AIXKTIG XLGFIJ\A\IG U\AG\] IXXLTV\B

Fkslg Xlbdcbdcg`?

 Gs. Bujibbif Vkji, B.Nlp

Fkslg Xlbdcbdcg` Aijig

]yibsua Jifc P,].Nlp.Glrs.

Fcsusug Kalj ?

Dug`i Eirifcsti
484=8=9848:5

Nlais 9-I

XTK@TIB ]V\FC F= NLXLTIPIVIG

EIN\AVI] NLXLTIPIVIG

\GCULT]CVI] OLBDLT

NIBX\] NKVI XI]\T\IG

VIJ\G4848/4849
 

ALBDIT XLG@L]IJIG

  AIXKTIG XLGFIJ\A\IG

Flg`ig
Uuagus Oufua
Ipplrtub

Vlaij fcsijnig pifi?

Jirc ? Tidu
Vig``ia ? 80 ]lptlbdlr 4849

  Xlbdcbdcg` Aijig
Xlbdcbdcg` Cgstctusc

( Gugcg` Pcgircistutc.Ibf.Nlp )
( Gs. Fwcgcg` jigfiyigc,
].Nlp., B.Nls )

Bijiscswc

( Dug`i Eirifcsti )
 

AIXKTIG XLGFIJ\A\IG

I. NKG]
NKG]LX
LX BLFC
BLFC]
]
9. Flecgcsc
Auni ifiaij jcaig` itiu rusingyi sldi`cig oircg`ig tuduj
Uuagus
Uuagus ipplrtub
ipplrtub ifiaij
ifiaij auni
auni flg`ig
flg`ig tlpc yig` tcfin
tcfin dlrsturi
dlrsturig
g itiu
itiu mkbpig`
mkbpig`--
mibpcg` dcisigyi nirlgi tircnig itiu `krlsig dlgfi tubpua
Uuagus ipplrtub ifiaij auni rkdln blrupinig auni tlrduni yig` tlroifc nlnlrisig
tubpua yig` nuit sljcg``i blaibpiuc laistcsctis nuact itiu ktkt

4. Ltckak`c

i. Blnigcn  
 Dlgfi tioib
Blrupinig auni tlrduni yig` tlroifc incdit dlgfi yig` blbcacnc scsc tioib
itiu rugmcg`. Bcsiagyi auni crcs, auni dimkn, fig auni tusun 
 Dlgfi tubpua

 Alfinig itiu tlbdinig

Bcsiagyi auni nirlgi tlbdinig slgoiti ipc
 d. Gkg Blnigcn 


Dijig ncbci
Vlroifc incdit leln nkrksc firc isib nuit itiu disi nuit
 Vriubi ecscni
- Auni incdit suju tcg``c
]uju tcg``c fipit blg`incditnig
blg`incditnig tlroifcgyi
tlroifcgyi jlit lxjiustckg
lxjiustckg prcblr, jlit
lxjiustckg slnugflr, jlit strknl, sug strknl, fig jlit mribps.
- Auni incdit suju rlgfij
Flrioi
Flrioitt Auni
Auni yig` tlroif
tlroifcc pifi
pifi nuact
nuact nirlgi
nirlgi suju
suju fcg`cg
fcg`cg fcigti
fcigtirig
rigyi
yi
jyplrlbci, lflbi fig vlscnla,
- Auni incdit triubi acstrcn 
 

- Auni incdit pltcr

- Auni incdit plrudijig tlnigig ufiri (Bigsoklr, 4889)
 Tifcisc

=. Vigf
Vigfi
i Fig
Fig @loia
loiai
i
9) Tkdlnig oircg`ig
oircg`ig fiaib nuact tcfin dlriturig
dlriturig
4) Xlrfir
Xlrfiriji
ijig
g rcg`i
rcg`ig
g jcg``
jcg``ii dlrit
dlrit
=) Auni dcsi
dcsi blrkdln
blrkdln aipcsig
aipcsig itis
itis nuact
nuact jcg``i
jcg``i oircg`ig
oircg`ig albin 
albin 
6) Bugmua blbir dcru siit blrkdln
blrkdln oircg`i
oircg`ig
g nunu
<) Dlg`nin
Dlg`nin itiu
itiu nlblri
nlblrijig
jig fc slnc
slnctir
tir auni
auni rkdln 
rkdln 

6. Bigc
Bigcel
elst
stis
iscc Nac
Nacgc
gcss
Blgurut daimn (933=) bigcelstisc vuagus ifiaij sldi`ic dlrcnut?

Flekrbctis? Fiyi tlrcn nlnuitig ktkt blgyldidnig eri`blg tuaig` dlrpcgfij
firc tlbpitgyi plrudijig nlslcbdig`ig
nlslcbdig`ig fig mkgtur tlroifc slplrtc? rktisc
 plblgflnig tuaig`, plglnigig tuaig`.
 Dlg`nin? lflbi bugmua slmiri mlpit firc aknisc fig lnstrivinsisc firij
fiaib oircg`ig yig` dlrflnitig flg`ig erintur 
 Lmjubkscs firc Xlrfirijig ]udmuaiglkus

 ]pisbl ktkt spisbl cgvkaugtlrs flnit erintur 

 Vlgflrglss/nllbpunig


 Gylrc bug`ncg fcsldidnig kalj
k alj spisbl ktkt dlrpcgfij tuaig` firc tlbpitgyi
fig nlrusinig struntur fc filrij yig` dlrflnitig.
 Nljcaig`i
`ig
g slgs
gsiisc (bitc risi, bug
ug`
`ncg tlroifc fir
ircc rusingyi
sirie/plrfirijig)
 Xlr`lrinig idgkrbia

