Identify a problem, an issue or a research question in context of Covid 19

As the world is slowly reopening, easing lockdown measures, everyone is adapting to new
realities. Imposing drastic adjustments to our lives, the coronavirus has introduced a new
“normal”, changing our perceptions and altering our priorities

Impacts of COVID-19 on cultural and creative sector

• The ‘digital turn’ in cultural consumption: opportunities and limitations.

• Impacts of creative and cultural sector on mental health and well-being under lockdown and
during

emergence from lockdown.

• Role of cultural and creative sector in emergence from COVID post-COVID recovery.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in different ways. Not only are people' s
lives and livelihoods affected, but the virus has also affected people's lifestyles. In the
research sector, there have been significant changes, and new research is coming very
strongly in the related fields of virology and epidemiology.

Mental health research, including self-harm and suicide, is a vital part of the response
to the pandemic. The world, in the present period, can be seen to be fighting health
emergencies through the constant and rapid spread of the coronavirus. The COVID-19 crisis
has already taken a shape of a pandemic in the present period, due to the lack of availability
of vaccinations for the diseases until now. There have been more than 34.2 million cases
across the globe and the virus has already claimed the lives of more than 1.02 million people
globally.

The COVID-19 crisis is hitting developing economies at a critical moment. The COVID-19
crisis risks creating major setbacks in financing for sustainable development. Domestic
resource mobilisation will suffer as economic activity is reduced.

Rajshri Rathod | RIA | TY-D | Sem – VI | 2022| BNCA

WHAT IS RESEARCH

Research is a process to discover new knowledge. A careful consideration of study regarding

a particular concern or problem using scientific methods is term as research. Research
describes, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.

CHARACTRICTICS OF RESEARCH:

o Good research follows a systematic approach to capture accurate data.

o The analysis is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive
methods.
o Real-time data and knowledge is derived from actual observations in natural settings.
o Accuracy is critical aspects of research. The information must be accurate and correct.
o It creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more
research opportunities.

The goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a
topic or issue. This process takes three main forms

o Exploratory research, which helps to identify and define a problem or question.

o Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or
question.
o Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence

Research can be done with human beings, animals, plants, other organisms and inorganic
matter. When research is done with human beings and animals, it must follow specific rules
about the treatment of humans and animals that have been created by the Government. This
ensures that humans and animals are treated with dignity and respect, and that the research
causes minimal harm.

No matter what topic is being studied, the value of the research depends on how well it is
designed and done. Therefore, one of the most important considerations in doing good
research is to follow the design or plan that is developed by an experienced researcher.

Rajshri Rathod | RIA | TY-D | Sem – VI | 2022| BNCA

IDENTIFY ARCHITECTS AND BUILDINGS

Charles correa Anant Raje

B.V Doshi Christopher Charles Benninger

Raj Rewal
National Insurance Academy- NIA Pune

Centre For Developmental Studies and Activities, Pune

Suzlon’s global headquarters, Pune

FLAME University, Pune

Intern University centre for Astronomy and astrophysics (IUCAA)

Rajshri Rathod | RIA | TY-D | Sem – VI | 2022| BNCA

Describe various types of Research with a suitable example

1. APPLIED RESEARCH:
Applied research is a type of research design that seeks to solve a specific problem or
provide innovative solutions to issues affecting an individual, group or society. It is
often referred to as a scientific method of inquiry or contractual research because it
involves the practical application of scientific methods to everyday problems.

There are 3 types of applied research. These are evaluation research, research and
development, and action research.

o Evaluation Research: Evaluation research is a type of applied research that

analyses existing information about a research subject to arrive at objective
research outcomes or reach informed decisions.

o Research and Development: Research and development is a type of applied

research that is focused on developing new products and services based on the
needs of target markets. It focuses on gathering information about marketing
needs and finding ways to improve on an existing product or create new
products that satisfy the identified needs.

o Action Research: Action research is a type of applied research that is set on

providing practical solutions to specific business problems by pointing the
business in the right directions. Typically, action research is a process of
reflective inquiry that is limited to specific contexts and situational in nature.

