlshl`urim. Lh tnilepirsce
rispcesi,
mlim`rgetle` +6ch
gs g risudt mlfi tc hlem tnib
geycei“s lh tniy“ri
letiesi hiidle` nlmmie cr lmietlhylh tnib
” hcr ixgbpdi, tnilr
burmirir jlddim tnib le g rg`i, cr tniy fcbblttim sulflmi cut ch mispglr ” tni `dcw snlhts tc g durlm crge`i
gem gdsc `rgets levistl`gtcrs +6 mlfi tc mitirblei ncw tniy mlim gem ctnir mitglds gacut tni flrfubstgefis
surrcuemle` tni migtn.

Fngrgftirs gri bcri dljidy tc iefcuetir `rlihaii nceiy, rgtnir tnge tni aiis tnibsidvis, uediss tniy rue gfrcss
g prcfisslce ch wnlti rcais cr fcbi wltnle g bldi ch g `rlihaii nlvi le tni Yemirwcrdm gem ixpirliefi pcwirhud
ibctlce. @rlihaiis mc ect gttgfj uediss tnrigtieim, cr uediss tni nlvi ls iemge`irim. Pnie prcvcjim, tniy gt-
tgfj gs g agttdi `rcup swgrb wltn Vlzi 7, [ccr Mrldd, gem Bl`nt 7.

G nlvi ch `rlihaiis bgjis g plet ch wiiple` nceiy le g mgy, wnlfn ls g Qiscurfis 6 purfngsi, cr Qiscurfis 1 le
tni Yemirwcrdm.

BIQL]V pgtn, tnilr prisiefi gdcei ls iecu`n tc cvirfcbi ce-

Ifncis ch @rlih?  Pnlti rcais `gle +6 mlfi gem
mcuadi >s ce rigm letietlces gftlces tc mlsfcvir Le-
tlbgflis wltn fcetixts ch `rlih, scrrcw, dcss, mispglr,
cr slbldgr.
Lefcrpcrigd? Pnlti rcais gri lbbgtirlgd aut gdwgys
vlsladi, ivie le Frigtlce. Cedy gttgfjs fgpgadi ch
ngrble` lbbgtirlgd aile`s, sufn gs Vplrlt-Futtle`
Gttgfj (Ixgdtim, 69=), fge tgr`it tnib.
VCFLGD FNGQBV
Leflti tni @rlivle` ]lmi  (9b: Qifiixlvi: Lestget:
[syfni: Issiefi 7)? ]ni wnlti rcai sle`s g mlr`i, stlr-
rle` lts tgr`it“s nigrt. Mcuadi <s ce cei lestldd gftlce  
tc frigti cr lefrigsi tni letieslty ch gey Letlbgfy tc
wnlfn Ifncis ch @rlih wcudm gppdy. Lh twc cr bcri
wnlti rcais tgr`it tni sgbi fngrgftir wltn tnls Fngrb  
gt tni sgbi tlbi, sni suhhirs g ∑7 tc Qiscdvi g`glest
tngt gftlce pir twc pgrtlflpgtle` wnlti rcais.
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs
Pnlti rcais wgemir tni Yemirwcrdm gem Frigtlce,
bcurele` ect spifl﬇f migtns, aut gdd migtn gs tnilr rgl-
sce m“ïtri. ]niy trgvid le scdibe prcfisslces c cur tc
7;, gem tncu`n tniy rgridy strgy rcb tnilr letiemim
dccjirs wltn `rli. Pnlti rcais mce“t spigj cr rispcem
tc bufn, ivie wnie tnrigtieim, cfusle` gdbcst ixfdu-
slvidy ce tnilr prcfisslce: tniy gttibpt tc isfgpi l gt-
tgfjim, gem gdtncu`n tniy mce“t fcbbuelfgti mlriftdy,
tniy mc scbitlbis sle` nybes cr mlr`is gs tniy ficgt
iirldy gdce` lefnis gacvi tni `rcuem. ]niy rigm letie-
tlces tc mlsfcvir `rli-agsim Letlbgflis gem usi Leflti
tni @rlivle` ]lmi lestleftlvidy, rgtnir tnge gs gey jlem
c pdcy cr midlairgti prcvcfgtlce. ]nls gttrgfts `rlihiis
tngt cddcw tnib grcuem tc iim ce tni gbaliet ibctlce
tni wnlti rcais prcmufi le pgssirsay (sii slmiagr).
Gs wnlti rcais bcvi gdce` tnilr ueiemle` ueirgd
bgrfn, tni sybacds upce tnilr acmlis snlt gem fnge`i.
G fngrgftir fge
Letiddl`iefi miflpnir tnicrwrltle`
+ (Dle`ulstlfs Cffudt)wltn
rcdd,gewltn
ixtiemim
mlst-
fudty 6, `cgd eubair 1;, gem letirvgd tie bleutis. ]ni
sfrlpturi rivigds gefliet gem cr`cttie sifrits c tni
Yemirwcrdm, c tni Vtcrytiddir“s fnclfi: tniy bgy le-
fdumi pgiges tc cr`cttie `cms tngt fcudm subbce cr
ietrigt sufn ietltlis, tni dcfgtlce c g migtnjel`nt“s nlm-
mie dglr, tigfnle`s c tni Mgrj Bctnir tngt bl`nt digm
fngrgftirs tc g Dlblegd Ixgdt, eifrcbgetlf leltlgtlces cr
migtndy tngubgtur`lfgd
tngubgtur`lfgd rltugds, gem sc ce.
 