 Nrlpctisc

<. Na
Nais
isce
cecn
cnis
iscc Auni
Auni
i. Dlrfis
Dlrfisirn
irnig
ig flrioi
flrioitt nkgtib
nkgtibcgi
cgisc
sc
 Auni dlrscj
 

Aunii dlrsc
Aun dlrscj
j ifiaij
ifiaij auni
auni yig` tcfin
tcfin tlr
tlrfipi
fipitt cgeaib
cgeaibisc
isc fig cgelns
cgelnsc,
c, yig`
yig`
blrupinig auni siyit lalntce fig stlrca fcbigi auni tlrsldut dlrpktlgsc ugtun 
tlrcge
tlrcgelns
lnsc.
c. Auni
Auni tcfin
tcfin ifi nkgtin
nkgtin flg`ig
flg`ig krkeir
krkeircg`
cg`,, tri
trintu
ntuss rlspcr
rlspcritk
itkrc
rcus
us
biupug trintus `lgctkurcgircus. Flg`ig flbcncig nkgfcsc auni tlrsldut tltip
fiaib nlifiig dlrscj. Nlbug`ncgig tlroifcgyi cgelnsc auni slnctir 9%-<%.
 Auni dlrscj tlrnkgtibcgisc
Auni
Auni dl
dlrs
rscj
cj tl
tlrn
rnkgt
kgtib
ibcg
cgis
iscc if
ifia
iaij
ij au
auni
ni plbdl
plbdlfij
fijig
ig fc
fcbi
bigi
gi si
siau
auri
rig
g
 plrgieisig, siaurig plgmlrgiig fig siaurig plrnlbcjig fiaib nkgfcsc
tlrnkgt
tlrnkgtrka
rka.. Xrksls
Xrksls plgylbd
plgylbduji
ujig
g auni
auni inig
inig aldcj
aldcj aibi
aibi gibug
gibug auni
auni tc
tcfin 
fin 
blgugounnig tigfi cgelnsc. Nlbug`ncgig tcbduagyi cgelnsc auni slnctir =% -
99%.
 Auni tlrnkgtibcgisc
Auni tlrnkgtibcgisc ifiaij auni yig` dlrpktlgsc tlrcgelnsc spcaai`l siaurig

 plrgieisig, siaurig plgmlrgiig fig siaurig nlbcj. Auni blgugounig tigfi

cgelns
cgelnsc.
c. Auni cgc fipit
fipit fctlbu
fctlbunig
nig pifi auni
auni tlr
tlrduni
duni nirlgi
nirlgi triubi
triubi itiu
itiu
nl
nlml
mlai
aini
niig
ig (aun
(aunii ai
aisl
slri
risc
sc),
), erin
erintu
turr tl
tlrd
rdun
unii biup
biupug
ug au
auni
ni pl
plgl
gltr
tris
isc.
c.
Nlbug`ncgig cgelnsc auni 98% - 90%.
 Auni nktkr 
Auni nktkr ifiaij auni aibi, auni nlmlainiig yig` blg`igfug` oircg`ig
bitcc fig auni
bit auni flg`ig
flg`ig tigfi
tigfi cgelns
cgelnscc slplrt
slplrtcc micrig
micrig purualg.
purualg. Auni
Auni cgc dcsi
sldi`ic incdit plbdlfijig yig` sig`it tlrnkgtibcgisc. Dlgtun auni slplrtc

 plrekrisc vcslri, idsls fig triubi aibi.

 d. Dlrfisirnig plgyldid
9) Auni
Auni incdit
incdit nlnlr
nlnlrisi
isig
g dlgfi
dlgfi tubpu
tubpuaa
- Uuagus nkgtusck/ jlbitkb
Ifiaij auni blbir yictu suitu plgfirijig fiaib oircg`ig diwij nuact
incdit plmijgyi nipcalr fig vlgi yig` fcsldidnig kalj nlnlrisig tubpua
- Uuagus lnskrcisc (auni almlt itiu idrisc)
ifiaij
ifiaij mlflri
mlflri pifi
pifi plrbun
plrbuniig
iig lpcflr
lpcflrbc
bcss incdit
incdit dlrslg
dlrslgtuj
tujig
ig flg`ig
flg`ig
 dlgfi dlrplrbuniig nisir itiu rugmcg`. Auni cgc digyin fcoubpic pifi
nl
nloi
oifc
fcig
ig triu
triubi
bitc
tcn
n sl
slpl
plrt
rtcc nl
nlmla
mlain
iniig
iig ai
aiau
au ac
acgt
gtis
is,, tl
tlro
roit
ituj
uj biup
biupug
ug
 

 dlgturig dlgfi tioib itiupug tubpua. Piaiupug nlrusiniggyi bcgcbia

tl
tlti
tipc
pc auni
auni al
alml
mltt fi
fipi
pitt blbd
blbdlr
lrcn
cnig
ig pl
pltu
tugo
goun
un nl
nlbu
bug`
g`nc
ncgi
gig
g ifigy
ifigyii
nlrusinig jldit pifi iait-iait fiaib tuduj. ]lsuic blnigcsbl tlroifcgyi
auni almlt fcdlfinig fiaib olgcs?
 Auni almlt `krls
Fcincditnig kalj dlgfi rugmcg` yig` blg``lslr aipcsig
 plrbuniig nuact
 Auni almlt slrut (`rzsl)/`lslr (ercmtckg idrisckg)
Ifiaij
Ifiaij auni
auni almlt
almlt yig` tlr
tlroif
oifcc incdit
incdit plrslg
plrslgtuj
tujig
ig nuact
nuact
flg`
flg`ig
ig plr
plrbuni
buniig
ig difi
difig
g yig`
yig` nis
nisir flg`
flg`ig
ig ir
irij
ij
nlnlrisig sloioir/ bcrcg` tlrjifip nuact
 Auni almlt tlnig (cbprlssckg, cbpimt idrisckg)
Auni almlt yig` fcsldidnig kalj plglnigig dlgfi tubpua

slmiri tl`in aurus tlrjifip plrbuniig nuact.