Examples:

Applied research is relevant in different fields of study; especially science and social science-
related fields. Examples of applied research can be seen in medicine, education, business,
engineering, psychology and health, and these would be further explicated.
2. BASIC RESEARCH
The solution to the research problem has no apparent applications to any existing
practical problem but serves only the scholarly interests of a community of a
researcher, the research is basic.
Most scientists believe that a fundamental understanding of all branches of science is
needed for progress to take place.
In other words, basic research lays down the foundation for the applied research that
follows. If basic work is done first, then applied spin-offs often eventually result from
this research.
A person wishing to do basic research in any specialized area generally must have
studied the concepts and assumptions of that specialization enough to know what has
been done in the past and what remains to be done.

Example
The author investigated the smoothness of the solution of the degenerate Hamilton-
Bellman (HJB) equation associated with a linear- quadratic regulator control.
The author established the existence of a classical solution of degenerate HJB
equation associated with this problem by the technique of viscosity solutions and
hence derived an optimal control from the optimality conditions in the HJB equation.

3. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research method in which a
researcher measures two variables, understands and assesses the statistical
relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.

Our minds can do some brilliant things. For example, it can memorize the jingle of a
pizza truck. The louder the jingle, the closer the pizza truck is to us. Who taught us
that? Nobody! We relied on our understanding and came to a conclusion. We don’t
stop there, do we? If there are multiple pizza trucks in the area and each one has a
different jingle, we would memorize it all and relate the jingle to its pizza truck
Example
The correlation coefficient shows the correlation between two variables a value
measured between -1 and +1. When the correlation coefficient is close to +1, there is
a positive correlation between the two variables. If the value is close to -1, there is a
negative correlation between the two variables. When the value is close to zero, then
there is no relationship between the two variables.

Types of correlational research

Mainly three types of correlational research have been identified:

1. Positive correlation: A positive relationship between two variables is when an

increase in one variable leads to a rise in the other variable. A decrease in one variable
will see a reduction in the other variable. For example, the amount of money a person
has might positively correlate with the number of cars the person owns.

2. Negative correlation: A negative correlation is quite literally the opposite of a

positive relationship. If there is an increase in one variable, the second variable will
show a decrease and vice versa.

For example, being educated might negatively correlate with the crime rate when an
increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another and vice versa. If the level of
education in a country is improved, it can lower crime rates. Please note that this
doesn’t mean that lack of education leads to crimes. It only means that a lack of
education and crime is believed to have a common reason – poverty.

No correlation: In this third type, there is no correlation between the two variables. A
change in one variable may not necessarily see a difference in the other variable. For
example, being a millionaire and happiness is not correlated. An increase in money
doesn’t lead to happiness
4. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARC
Descriptive research is a type of research that describes a population, situation, or
phenomenon that is being studied. It focuses on answering the how, what, when, and
where questions If a research problem, razzz

Types of Descriptive Research

o Descriptive-survey: Descriptive survey research uses surveys to gather data about
varying subjects. This data aims to know the extent to which different conditions
can be obtained among these subjects.

o Descriptive-normative survey: This is an extension of the descriptive survey, with

the addition being the normative element. In the descriptive-normative survey, the
results of the study should be compared with the norm.

o Descriptive-status: This is a quantitative description technique that seeks to

answer questions about real-life situations.

o Descriptive-analysis: The descriptive-analysis method of research describes a

subject by further analyzing it, which in this case involves dividing it into 2 parts.

o Descriptive classification: This method is employed in biological sciences for the

classification of plants and animals. A researcher who wishes to classify the sea
animals into different species will collect samples from various search stations,
then classify them accordingly.

o Descriptive-comparative: In descriptive-comparative research, the researcher

considers 2 variables that are not manipulated, and establish a formal procedure to
conclude that one is better than the other.

o Correlative Survey: Correlative surveys are used to determine whether the

relationship between 2 variables is positive, negative, or neutral. That is, if 2
 variables, say X and Y are directly proportional, inversely proportional or are not
related to each other.