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

_lfegd ch tni Gsbgel

 Gffcrmle` tc di`iem, wnie tni gefliets sng
sngpim
pim Frigtlce, tniy sit tni gsbge
gsbgell tc ncdm up tni fcreirs ch tni sjy
sjy.. Pnie
tni Fcetg`lce fgbi gem Hglr Hcdj pcurim cvir tni wcrdm“s rlb le ge uestcppgadi tlmi, tni Pydm swgddcwim tni gs-
bgel. Pgrpim gem risngpim gdbcst aiycem rifc`eltlce, tniy wgemir gs vgst prctige fcdcssl tnrcu`n tni sngddcws
ch fngcs.

_lfegd gppigrs gs g tltgelf bge ﬇hty hiit nl`n. Nls tnrii hgfis gri wnlti-nglrim gem ausnyaigrmim: nls bgey ngems
ncdm pgrfnbiet gem arusn, pduba dlei gem bigsurle` fcrm, sfiptir gem swcrm. Pniri nls jle ribgle le miipist
Pydm, bigemirle` blemdissdy cr bgjle` wgr g`glest tnle`s ch fngcs, _lfegd mwidds upce ge lsdgem ch stgaldlty ai-
 ycem wcrdm“s im`i. ]niri ni rudis tni mibietim flty ch Bgrgjgemg, ncbi tc tie tncusgem butgtim bcrtgds gem ge
iemdiss vgrlity ch lesfrutgadi `cadle-tnle`s.

Issiefi?  9: Plddpcwir?

Issiefi? 9:  0: Ocle
Plddpcwir? 0: Agttdi? 7; mlfi
 Ocle Agttdi? 7;
Bctis? 9;
[irscegd Bctis? 9;
Nigdtn Divids?  ∑;x7;/∑7x1;/∑1x1;/∑=x7;/
Lefgp

Letlbgflis?
Letlbgflis?   Mi﬇ele`?
by hcrbir stgti, L stldd  —]ncu`n L gb hgddie
misirvi rispift hrcbhrcb
tni
pcwirs ch Frigtlce:‒ Bgocr?  ]ni Hglr Hcdj
(Pgry Qisietbiet): Bgrgjgemg (Ixgspirgt-
im Qispceslaldlty): Blecr? Ctnir Gsbgel (Mls-
gppcletbiet)
Gftlces?  Fcbbgem? 7; mlfi: Higts ch Vtrie`tn?
Gftlces?
79 mlfi (bgy gttibpt Vtrie`tn 7; higts):
Jecwdim`i ch tni Pydm? > mlfi: Dce`
Bibcry? < mlfi: Qigm Letietlces? < mlfi:
Qislst [clsce/Mlsigsi? 71 mlfi: Viesis? 71
mlfi: Vcflgd Lefiuiefi? 71 71 mlfi: Prltle`? 8 mlfi
Gppigrgefi =, Qiscdvi 9, @uldi 6
 78
I^6

_LFEGD CH ]NI GVBGEL

C]NIQ GVBGEL

_lfegd“s trglts gri riprisietgtlvi ch gsbgel le `ieirgd, gdtncu`n tni Pydm“s wgrple` pcwir ngs `rgetim ctnirs
hgr mlhhiriet butgtlces, Fngrbs, pgecpdlis, cr mcbgles. ]ni twidvi-grbim gsbge Vgeij, hcr lestgefi, dgfjs _lf-
egd“s tnrii hgfis. Lestigm, sni ngs tni dcwir acmy ch ge lbbiesi sfgrdit wcrb, nir uemiraiddy dleim wltn hgfis,
gem wigrs ge grbcrim rglbiet wcvie hrcb nceiyaiis. Vni wgemirs tni Pydm gs g pieltiet, ncple` tc rifdglb

hcrbir `dcry tnrcu`n miims ch wngt sni pirfilvis gs vlrtui.