- Uuagus aislritub (auni rkdln) itiu ipplrtub
Auni flg`ig tlpc yig` tcfin dlriturig itiu mkbpig` mibpcg` dcisigyi
nirlgi tircnig itiu `krlsig dlgfi tubpua. Auni cgc fipit ncti oubpic pifi
nloifcig nlmlainiig aiau acgtis fcbigi dlgtun auni tcfin dlriturig fig
nktkr, nlfiaibig auni dcsi blglbdus aipcsig bunksi jcg``i aipcsig ktkt.
4) Auni
Auni incdit
incdit nlnlr
nlnlrisi
isig
g sltlg`
sltlg`ij
ij tioib
tioib
- Uuagus Bkrsub
Ifiaij auni nirlgi `c`ctig dcgitig`. Auni `c`ctig jlwig blbcacnc dlgtun 
 plrbuniig auni yig` blg`cnutc `c`c jlwig yig` blg``c`ct. Flg`ig
nlfiaibig auni ou`i blgylsuicnig `c`ctig jlwig tlrsldut
=) Auni
Auni incdit
incdit nlnlri
nlnlrisig
sig tioib
tioib// dlgfi tioi
tioib
b
- Uuagus smcsub (auni siyit itiu crcs)
Auni siyit itiu crcs yig` fc tigfic flg`ig tlpc auni dlrupi `ircs aurus fig
 dlriturig. Uuagus smcssub dcisigyi fcoubpic pifi intcectis sljirc-jirc
slplrtc tlrnlgi pcsiu fipur, siyitig dlgfi tioib ( slg`, nimi ), fcbigi
 dlgtun auni tlritur 
-

Uuagus pugmtub (auni tusun)

 

Aunii tusun
Aun tusun ifiaij
ifiaij auni
auni incdit
incdit tusunig
tusunig dlgfi rugmcg
rugmcg`
` yig` dcisigyi
dcisigyi
nlfiaibig auni aldcj firc pifi aldirgyi. Bcsiagyi tusunig pcsiu yig`
blglbd
blglbdus
us aipcsi
aipcsig
g ktkt,
ktkt, tusuni
tusunig
g pinu fig dlgfi-d
dlgfi-dlgf
lgfii tio
tioib
ib aic
aicggyi
ggyi..
Nlslbuigyi blgcbduanig leln tusunig yig` fiaib flg`ig plrbuniig
auni tcfin dl`ctu aldir.
6) Uuagus
Uuagus smak
smakplr
plrktu
ktub
b (auni
(auni tlbd
tlbdin)
in)
Ifiaij auni yig` fcsldidnig nirlgi tlbdinig slgoiti ipc
<) Auni
Auni incdit
incdit triu
triubi
bi ecscn
ecscnii fig ncbc
ncbcii
- Uuagus mkbdutck
Ifiaij auni nirlgi tlrdinir kalj ipc itiu micrig pigis biupug slg`itig
irus acstrcn. Uuagus mkbdutck blbcacnc dlgtun auni yig` tcfin dlriturig
flg`ig plrbuniig auni yig` aldir fig wirgi nuact yig` blg`jctib.
Dcisigyi ou`i fcslrtic duai nirlgi nlrusinig lpctla nuact fig bunksi

Vriubi irtlrc ububgyi fipit fcsldidnig kalj triubi dlgfi tioib ( <8 % ) bcsiagyi
nirlgi
nirlgi tlbdin
tlbdinig,
ig, auni-a
auni-auni
uni tusun,
tusun, triubi
triubi nlmlai
nlmlainiig
niig nlroi
nlroi itiu
itiu nlmlain
nlmlainiig
iig aia
aiau
u
acgtis, triubi irtlrc fcdlfinig dlrfisirnig dlritgyi mcflri ?
i. Flrioit
Flrioit C ifiaij
ifiaij rkdlnig ifvctcmci
ifvctcmci fig
fig blfci,
blfci, tigpi
tigpi blglbdus
blglbdus fcgfcg
fcgfcg`.
`.
 d. Flrioit CC ifiaij rkdlnig virscia sljcg``i fcgfcg` irtlrc ou`i tlrauni fig
 dcisigyi blgcbduanig plgfirijig yig` jldit.
m. Flrioi
Flrioitt CCC ifiaij
ifiaij plbduau
plbduauj
j firij
firij putus tktia,
tktia, `ibdirig
`ibdirig nacgcs
nacgcs blgugou
blgugounig
nig
 plgfirijig yig` tcfin dlsir, irtlrc inig blg`iaibc visknkgtrcnsc fig rltrinsc
sljcg``i bisun nl oircg`ig nirlg laistcsctisgyi.