Examples of Descriptive Research

o Comparing Student Performance: An academic institution may wish 2

compare the performance of its junior high school students in English
language and Mathematics. This may be used to classify students based on 2
major groups, with one group going ahead to study while courses, while the
other study courses in the Arts & Humanities field.
Students who are more proficient in mathematics will be encouraged to go into
STEM and vice versa. Institutions may also use this data to identify student's
weak points and work on ways to assist them.

o Scientific Classification: During major scientific classification of plants,

animals, and periodic table elements, the characteristics and components of
each subject are evaluated and used to determine how they are classified.
For example, living things may be classified into kingdom Plantae or kingdom
animal is depending on their nature. Further classification may group animals
into mammals, pieces, vertebrae, invertebrae, etc.

o Human Behavior: When studying human behaviour based on a factor or event,

the researcher observes the characteristics, behaviour, and reaction, then use if
to conclude. A company willing to sell to its target market needs to first study
the behaviour of the market.
This may be done by observing how its target reacts to a competitor's product,
then use it to determine their behaviour.

5. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

When we wish to understand a particular social phenomenon, ethnographic research can

be a useful tool. Ethnography is a great method to understand how cultures work and
affect the people who belong to them. To do this properly requires detailed observations
 about what is going on in a particular society. Here are some defining features of this type
of research: We can conduct ethnographic research in the natural setting of subjects or
respondents. Researchers must travel to where their subjects are. The fieldwork can be
completed by several researchers who specialize in this type of work if it spans a large
sample size or a wide geographical area.
EXAMPLES OF ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
Ethnographic research can be used to study issues big and small, cultural or business-
related. Here are a few examples of its uses:

o The principal subject of ethnography or ethnological research is to study culture,

society, ethnic groups and human behavior.
o Among cognitive scientists, ethnographic research is usually done to understand
the general functioning of cognition in a particular group of people.
o In business, we can see examples of ethnographic research used for product
development, where companies learn how consumers use their products.
o It also applies to marketing research, where companies can develop a sense of
how the public thinks about their product.
o In social work, ethnographic research is used to find out how people cope with
problems and challenges they face in their daily lives.
o Another application is in the design of interactive technologies. By observing how
people interact with existing technologies, engineers can design new ones that are
more effective and user-friendly.

6. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Definition:
Experimental research is research conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of
variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to measure the differences of the
second set. Quantitative research methods, for example, are experimental.
 Types of experimental research design
The classic experimental design definition is, “The methods used to collect
data in experimental studies.
There are three primary types of experimental design:

• Pre-experimental research design

• True experimental research design
• Quasi-experimental research design

Examples of Experimental Research

Experimental research examples are different, depending on the type of

experimental research design that is being considered. The most basic example
of experimental research is laboratory experiments, which may differ in nature
depending about research.

7. SIMULATION AND MODELLING RESEARCH

Modelling is the process of representing a model which includes its construction and
working. This model is similar to a real system, which helps the analyst predict the effect
of changes to the system. In other words, modelling is creating a model which represents
a system including their properties. It is an act of building a model.

Simulation of a system is the operation of a model in terms of time or space, which helps
analyze the performance of an existing or a proposed system. In other words, simulation
is the process of using a model to study the performance of a system. It is an act of using
a model for simulation.

Modelling & Simulation ─ Application Areas

Modelling & Simulation can be applied to the following areas − Military applications,
training & support, designing semiconductors, telecommunications, civil engineering
designs & presentations, and E-business models.
 Additionally, it is used to study the internal structure of a complex system such as the
biological system. It is used while optimizing the system design such as routing
algorithm, assembly line, etc. It is used to test new designs and policies. It is used to
verify analytic solutions.

8. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Definition
Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not
clearly defined. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but
will not provide conclusive results. For such a research, a researcher starts with a general
idea and uses this research as a medium to identify issues, that can be the focus for future
research. An important aspect here is that the researcher should be willing to change
his/her direction subject to the revelation of new data or insight. Such a research is
usually carried out when the problem is at a preliminary stage. It is often referred to as
grounded theory approach or interpretive research as it used to answer questions like
what, why and how.
For example: Consider a scenario where a juice bar owner feels that increasing the variety
of juices will enable increase in customers, however he is not sure and needs more
information. The owner intends to carry out an exploratory research to find out and hence
decides to do an exploratory research to find out if expanding their juices selection will
enable him to get more customers of if there is a better idea.

9. HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Historical research is a qualitative technique. Historical research studies the meaning of

past events to interpret the facts and explain the cause of events, and their effect in the
present events. In doing so, researchers rely heavily on primary historical data and less
frequently on secondary historical data (information from persons who didn’t witness the
event.
Historical Design
So, Stan decides that he wants to figure out why the Nazis acted the way they did. He
wants to do historical research, which involves interpreting past events to predict future
 ones. In Stan's case, he's interested in examining the reasons behind the Holocaust to try
to prevent it from happening again.Historical research design involves synthesizing data
from many different sources. Stan could interview former Nazis or read diaries from Nazi
soldiers to try to figure out what motivated them. He could look at public records and
archives, examine Nazi propaganda, or look at testimony in the trials of Nazi officers.

9. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (text, video, or
audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth
insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting
and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.
Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects
such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc
Example
on successfully interviewing female customers, visiting the nearby stores and malls, and
selecting them through random sampling, it was known that the store doesn’t have
enough items for women and so there were fewer women visiting the store, which was
understood only by personally interacting with them and understanding why they didn’t
visit the store, because there were more male products than female ones.

Types of Qualitative Research

1. One-on-one interview
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research
methods. It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time.
This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth
from the respondent.

2. Focus groups:
A focus group is also one of the commonly used qualitative research methods, used in data
collection. A focus group usually includes a limited number of respondents (6-10) from
within your target market.
 3.Ethnographic research:
Ethnographic research is the most in-depth observational method that studies people in
their naturally occurring environment.

4.Case study research:

The case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed into a
valuable qual research method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining an
organization or an entity.

5.Record keeping
This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources
of information as the data source. This data can be used in new research. This is similar
to going to a library. There one can go over books and other reference material to collect
relevant data that can likely be used in the research.

6. Process of observation:
Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to
gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the
research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data.
Qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality differences.

10.QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be
used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and
generalize results to wider populations.
Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g. text, video, or audio).
Quantitative research is widely used in the natural and social sciences: biology, chemistry,
psychology, economics, sociology, marketing, etc.
Quantitative research examples
If any organization would like to conduct a customer satisfaction (CSAT) survey, a
customer satisfaction survey template can be used. Through this survey, an organization
can collect quantitative data and metrics on the goodwill of the brand or organization in
the mind of the customer based on multiple parameters such as product quality, pricing,
customer experience, etc. This data can be collected by asking a net promoter score (NPS)
question, matrix table questions, etc. that provide data in the form of numbers that can be
analyzed and worked upon.

Rajshri Rathod | RIA | TY-D | Sem – VI | 2022| BNCA

Types of Variables
A variable is any qualitative or quantitative characteristic that can change and have more than
one value, such as age, height, weight, gender, etc.

Example: If you want to test whether the hybridization of plants harms the health of people.
You can use the key variables like agricultural techniques, type of soil, environmental factors,
types of pesticides used, the process of hybridization, type of yield obtained after
hybridization, type of yield without hybridization, etc.

Variables are broadly categorized into:

✓ Independent variables
✓ Dependent variable
✓ Control variable

Type of variable

➢ Independent Variable (Stimulus)

Definition: It is the variable that influences other variables.
Example
Age
Gender

➢ Dependent variable (Response)

Definition : The dependent variable is the outcome of the influence of the independent
variable.
Example : You want to identify “How refined carbohydrates affect the health of
human beings? “Independent variable: refined carbohydrates Dependent variable: the
health of human beings
You can manipulate the consumption of refined carbs in your human participants and
measure how those levels of consuming processed carbohydrates influence human
health.
 ➢ Control Variables
Definition : Control variables are variables that are not changed and kept constant
throughout the experiment.
Example : Physical activities, water consumption, natural environment of the
participants.

Types of Variables Based on the Types of Data

A data is referred to as the information and statistics gathered for analysis of a

research topic. Data is broadly divided into two categories, such as:
Quantitative/Numerical data is associated with the aspects of measurement,
quantity, and extent.
Categorial data is associated with groupings.
A qualitative variable consists of qualitative data, and a quantitative variable consists
of a quantitative variable.

Quantitative Variable
The quantitative variable is associated with measurement, quantity, and extent, like
how many. It follows the statistical, mathematical, and computational techniques in
numerical data such as percentages and statistics. The research is conducted on a large
group of population.
Example: Find out the weight of students of the fifth standard studying in government
schools.