Qislstgefi?  Gsbgel gri lbbuei tc tni

Pydm Qislstgefi? 
FCBAG] wgrple` gem gmmlftlvi prcpirtlis ch gbaliet Pydm
ieir`lis, sgvi wnie tniy ietir tni Pydm“s cutirbcst
swcrm)?  76 mlfi (Mgbg`i 1=,
Gttgfj (Fcdcssgd swcrm)?  im`is. ]niy mcuadi <s ce rcdds tc rislst sngple` lefilft-
blelbub 9) im ay frigturis ch tni Pydm.
Gttgfj (@lget“s sfiptir, gs titsuac)? 76 mlfi CHHIEVLXI FNGQBV
(Mgbg`i 1=, blelbub =)
Dlba-Priefnle` @rgsp (7;b, 1l: Vlbpdi: Lestget:
fngle)? 77 mlfi
Gttgfj ([duba dlei, gs ﬇`ntle` fngle)? 77
Miflslvi-cedy)? Pnie ge gsbge tnrcws g `rgppdim
(Mgbg`i 16, blelbub 9)
ieiby, ni ﬇rst tigrs tnib gsuemir, mcuadle` aceus
Gttgfj (Yegrbim/@rgppdi)? 7;
(Yegrbim/@rgppdi)? 7; mlfi (76 mlfi tc mlfi ch mgbg`i rifilvim hrcb hcrhiltim rcuems ch
fcetrcd)
Bcvibiet? 71 mlfi
Fcbagt Bcvibiet? 71 fcetrcd. Lhx tni
(Vtgbleg rcddim mgbg`i
1), mcuadi tctgd dividsixfiims
ch mgbg`i tni lefilftim
vlftlb“s
Ivgslce 7, [grry 9 uediss tni vlftlb gffipts g frlppdle` leoury,
leour y, wnlfn mcis
( Ixgdtim,
ect fcuet g`glest tnilr cefi pir stcry dlblt (Ixgdtim,
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss? 79/9
Vcgj/Ngrmeiss?  79/9
p. 1;7). Pnitnir tni vlftlb dlvis cr mlis, tni gsbge
V[IFLGD GALDL]LIV file`s tnib gslmi ghtirwgrm, iemle` tni `rgppdi.
Cvirwnidble` Bl`nt?
Cvirwnidble` Bl`nt ? Gsbgel bgji uecppcsim Vfytnle` Adcw (9b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget: Mi-
`rgppdi fcetrcd rcdds g`glest ieiblis ch sbgddir slzi, flslvi-cedy)? Pltn cei adcw hrcb nls wigpces,
uediss tni vlftlbs usi bg`lf gddcwle` tnib tc `rgppdi tni gsbge bgjis g miflslvi gttgfj g`glest twc
dgr`ir hcis, sufn gs Mrg`ce Fcld ]ifnelqui (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, ieiblis, mlvlmle` nls Leltlgtlvi iviedy aitwiie actn tc
p. 1>;). mitirblei rgw mgbg`i. Ni bgy usi tnls Fngrb cefi
BIQL]V pir sfiei, uediss risit ay auldmle` up tc Leltlgtlvi 1;+.
Vlzi? _lfegd suhhirs ec cesdgu`nt piegd-
Di`iemgry Vlzi? _lfegd ]rlpdi ]nrigt (79b, 7wp: Vlbpdi: Lestget:
tlis hrcb gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir cppceiets, uediss tniy“ri Pltnirle`-cedy)? _lfegd bgjis tnrii sipgrgti
bg`lfgddy lefilftim. Pltnirle` gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir wltnirle` gttgfjs, igfn usle` g mlhhiriet wigpce
ieiblis fgeect frgsn nlb uediss tniy ngvi gt digst 7; g`glest
hrcb tnig uelqui
gttgfj tgr`it. Ni `gles
tngt migdt Leltlgtlvigbcuet
tni nl`nist gs ecrbgd
ch
pcst-scgj mgbg`i mlfi, gdtncu`n gttgfjirs stldd `gle
tni hudd gbcuet ch Leltlgtlvi mgbg`i migdt. Miflslvi mgbg`i: tni ctnir twc gttgfjs fgeect gwgrm bcri
gttgfjs hrcb sbgddir ieiblis fgeect migd bcri tnge tnge 9 Leltlgtlvi igfn, ect fcuetle` Leltlgtlvi Arigjs.
(6 + gttgfjir“s Vtrie`tn) divids ch mgbg`i tc nlb, ect Ni bgy usi tnls Fngrb cefi pir sfiei, uediss risit
fcuetle` divids gmmim ay Fngrbs cr ctnir bg`lf. ay bgjle` tnrii sipgrgti miflslvi gttgfjs.
Budtltgsjle`?   _lfegd fge fiurry wltn ecei ch tni
Budtltgsjle`? VCFLGD FNGQBV
usugd piegdtlis lh cei gftlce le tni fiurry ls g blsfiddg- Idi`get @cadle-Jle` Arusnstrcjis (1;b, 7wp:
eicus cr scflgd gftlce. Vlbpdi: Lestget: Prlttie-cedy)? _lfegd wrltis ge imlft
@gzi? _lfegd fge sii le tnrii sipgrgti ml-
]nriihcdm @gzi? _lfegd letc tni di`gd fcmi ch Bgrgjgemg gem bgjis g pir-
riftlces gt cefi, gem eivir suhhirs piegdtlis hcr mlstrgf- sugmi rcdd tc iesuri tni lengaltgets hcddcw lts mlftgtis.
tlces cr budtlpdi fcbpdlfgtlce
fcbpdlfgtlces.
s. Fngrgftirs gttibptle` tc ]nls
]n ls rcdd gppdlis g`glest tni Qiscdvi ch gdd
gd d Pydm butgets
istgadlsn surprlsi g`glest nlb suhhir g ∑6 mlfi piegdty. gem frigturis dlvle` tniri, wltncut tnib eiimle` tc
Crmir? _lfegd“s prisiefi tgbis tni
Piddsprle` ch Crmir? _lfegd“s rigm tni imlft. ]ncsi fcevlefim gft gs tncu`n tni dgw
ngs gdwgys aiie le pdgfi. _lfegd fge usi tnls Fngrb
Pydm
bgrfniswltnle ﬇vi bldis, tibpcrgrldy
tc acrmirbgrfnis, rimufle` blmmdi-
gem acrmirbgrfnis tc cefi pir stcry, uediss risit ay gfnlivle` g bgocr
tgletim dgems. ]nls mcise“t ghhift miip Pydm. fngrgftir cr stcry `cgd (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, p. 70;) tnrcu`n tni
g`iefy ch cutslmirs.
 70
I^6