5. Xlri
Xlriwi
witi
tig
g Aun
Auni
i
9. Eisl Cgeaib
Cgeaibisc
isc ? dlraig`s
dlraig`sug`
ug` buaic
buaic tlroifc
tlroifc auni
auni sibpic
sibpic jirc nl <
Vlroif
Vlroifcc incdit
incdit sla bist
bist fiaib
fiaib oir
oircg`
cg`ig
ig cnit
cnit blg`jis
blg`jiscan
canig
ig slrktk
slrktkgcg
gcg fig
jcstibcg yig` blgcg`nitnig plrbcidcactis nipcalr sljcg``i tlroifc lnsufisc
mi
micr
crig
ig,, pl
plgu
gubp
bpun
unig
ig sl
slaa ri
rifi
fig`
g` fc
fcsl
slrt
rtic
ic vi
visk
skfc
fcai
aiti
tisc
sc sl
sltl
tlbp
bpit
it yi
yig`
g`
blgy
blgyld
ldid
idni
nig
g uflb
uflb fi
fig
g pl
plbd
bdlg
lg`n
`nin
inig
ig yi
yig`
g` fc
fcti
tigf
gfic
ic fl
flg`
g`ig
ig wirg
wirgii
 

nlblrijig nirlgi nipcalr blaldir (rudkr), suju jig`it (niakr), risi gylrc
(fkakr) fig plbdlg`ninig (tubkr).
4. Eisl Xrkacelris
Xrkacelriscc / Ecdrkpaist
Ecdrkpaistcm
cm / @riguaisc
@riguaisc ?
Vlroifc buaic injcr eisl cgeaibisc sibpic injcr bcg``u nl =. Xifi eisl cgc
auni
auni fcplg
fcplguj
ujcc sl
slaa ri
rifi
fig`,
g`, ecdr
ecdrkda
kdais
istt fi
fig
g nk
nkai
ai`lg
`lg,, bl
blbd
bdlgt
lgtun
un oi
oirc
rcg`i
g`ig
g
 dlrwirgi nlblrijig flg`ig plrbuniig yig` dlrdlgoka jiaus yig` fcsldut
 oircg`ig `riguaisc. Xrksls cgc diru dlrjlgtc sltlaij lpjctla siacg` blgylgtuj
fig blgutup slauruj plrbuniig auni.
=. Ei
Eisl
sl plgyu
plgyufi
fijig
jig / Xlb
Xlbit
itig`
ig`ig
ig..
Eisl cgc dlraig`sug` dlrduaig duaig fig fcgyitinig dlrinjcr ocni slbui tigfi
rifig`
rifig` tlaij
tlaij jcaig`
jcaig`.. Xifi eisl
eisl cgc tlr
tlroif
oifcc prksls
prksls plbiti
plbitig`ig
g`ig yig` tlr
tlrfcr
fcrcc
 plgylripig nlbdiac oircg`ig yig` dlraldcj, plg`lrutig slsuic flg`ig `iyi
`riectisc, fig injcrgyi plrupiig nlbdiac oircg`ig yig` diru fcdlgtun.

0. Xitk
Xitkec
ecsc
scka
kak`
k`cc
Blgurutt ]kloirtk
Blguru ]kloirtk Tlnskprkfok,
Tlnskprkfok, fnn, 933< > 69<) prksls yig` tlroifc
tlroifc slmiri iaibcij
 dcai tlroifc auni fcdi`c blgoifc = eisl ?
9) Eisl cgeaibsc
cgeaibsc itiu
itiu ‑ai`pjisl‑
‑ai`pjisl‑ dlraig`sug`
dlraig`sug` sibpic
sibpic < jirc. Incdit
Incdit auni tlroifc
tlroifc
 plgfirijig, cnut nlauir sla-sla trkbdksct rifig`. Vrkbdksct blg`lauirnig
 prksc` aiacb, trkbdksib, dijig ncbci tlrtlgtu fig isib ibkcgc tlrtlgtu yig`
blbplg`irujc plbdlnuig firij, blg`itur tkgus fcgfcg` plbduauj firij
fi
fig
g njlbk
njlbkti
tins
nscs
cs tl
tlrj
rjif
ifip
ip al
alunk
unksc
sct.
t. Vl
Vlro
roif
ifcc Uisl
Uislnkg
nkgtr
trcn
cnsc
sc fi
fig
g pr
prks
ksls
ls
 plg`jlgtcig plgfirijig. ]la rifig` nlauir firc plbduauj firij slmiri
fciplfcscs fig blguou firlj auni slmiri njlbktinscs. ]la bist blg`lauirnig
slrktkgcg
slrktkgcg fig jcstibcgl
jcstibcgl yig` blgug``ianig
blgug``ianig plruslidcac
plruslidcactis
tis nipcalr,
nipcalr, tlroifc
tlroifc
lnsufisc micrig lflbi. Flg`ig flbcncig tcbdua tigfi-tigfi rifig` alunksct,
acbeksct fig bkgksct blg`jigmurnig fig blgijig nktkrig fig nubig.
4) Ei
Eisl
sl prke
prkelr
lris
iscc it
itiu
iu ei
eisl
sl ecdr
ecdrce
ceai
aisc
sc.. dlrai
dlraig`s
g`sug`
ug` firc
firc ji
jirc
rc nl 5-
5-=
= bc
bcg``
g``u.
u.
Vlrsceit kalj prksls prlekrisc fig plbdlgtunig ecdrksi yig` dlrisia firc sla-
sla bislgncb. ]lrit-slrit diru fcdlgtun, fcitur, blg`nlrut yig` tcfin plrau

fcjigmurnig flg`ig flbcncig auni blg`nlrut/blg`lmca. Xifi eisl cgc auni

 

