A

REPORT

ON

STEAM ENERGY-GENERATION, DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSMISSION

AS SUBMITTED BY

GROUP 5

TO

DR. SAMUEL OLADELE

OF

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE,

NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING.

DECEMBER 2021.
 GROUP 5 MEMBERS

S/N FULL NAMES MATRIC NUMBER

1 ADENIRAN ADEPEJU E. AGE/18/8508

2 OWAMOBOYE DUROJAYE M. AGE/17/2971

3 ADEBAYO FAITH O. AGE/17/2879

4 OBISANYA OLAMILEKAN AGE/17/2942

5 MOSES SOLOMONN A. AGE/17/2946

6 OLOWU OLAMIDE A. AGE/17/2963

7 OLADIPUPO ALEXANDER P. AGE/17/2954

8 EZE NNAMDI SHEDRACK AGE/17/2921

 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report was undertaken by AGE GROUP 5 of the Department of
Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure.
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to the almighty God who favored and enabled us to complete the
research. Also, we dedicate this report to our parents for their Financial and moral support.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our profound gratitude goes to God Almighty who granted us the strength, power and grace to
embark on this report. We will like to express our sincere appreciation to our course lecturers for
their immeasurable tutoring. We extend our profound gratitude to all the group members for their
support.
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
 CHAPTER ONE

I.0 INTRODUCTION

Steam is water in the gas phase. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat
is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Steam that is saturated
or superheated is invisible; however, "steam" often refers to wet steam, the
visible mist or aerosol of water droplets formed as water vapor condenses. Steam is created
in power plants at high pressures by the burning of a fuel within a boiler. This formation of
steam is seen in coal-fired power plants, nuclear reactors, or even by sunlight in a solar thermal
power plant. This steam is an important part  in electrical generation since it can be used to spin
a turbine (which is connected to a generator to create power). When high pressure steam passes
through the turbines it expands and emerges at an increased speed but lower pressure.
The kinetic energy from the steam is transferred to the turbine upon impact.

Steam energy is the energy generated by harnessing steam kinetic energy of steams by steam
turbines. A steam turbine is a machine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and
uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft

1.1 AIMS
The aim of this report is to study steam as a means of generating electricity, its transmission and
distribution.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of this report are to study:

 How electric energy is generated from steam

 How the generated electric energy is transmitted and
 The mode of distributing the electricity
1.3 ELECTRICITY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

1.3.1 ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary
energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its delivery to end users
or its storage

1.3.2 ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION

Electrical transmission is the process of delivering generated electricity - usually over long

distances - to the distribution grid located in populated areas. An important part of this process
includes transformers which are used to increase voltage levels to make long distance
transmission feasible. Simply put, electricity transmission is the process by which large amounts
of electricity produced at power plants, such as industrial-scale solar facilities, is transported
over long distances for eventual use by consumers.

1.3.3 ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity
from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the
transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging
between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers.[1] Primary distribution lines carry this
medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises.
Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting,
industrial equipment and household appliances
 GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM STEAM

Making electricity from steam is generally a three-step process, involving:

1) Converting water to high pressure steam

2) Using the high-pressure steam in a steam turbine to rotate the turbine shaft

3) Using the rotating turbine shaft in an electric generator to generate electricity

1. Converting Water to High Pressure Steam:

The process of converting water to high pressure steam is done by using a boiler or steam
generator which is a device used to create steam by applying heat energy to water. A boiler
incorporates a firebox or furnace in order to burn the fuel and generate heat. The generated heat
is transferred to water to make steam, the process of boiling. This produces saturated steam at a
rate which can vary according to the pressure above the boiling water. The higher the furnace
temperature, the faster the steam production. The saturated steam thus produced can then either
be used immediately to produce power via a turbine and alternator, or else may be
further superheated to a higher temperature; this notably reduces suspended water content
making a given volume of steam produce more work and creates a greater temperature gradient,
which helps reduce the potential to form condensation.
2. Using the high-pressure steam in a steam turbine to rotate the turbine shaft:

Steam Turbines convert high pressure steam to mechanical rotation. Their power output can
range from 0.5 megawatts to over 1300 megawatts. Steam turbines convert 10-40 percent of the
combined input pressure potential energy and linear kinetic energy of steam to output rotational
kinetic energy of the turbine shaft in the following process:

 High-pressure steam (high pressure potential energy) and with some velocity (linear
kinetic energy) enters the turbine and is sucked through sets of different turbine blades,
exiting at atmospheric pressure.
 in the following process: - The steam first encounters a set of stationary blades, which are
also converging nozzles, that guide the steam towards the next set of blades.
 The steam then encounters a set of moving blades, called rotor blades, which are
connected to the turbine shaft such that when the rotor blades move, the turbine shaft
rotates (rotational kinetic energy) The potential energy of the steam is thus turned into
kinetic energy in the rotating turbine’s blades. The turbines are connected to a generator
with an axle, which in turn produces energy via a magnetic field that produces an electric
current.

TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY GENERATED FROM STEAM GENERATORS