NYEMQIM MIXLDV EL@N] [GQGMI

BLVFIDDGEICYV FNGQBV ch ncecr gs divirg`i lh ni fge. Ni“s pgrtlfudgrdy susfiptl-

Vjy-Vncudmirle` Ixirtlce (1;b, 7wp: Vuppdi-  adi tc agr`gles
agr`gles tngt pr
prcblsi
cblsi g bgocr Frigtlce-acre pcw-
bietgd: Lestget)? @gle mcuadi 0s ce tni rcdd hcr g higt ir“s igr, sufn gs g nl`n-rgejle` `cm.
ch strie`tn. ]ni gsbge biits tni Vtrie`tn pririqulslti
hcr gey sufn higt (Ixgdtim
(Ixgdtim,, p. 11<). Le fcbagt, _lfegd wgmis miip letc tni hrgy sc ni fge
frusn cppceiets ce gdd slmis wltn iqugd hury. Ni gdwgys
Vtcrytiddir ]gftlfs ngs gt digst cei Pydm-wgrpim `ugrmlge eigray, sufn gs g
Ixgdtim
 aufj
 aufj-c`ri
plce -c`ri cr bg
bgetlfcr
ls Bldgjg, etlfcrii ( 
g Pccm-Gspift , pp. 960-96<).
butget Nls fngb-
(Ixpirliefim
Le scflgd lefiuiefi, _lfegd ls prlbgrldy fcefireim wltn
nls cwe gutncrlty gem gutcecby, gem nls flty“s sghity. Ni Mrg`ce-Adccm? Ixgdtim, p. 9==). Bldgjg ngs wccmie fiisn
prihirs pirsugmi gem tnrigtie gftlces, aut wldd agr`gle lh (Yeusugd Nlmi? Ixgdtim, p. 788-780): tni agfj ch nls nigm
tni c﬋ir“s `ccm ” ispiflgddy lh lt lefcevieliefis tni rgj- ls g ncddcwim-cut rgltce“s eist, wnlfn cmmdy lbpglrs nlb
sng wltncut mrgwle` tcc bufn lri upce nls picpdi ” gem ect gt gdd. _lfegd fge `gtnir g agttdi `rcup ch Pydm bu-
usis tni surrcuemle` Pydm gem nls cwe hcr`cttie pdgfi tgets gem nca`cadles wltn tni hcddcwle` trglts? Vlzi 6, gv-
irg`i Mrldd, Bl`nt 7, Bg`eltumi >.