fccsc
fccsc kal
kalj
j sla rifig`
rifig`,, ecdrk
ecdrkais
ais,, slrit-
slrit-slr
slrit
it nkai`l
nkai`lg,
g, nipc
nipcalr
alr-ni
-nipca
pcalr
lr diru?
diru?
blbd
blbdlgt
lgtun
un oi
oirc
rcg`
g`ig
ig nl
nlbl
blri
rijig
jig flg`i
flg`ig
g pl
plrb
rbuni
uniig
ig tc
tcfi
fin
n ri
riti
ti,, fc
fcsl
sldu
dutt
 oircg`ig `riguaisc. Lpctla sla disia fctlpc auni alpis firc fisirgyi fig pcgfij
blgututpc fisir auni. Xrksls bc`risc lpctla jigyi dlroiaig nlplrbuniig yig`
riti fig aldcj rlgfij, tin fipit gicn, plbdlgtunig oircg`ig `riguaisc dlrjlgtc
sltlaij slauruj plrbuniig tlrtutup lpctla fig buaicaij prksls plgflwisiig
 plgylbdujig auni.
=) Ei
Eisl
sl ‑r
‑rlb
lbkf
kfla
lacg
cg`‑
`‑ ei
eisl
sl cgc
cgc fi
fipi
pitt dl
dlra
raig
ig`s
`sug
ug`
` dl
dlrd
rdua
uaig
ig-d
-dua
uaig
ig.. Fc
Fcni
niti
tinig
nig
 dlrinjcr dcai tigfi-tigfi rifig` sufij jcaig`. Xirut
X irut fig slnctirgyi dlrwirgi
 pumit, tcpcs, albis, tcfin ifi risi sinct biupug `itia

:. Na
Nais
iscec
cecnis
niscc Xlgyl
Xlgylbd
bduj
ujig
ig Au
Auni
ni
9) Xlgylbdujig
Xlgylbdujig Xrcblr
Xrcblr (sigit
(sigitck
ck plr prcbib
prcbib cgtlgtck
cgtlgtckglb)
glb)

Fcfipit dcai auni dlrscj, tcfin tlrcgelnsc, fig fcoijct flg`ig dicn.
4) Xlgylbdujig
Xlgylbdujig slnugflr
slnugflr (sigitck
(sigitck plr
plr slmugfib
slmugfib cgtlgt
cgtlgtckglb
ckglb))
- Fcfipit pifi auni yig` fcdcirnig tlrduni
- Auni fccsc oircg`ig `riguaisc fcbuaic firc fisir tlrus gicn sibpic plguj
plgu j
- Lpjctla blgutup oircg`ig `riguaisc buaic firc tlpc
- Xlgylbdujig
=) Xlgylbdujig
Xlgylbdujig Xrcblr
Xrcblr tlrtugfi
tlrtugfi itiu
itiu Xlgylbdujig
Xlgylbdujig flg`ig
flg`ig oircg`ig
oircg`ig tlrtugfi
tlrtugfi
- Auni fcdcirnig tlrduni
- ]ltlaij dldlripi jirc ifi `riguaisc dicn fig tcfin ifi cgelnsc
- Auni fcoijct
- Xlgylbdujig

3. Eintkr-
Eintkr-Ein
Eintkr
tkr Sig`
Sig` Blbplg`i
Blbplg`irujc
rujc Xlgyl
Xlgylbdu
bdujig
jig Auni
Auni
i. aun
unii. Ifig
igy
yi pl
plg
gyinct, slplrtc fc
fciidltls blactus fig `cgo
goiia, fipit
blbplraibdit prksls plgyldubdujig auni
 Gutrcsc, blrupinig ugsur utibi fiaib blbdigtu plrdicni sla, Xlgylbdujig
Xl gylbdujig
auni blrupinig suitu prksls yig` nkbpalns fig fcgibcs
fcgibcs nirlgi blrupinig
blrupinig

suitu nl`citig dckslaualr fig dckncbci yig` tlroifc siacg` dlrnlscgibdug`ig.

 

Xrksls plgylbdujig auni tcfin jigyi tlrditis pifi prksls rl`lglrisc yig`
 dlrsceit aknia sioi pifi auni, gibug fcplg`irujc puai kalj eintkr cgtrcgscn fig
eintkr lnstrcgscn 
 d. Eintkr visnuaircsisc blbplg`irujcauni nirlgi auni blbdutujnig nlifiig
 plrlfirig firij yig` dicn ugtun plrtubdujig fig plrdicnig sla.
m. Iglbci
Iglbci,, blbplr
blbplraib
aibdit
dit prksls
prksls plgylbdu
plgylbdujig
jig auni blg`cg`it
blg`cg`it plrdicn
plrdicnig
ig sla
blbd
blbdut
utuj
ujnig
nig ni
nifir
fir prkt
prktlc
lcg
g yi
yig`
g` mu
munup
nup.. Ka
Kalj
lj sl
sldid
did ct
ctu,
u, kr
krig`
ig` yig`
yig`
blg`
blg`ia
iaib
ibcc nlnur
nlnuri`i
i`ig
g nifir
nifir Jd fi
fiai
aib
b firij
firij in
inig
ig blg`i
blg`iai
aibc
bc pr
prks
ksls
ls
 plgylbdujig aibi
f. \sci
\sci nllpit
nllpitig
ig plrdicnig
plrdicnig sla dlraig`s
dlraig`sug`
ug` sloiaig
sloiaig flg`ig
flg`ig plrtub
plrtubduj
dujig
ig itiu
itiu
nl
nlbi
biti
tig`i
g`ig
g us
usci
ci sl
slsl
slkr
krig
ig`.
`. Gibu
Gibug
g sl
slai
aigo
gout
utgy
gyi,
i, pr
prks
ksls
ls plgui
plguiig
ig fipit
fipit
blguru
blgurugni
gnig
g scstlb
scstlb plrdic
plrdicnig
nig sla sljcg`
sljcg``i
`i fipit
fipit blbplr
blbplraib
aibdit
dit pksls
pksls
 plgylbdujig auni