The quantitative variable can be further categorized into continuous and discrete.
Type of variable
➢ Continuous Variable
Definition : A continuous variable is a quantitative variable that can take a value between two
specific values.
Example :
• Income and age
• Scale: Interval and ratio.
• Number of fruits in a basket
• Number of votes in an election
 ➢ Discrete Variable
Definition : A discrete variable is a quantitative variable whose attributes are separated from
each other.
Example :
• Literacy rate, gender, and nationality.
• Scale: Nominal and ordinal.

Categorial Variable
The categorical variable includes measurements that vary in categories such as names
but not in terms of rank or degree. It means one level of a categorical variable cannot
be considered better or greater than another level.
Example: Gender, brands, colors, zip codes

The categorical variable is further categorised into three types:

Type of variable
➢ Dichotomous (Binary) Variable

This is the categorical variable with two possible results

Example : Alcoholic (Yes/No)

➢ Nominal Variable

Nominal Variable can take the value that is not organized in terms of groups, degree, or rank.

Example
• Eye colour
• Religion
• Gender
• Brand

➢ Ordinal Variable

Ordinal Variable can take the value that can be logically ordered or ranked.
 Example :
• Size of clothes (small, medium, large, extra, large)
• level of seniority in college students (fresher, junior, senior)

Types of sampling methods with suitable examples

the sampling method or sampling technique is the process of studying the population by
gathering information and analyzing that data. It is the basis of the data where the sample
space is enormous.

There are several different sampling techniques available, and they can be subdivided into
two groups. All these methods of sampling may involve specifically targeting hard or
approach to reach groups.

Types of Sampling Method

In Statistics, there are different sampling techniques available to get relevant results from the
population. The two different types of sampling methods are::

1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-probability Sampling

Probability Sampling

The probability sampling method utilizes some form of random selection. In this method, all
the eligible individuals have a chance of selecting the sample from the whole sample space.
This method is more time consuming and expensive than the non-probability sampling
method. The benefit of using probability sampling is that it guarantees the sample that should
be the representative of the population.

Types

• Simple Random Sampling

In simple random sampling technique, every item in the population has an equal and likely
chance of being selected in the sample. Since the item selection entirely depends on the
chance, this method is known as “Method of chance Selection”. As the sample size is large,
and the item is chosen randomly, it is known as “Representative Sampling”.

Example:

Suppose we want to select a simple random sample of 200 students from a school. Here, we
can assign a number to every student in the school database from 1 to 500 and use a random
number generator to select a sample of 200 numbers.

• Systematic Sampling

In the systematic sampling method, the items are selected from the target population by
selecting the random selection point and selecting the other methods after a fixed sample
interval. It is calculated by dividing the total population size by the desired population size.

Example:Suppose the names of 300 students of a school are sorted in the reverse alphabetical
order. To select a sample in a systematic sampling method, we have to choose some 15
students by randomly selecting a starting number, say 5. From number 5 onwards, will select
every 15th person from the sorted list. Finally, we can end up with a sample of some students.

• Stratified Sampling

In a stratified sampling method, the total population is divided into smaller groups to
complete the sampling process. The small group is formed based on a few characteristics in
the population. After separating the population into a smaller group, the statisticians
randomly select the sample.

example, there are three bags (A, B and C), each with different balls. Bag A has 50 balls, bag
B has 100 balls, and bag C has 200 balls. We have to choose a sample of balls from each bag
proportionally. Suppose 5 balls from bag A, 10 balls from bag B and 20 balls from bag C.

• Clustered Sampling

In the clustered sampling method, the cluster or group of people are formed from the
population set. The group has similar significatory characteristics. Also, they have an equal
chance of being a part of the sample. This method uses simple random sampling for the
cluster of population.

Example:An educational institution has ten branches across the country with almost the
number of students. If we want to collect some data regarding facilities and other things, we
can’t travel to every unit to collect the required data. Hence, we can use random sampling to
select three or four branches as clusters.

Non-Probability Sampling

The non-probability sampling method is a technique in which the researcher selects the
sample based on subjective judgment rather than the random selection. In this method, not all
the members of the population have a chance to participate in the study.

Types

• Convenience Sampling

In a convenience sampling method, the samples are selected from the population directly
because they are conveniently available for the researcher. The samples are easy to select,
and the researcher did not choose the sample that outlines the entire population.