l. Xlgy
Xlgyin
incct aic
icg.
g. Blb
Blbplg`
plg`ir
iruj
ujcc pr
prks
ksls
ls plgy
plgylb
lbdu
duji
jig
g tl
tlrrut
utib
ibii nirl
nirlgi
gi
nigfug`ig zit `czc yig` tlrfipit fc fiaibgyi. ]ldi`ic mkgtkj, vctibcg I
fcplraunig utun blbdigtu prksls lpctlacsisc itiu plgutupig auni fig scgtlscs
niak`l
niak`lg?
g? Uctibc
Uctibcg
g D nkbpal
nkbpalns
ns sldi`ic
sldi`ic nkeint
nkeintkr
kr pifi sc
scstl
stlb
b lgzcb
lgzcb yig`
yig`
blg`
blg`it
itur
ur blti
bltidk
dkac
acsb
sbll prkt
prktlc
lcg,
g, nirdkj
nirdkjcf
cfri
rit,
t, fi
fig
g al
albi
bin?
n? vc
vcti
ticg
cg m fipit
fipit
 dlreug`sc sldi`ic ecdrkdais fi blgml`ij ifigyi cgelnsc slrti blbdlgtun 
nipcalr-nip
nipcalr-nipcalr
calr firij? fig vctibcg
vctibcg N yig` blbdigtu scgtlscs prktkbdcg
prktkbdcg fig
 dleug`sc sldi`ic zit plbdlnuig firij
e. Nl`l
Nl`lbu
buni
nig,
g, kdit
kdit-k
-kdi
diti
tig,
g, blr
blrknkn
knkn fig
fig st
strrls
ls,, blbp
blbplg
lg`i
`iru
rujc
jc pr
prks
ksls
ls
 plgylbdujig auni. Krig` yig` tlraiau `lbun, digyin blg`nkgsubsc kdit-
kditig, blrknkn itiu strls inig blg`iaibc prksls plgylbdujig auni yig`
aldcj aibi (Jcfiyit iacbua izcz, 488:, nltribpcaig fisir ugtun printcn nacgcn 
nldcfigig, oinirti sialbdi blfcni )

98. Xlgitia
Xlgitiainsi
insigiig
giig
i) Xlgit
Xlgitiai
iainsi
nsigi
giig
ig blfcs
blfcs
- Xlbdlrcig kdit mlecxcbl
-
Xlbdlrcig kdit isib elgibit
 

- Xlbdlrcig dltifcg
- Blriwit auni
- Blainunig mkgtrka 4 jirc slniac
d) Xlgitia
Xlgitiainsi
insigii
giig
g Nlplriw
Nlplriwiti
itig
g
- Igournig naclg blbcgub kdit plrlfi gylrc
- Olaisnig stritl`c plrlfi gylrc
- Olaisnig plgyldid,plrckfl,fig plbcmu gylrc

99. Xlblrcnsiig
Xlblrcnsiig Xlgugoig`
Xlgugoig`
i) Xlb
Xlblr
lrccnsii
nsiig
g fci`
fci`gk
gkst
stccn yig`
yig` plra
plrau
u fc
fcai
ainu
nuni
nig
g tl
tlrrut
utib
ibii ol
olgc
gcss fir
firij
al
alg`
g`ni
nip.
p.Vu
Vuou
ouig
iggy
gyii ug
ugtu
tun
n blg`
blg`lt
ltij
ijuc
uc tl
tlgt
gtig
ig`
` cg
cgel
elns
nscc yi
yig`
g` tl
tlro
roif
ifcc
 plblrcnsiigyi blaiauc aidkritkrcub.
 d) ]la-sla firij putcj alunksct fipit tlroifc nlmlgflrug`ig flg`ig nljcaig`ig

sla pifi alsc auni fig rlspkg tlrjifip prksls cgelnsc

m) Jctug`
Jctug` firij alg`nip
alg`nip jlbitrknc
jlbitrknctt bug`ncg
bug`ncg tcg``c
tcg``c itiu
itiu alg`nip
alg`nip
f) Aiou lgfip
lgfip firij
firij (ALF)
(ALF) blgugounn
blgugounnig
ig nirintlrc
nirintlrcstcn
stcn cgelnsc
cgelnsc
l) @uai firij
firij rigfkb blbdlrc
blbdlrcnig
nig pltugoun
pltugoun tlrjifip
tlrjifip plgyinct
plgyinct fcidltls
fcidltls bcactus
bcactus
 

  94. Xitjwiy

  Uuagus Ipplrtub

Blnigcn dlgfi tioib,dlgfi tubpua,tlbdinig/

  Alfinig,`c`ctig dcgitig`

Vriubitcm oircg`ig

Nlrusinigi

Cgtl`rctis nuact

  Vlrputusgyi nkgtcguctis oircg`ig

Tusingyi dirrclr 

Xlrtijigig prcblr 

Nlrusinig syirie plrcelr 

 

  Vlrpipir acg`nug`ig

]tcbuaus glurktrigsbcttlr 

  (jcstibcgl,prksti`aifcgl,

  Drifcncgcg,)