Example:In researching customer support services in a particular region, we ask your few
customers to complete a survey on the products after the purchase. This is a convenient way
to collect data. Still, as we only surveyed customers taking the same product. At the same
time, the sample is not representative of all the customers in that area.

• Consecutive Sampling

Consecutive sampling is similar to convenience sampling with a slight variation. The

researcher picks a single person or a group of people for sampling. Then the researcher
researches for a period of time to analyze the result and move to another group if needed.

• Quota Sampling

In the quota sampling method, the researcher forms a sample that involves the individuals to
represent the population based on specific traits or qualities. The researcher chooses the
sample subsets that bring the useful collection of data that generalizes the entire population.

In purposive sampling, the samples are selected only based on the researcher’s knowledge.
As their knowledge is instrumental in creating the samples, there are the chances of obtaining
highly accurate answers with a minimum marginal error. It is also known as judgmental
sampling or authoritative sampling.
 • Snowball Sampling

Snowball sampling is also known as a chain-referral sampling technique. In this method, the
samples have traits that are difficult to find. So, each identified member of a population is
asked to find the other sampling units. Those sampling units also belong to the same targeted
population.

Rajshri Rathod | RIA | TY-D | Sem – VI| 2022| BNCA

1. Write a Short Note and compare the Methods and Techniques for Research with appropriate
examples and References related to Architecture Research on

METHOD

Research methods is a broad term. While methods of data collection and data analysis represent the
core of research methods, you have to address a range of additional elements within the scope of
your research. Method refers to the behaviour and instruments used in selecting and

constructing research Technique.

• Method of Collecting Data.

• Statistical Methods used for establishing relationships between Data.

• Methods used to evaluate accuracy of results obtained

TECHNIQUE

here are two different types of research techniques:

scientific and historical. The purpose of both techniques are to use a logical approach to obtain
information about a specific subject. Research techniques can be applied to a broad range of issues
or areas of research.

Basic research techniques are based on a formal process. The exact order of the steps depend on the
subject and the reason for the research. The eight steps are the same for both basic and applied
research.

Technique refers to behaviour and instruments used by the Researcher in

performing Research Operations.

Eg: Interactional Recording, Use of Tape recorders, Video recorders, Photographic

Techniques

a) Interviews

Talking and listening to peopleVerbally asking program participants the programevaluation

questions and hearing the participant’s point ofview in his or her own words.

Interviews can be either structured or unstructured, inperson or over the telephone.

Done face-to-face or over the phone

Individual; group

When the subject is sensitive.

When people are likely to be inhibited in speaking about the topic in front of others.

When people have a low reading ability.

When bringing a group of people together is difficult (e.g., in rural areas)

Advantages

• deep and free response

• flexible, adaptable
• glimpse into respondent’s tone, gestures
• ability to probe, follow-up

Disadvantages

• costly in time and personnel

• requires skill
• may be difficult to summarize responses
• possible biases: interviewer, respondent, situation

Types of interviewing

➢ Type: Structured interview

• Uses script and questionnaire

• No flexibility in wording or order of questions

• Closed response option

• Open response option

➢ Type: Guided interview

• Outline of topics or issues to cover

• May vary wording or order of questions

• Fairly conversational and informal

➢ Type: Conversational interview

• May not know that an interview is taking place

• Spontaneous

• Questions emerge from the situation and what is said

• Topics or questions are not predetermined

• Individualized and relevant to situation

b) Questionnaires

3.3. Questionnaire -

Questionnaire is a most popular method of data collection for empirical legal research.

It is a physical or electronic document consists of predetermined set of questions

printed, typed or digitalized distributed sent to various persons for their response on
 such questions. Questionnaire is useful where observation and interview is not possible

and in the opinion of researcher it would be just to collect information for objective and

purposive satisfaction of research. He may design certain questions in the light of

objectives, hypothesis and indicators of research. Data collection instruments used to collect
standardized information that can be expressed numerically or through short answers

Advantages

• can reach large numbers

• provide for anonymity
• relatively inexpensive
• easy to analyze

Disadvantages

• might not get careful feedback

• wording can bias respondent's response
• response rate is often low
• literacy demands

2. Write appropriate type of Research where the above methods and Techniques may be applied to
collect Data.

There are two different types of research techniques: scientific and historical. The purpose of both
techniques is to use a logical approach to obtain information about a specific subject. Research
techniques can be applied to a broad range of issues or areas of research.