Gylrc inut

D. NKG]LX
NKG]LX I]\JIG
I]\JIG NLXLTI
NLXLTIPIV
PIVIG
IG
9. Xlg`
lg`nioci
ocig

i. Tcwiyit nlsljitig slnirig`

Dcisigyi
Dcisigyi naclg bisun nl T] flg`ig nlaujig gylrc pifi di`cig yig` blg`iaibc
 dlgokaig
 d. Tcwiyit nlsljitig aiau
Dcisigyi naclg plgyinct `riguakbi blbpugyic Tcwiyit tubkr nlalgoir `ltij
 dlgcg`
m. Tcwiyit nlsljitig nlauir`i
Dcisigyi Ifi rcwiyit ig``kti nlauir`i yig` blgflrcti `riguakbi
`aunksi pifi urcgl(`aunksurci). Xifi lacbcgisc iavc rlaitce tcfin ifi `ig``uig.
` ig``uig.
f. Xkai intcvctis
Naclg
Naclg flg`ig
flg`ig cgfcni
cgfcnisc
sc `rigua
`riguakbi
kbi blg`ia
blg`iaibc
ibc nlalbi
nlalbijig
jig fig nlsusi
nlsusijig
jig yig`
fcincditnig kalj dlgokaig tlrsldut, sljcg``i blg`jibdit intcvctis naclg .
l. Xkai tcfur fig cstcrijit
Cstcrijit tcfin lelntce ifigyi gylrc pifi dlgokaig
e. Xlblrcnsiig Ecscn 
- Xlblrcnsiig nuact. Nuact inig tibpin blrij pifi irli yig` tlrauni
 

- Xl
Xlbl
blrc
rcns
nsii
iig
g nl
nlpi
piai
ai fi
fig
g al
aljl
jlrr Ni
Nioc
oc dl
dlgt
gtun
un nlpia
nlpiai,
i,nli
nlifi
fiig
ig ri
ribd
bdut
ut
Dcisigyi tcfin tlroifc plbdlsirig nlalgoir tcrkcf, nlalgoir `ltij dlgcg`,
fig OUX (Ou`uaircs Ulgkus Xrlssurl) gkrbia <-4 mbJ4
- Xlblrc
Xlblrcnsi
nsiig
ig busmua
busmuaksn
ksnlal
laltia
tia.. ]lrcg`
]lrcg` blrisi
blrisi ala
alaij
ij fiaib
fiaib blainu
blainunig
nig
intcectis.
`. Xlblrcnsiig plgugoig`
- Dckpsy `riguakbi
Xlg`ibdcaig oircg`ig tuduj ugtun plblrcnsiig aidkritkrcub. -Dckpsy cgc
 dlrtuouig ugtun blbistcnig dlgtunig tlrsldut dlgir-dlgir `riguakbi fig
 dunig plgyinct `igis
- Xlblrcnsiig rifckak`c
Xlblrcnsiig rifckak`c ifiaij plblrcnsiig ugtun blgfci`gkscs `riguakbi
fig blacjit nkgfcsc `riguakbi di`cig fiaib

4. Fc
Fci`
i`gk
gksi
si Nlplr
Nlplriw
iwit
itig
ig
i) Gyl
ylrc
rc Inut
Inut d.
d.f
f I`lg
I`lg cgou
cgourc
rc (dck
(dckak
ak`c
`c,, nc
ncbc
bci,
i,ec
ecsc
scn,
n, ps
pscn
cnka
kak`
k`cs
cs),
),
nlrusinig oircg`ig

Flecgcsc ? plg`iaibig slgskrcn itiu lbksckgia yig` dlrnictig flg`ig nlrusinig

 oircg`ig imtuia itiu eug`sckgia, flg`ig kglslt blgfifin itiu aibdit fig
 dlrcgtlgsctis rcg`ig jcg``i dlrit yig` dlraig`sug` nurig` firc = duaig

 Xlgyldid ?

9. I`lg plgmlflri ecsckak`cs

4. I`lg plgmlflri ncbciwc

=. I`lg plgmlflri ecscn 

6. I`lg cgourc

 @loiai fig Vigfi Biykr

]udolntce ?

9. Blg`lauj gylrc
 

Kdolntce

9. Vibpin blrcg`cs

4. Dlrscnip prktlntce 

=. @lacsij

d) Nlr
Nlrusin
usinig
ig Cgtl`rt
Cgtl`rtis
is Nuact
Nuact d.f eimtkr
eimtkr blnigcn 
blnigcn 

Flecgc
Flecgcsc
sc ? Nlrusi
Nlrusinig
nig nuact
nuact flrbcs
flrbcs itiu
itiu lpcflr
lpcflrbcs
bcs itiu
itiu oir
oircg`
cg`ig
ig (blbdr
(blbdrigl
igl
bunksi,nkrgli,eisci,ktkt,tlgfkg,tuaig`,nirtcai`k,nipsua slgfc fig ac`iblgt)

 Xlgyldid ?
- Eintkr cgtlrgia
- Eintkr blnigcn 
- Eintkr blnigcs
 @loiai fig Vigfi Biykr 
]udolntce ?
- Vcfin tlrslfci
Kdolntce 
- Nlrusinig oircg`ig itiu aipcsig nuact

=. Cg
Cgtl
tlrvl
rvlgsc
gsc Nlplr
Nlplriw
iwiti
itig
g
9) Gylr
ylrc inut

Dlrjudug`ig flg`ig? I`lg cgourc (dckak`c, ncbci,ecscn, pscnkak`cs), nlrusinig

 oircg`ig
F]?
- Aipkrig slmiri vlrdia
FK?
- Xkscsc ugtun blgijig gylrc
- Vcg`nij ainu dlrjitc-jitc
- @ig``uig tcfur (biti siyu, tibpin mipln, suact itiu `lrinig nimiu
nimiu, blgylrcg`ic)
- Vlreknus pifi fcrc slgfcrc
 