Basic research techniques are based on a formal process. The exact order of the steps depends on
the subject and the reason for the research. The eight steps are the same for both basic and applied
research.

The first four steps are: formation of a topic, hypothesis, conceptual definition and operational
definition. The formation of a topic is usually phrased as a question. The question is generally within
the researcher’s field of expertise. The hypothesis is a theory proposed by the researcher, which is
often phrased as a question. The conceptual and operational definitions provide the scope and focus
for the research.

The next four steps are: gathering data, analysis, testing and conclusion. The gathering of data,
analysis and testing steps are the heart of all research. It is very important to use reliable sources,
perform experiments, and test the hypothesis thoroughly. If the testing results do not support the
hypothesis, the research is not a failure. On the contrary, these results provide an opportunity to
revisit the hypothesis and new knowledge is gained.
 1. Explain the basis of selection of a research method? Explain difference between
verbal methods and visual methods of research?
Research approaches are plans and the procedures for research
that span the steps from broad assumptions to detailed methods
of data collection, analysis, and interpretation. This plan involves
several decisions, and they need not be taken in the order in which they
make sense to me and the order of their presentation here. The overall
decision involves which approach should be used to study a topic.
Informing this decision should be the philosophical assumptions the
researcher brings to the study, procedures of inquiry

three research approaches are advanced:

(a) qualitative,

(b) quantitative, and

(c) mixed methods. Unquestionably, the three

approaches are not as discrete as they first appear. Qualitative and quantitative
approaches should not be viewed as rigid, distinct categories, polar

opposites, or dichotomies.

2. Explain types of observation methods with appropriate examples

a) Participant observation

b) Non participant observation

c) Accretion / Erosion trace observations.

hysical trace observation is, a systematic inspection of a place in the absence of its
users to identify traces of activity.
• The observer does not actually observe behavior as it occurs, but rather, infers that
behavior occurred by looking at the "traces" that the behavior left behind.
• Observations are recorded by counting, photographing, mapping, or a combination of
these techniques
3. Explain with appropriate examples.

• Tracking

Tracking is the systematic following and recording of a subject’s movement.

Patterns of pedestrian activity are derived from tracking a large number of

subjects.Time spent by the pedestrians / users at particular locations can be

noted and it can give an idea about the interest a particular location offers.

Eg.: Tracking can help to understand the pattern of movement of people in

 a museum. Artifacts / displays attracting most of the visitors can be

identified. Such a study can help in better design of display layout

• Video graphic / photographic observations

Photo elicitation involves the use or creation of an image in the form of a

photograph as stimuli to gather data about articipants’ own meanings and
associations.

• Photo Elicitation

Photo elicitation involves the use or creation of an image in the form of a

photograph as stimuli to gather data about participants’ own meanings and
associations.

• Photo-interviewing

Photo essays are a series of photos, sometimes with captions,descriptive and/or

explanatory text.

Photo essays illustrate something that is more immediatelyknowable through an

image, often by evoking an emotionalresponse.

It is used to portray lived experiences

A photo essay structures a collection of images either in a specific order to

illustrate the progression of events, emotions, and concepts OR thematically to
illustrate concepts.

• Sound Elicitation

• The geographical environment, affect the emotions and behavior of individuals.”

• It encompasses diverse activities that raise awareness of the natural and

cultural environment, is attentive to senses and emotions as they relate to place
and environment.

• Cognitive mapping

3. Explain Grounded theory Research

Grounded theory offers educational researchers a method that complements
varied forms of qualitative data collection and that will expedite their work.
Adopting more grounded theory strategies will enable educational researchers to
further the theoretical reach of their studies and to make tacit meanings and
processes explicit. Constructivists have not only re-envisioned grounded theory,
but also revised it in ways that make the method more flexible and widely
adoptable than its earlier versions.
In the past, grounded theory has often been viewed as separate from other
methods. Now, the constructivist version makes the usefulness of combining
grounded theory with other approaches more apparent, as is evident in grounded
theory studies in education.
Grounded theory can make ethnography more analytic, interview research more
in-depth, and content analysis more focused.