- Eknuss blgylb
Eknu blgylbpct
pct (plgur
(plgurugi
ugig
g plrslp
plrslpsc
sc wintu,
wintu, nlrusi
nlrusinig
nig prksls
prksls dlrpcn
dlrpcncr
cr,,
 plgurugig cgtlrinsc flg`ig krig` fig acg`nug`ig)
- Vcg`nij ainu fcstrinsc, mkgtkj ? oiaig-oiaig, blglbuc krig` aicg fig/itiu
intcvctis, intcvctis dlruaig`-uaig`)
- Tlspkg iutkgkb (slplrtc,  fcipjkrlscs, plrudijig tlnigig firij, plrudijig
gieis, gifc fig fcaitisc pupca)
- Xlrudijig iutkgkbcm fiaib tkgus ktkt (bug`ncg fiaib rlgtig` firc albij nl
ninu)
- Vcg`nij
Vcg`nij ainu
ainu lnsprl
lnsprlsce
sce (mkgtk
(mkgtkj
j ? `lacsi
`lacsij,
j, blr
blrcgt
cgtcj,
cj, blgig`
blgig`cs,
cs, wispif
wispifi,
i,
crctidla, gieis pigoig`/dlrnlauj nlsij)
- Xlrudijig fiaib giesu binig fig bcgub

4) Nlru
Nlrusin
sinig
ig Cgtl
Cgtl`rc
`rctis
tis N
Nua
uact
ct

 dlrjudug`ig flg`ig?
Lnstlrgia ?
F]?
- Jcplrtlrbci itiu jcpktlrbci
- ]udstigsc ncbci
- Nlalbdidig
- Eintkr
Eintkr blnigc
blnigcn
n (bcsia
(bcsiagyi?
gyi? iait
iait yig`
yig` fipitb
fipitblgcb
lgcbdua
duanig
nig auni,
auni,
tlnigig, rlstricgt)
- Cbbkdcactis ecscn 
- Tifcisc
- \sci yig` lnstrcb
- Nlalbdidig nuact
- Kdit-kditigCgtlrgia ?
- Xlrudijig stitus bltidkacn 
- Vkgokaig tuaig`
- Xlrudijig stitus micrig
- Xlrudijig pc`blgtisc

- Xlrudijig scrnuaisc
 

- Xlrudijig tur`kr (laistcsctis nuact)

FK?
- @ig``uig pifi di`cig tuduj
- Nlrusinig aipcsig nuact (flrbcs)
- @ig``uig plrbuniig nuact (lpcflrbcs)

:. Cbpalblgtisc Nlplriwitig

Xifi tijip cgc fcainunig plainsigiig firc plrlgmigiig nlplriwitig yig` tlaij
fctlgt
fctlgtuni
unig
g flg`ig
flg`ig tuouig
tuouig ugtun
ugtun blblgu
blblgujc
jc nldutuj
nldutujig
ig pisclg
pisclg slmiri
slmiri kptcbi
kptcbia.
a.
Cbpalblgti
Cbpalblgtisc
sc ifiaij plg`kaijig firc plrwuoufig
plrwuoufig firc rlgmigi nlplriwitig
nlplriwitig yig`
tlaij fcsusug pifi tijip plrlgmigiig .

3. Lviauisc

Vijip lviauisc blrupinig plrdigfcg`ig yig` scstlbcn fig tlrlgmigi tlgtig`

nlslji
nlsljitig
tig naclg
naclg flg`ig
flg`ig tuouig
tuouig yig` tla
tlaij
ij fctlti
fctltipnig
pnig,, fca
fcainun
inunig
ig flg`ig
flg`ig miri
miri
 dlrnlscgibdug`ig flg`ig blacditnig naclg flg`ig tlgi`i nlsljitig aicggyi.
 

FIEVIT X\]VINI

Mirp
Mirplg
lgct
ctk
k A.
A.O.
O. 4888.
4888. Fc
Fci`
i`gks
gksii Nlplr
Nlplriw
iwit
itig
ig Ipac
Ipacni
nisc
sc Xi
Xifi
fi Xl
Xlfc
fcit
itrc
rcn
n Na
Nacg
cgcs
cs..
(tlrolbijig) Lfcsc 5. L@M? Oinirti.

Mjifi, X.U. 933=. Mititig Nuacij Cabu Ekrlgscn & Vlngkak`c (Vlrolbijig). Pcfyi
Blfcni? Oinirti.

Fklg`ls, B.L. 4888. Tlgmigi Isujig Nlplriwitig Xlfkbig ugtun Xlrlgmigiig

fig Xlgfknublgtiscig Xlriwitig Xisclg (Vlrolbijig). Lfcsc L@M? Oinirti.

@uytkg & Jiaa. 9330. Ecsckak`c Nlfkntlrig (Vlrolbijig). Lfcsc 3. L@M? Oinirti
 

Bigsoklr,I. 4888. Nipcti ]lalnti Nlfkntlrig. Lfcsc =. Ocacf 4. Blfcni Iusnuaipcus

EN\C? Oinirti.

 Gigfi. 4885. Xigfuig Fci`gksi Nlplriwitig. Xrcbi Blfcni? Oinirti.

Pcaaskg.O.B. 4880. Dunu ]inu Fci`gksi Nlplriwitig. Lfcsc 0. L@M? Oinirti.

Vumnlr.].B. 933:. ]tigfir Nlplriwitig Xisclg Xrksls Nlplriwitig Fci`gksi fig

Lviauisc (Vlrolbijig). Ukaubl 4. Lfcsc 4. L@M? Oinirti.