ENCV2FL - Fluids 1- Group project

[Torricelli’s Theorem]
*SPOUTING CAN EXPERIMENT*

Student 1 [Chetty Kiasha] 220006409

Student 2 [Langa Langelihle] 219042461
Student 3 [Maharaj Kyur] 219065670
Student 4 [Mahtengu Zimele Lindani] 220013316
Student 5 [Mhlongo Goodenough Langlihle] 219051453
Student 6 [Naicker Tamzin Kiara] 219004550
Student 7 [Narrandes Kiara] 219010095
Statement of Authorship

The following students listed in the table below, declare that:

(i) The information reported in this report, except where otherwise indicated, is
my original work.
(ii) This report has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any
other university.
(iii) This report does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other
information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other
persons.
(iv) This report does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically
acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other
written sources have been quoted, then:
a. Their words have been re-written, but the general information attributed to them
has been referenced.
b. Where their exact words have been used, their writing has been placed inside
quotation marks, and referenced.
c. This report does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the
internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the
report and in the references section.

Students- Student Numbers Signature

Chetty Kiasha 220006409

Langa Langelihle 219042461

Maharaj Kyur 219065670

Mahtengu Zimele Lindani 220013316

Mhlongo Goodenough Langlihle 219051453

Naicker Tamzin Kiara 219004550

Narrandes Kiara 219010095

INTRODUCTION AND AIM
In this report, the study of a special case of Bernoulli's principle is studied. An extensive
study has been made on the phenomenon of emerging water from holes of the containers
called the Torricelli’s law. The jet trajectories of the water or fluid emerging from the hole is
the extension of Bernoulli’s equation the Torricelli’s Theorem (Laura Pavesi, 2019). The
real-life application of this theorem is to find the speed of efflux of a fluid from a source,
usually it is utilized to discover hard water streaming out of a dam. These findings are
especially useful for an engineer to know before undergoing the construction of bridges or
dam walls.
The aim of the study is to investigate the velocity of the water jet exiting the hole , using
projectile motion equations and comparing this with the values obtained through the derived
Toricellis equation values , in order to get affirmation that the theorem is indeed true .

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Evangelista Torricelli was an Italian physicist and mathematician. He was
best known for his invention of the barometer and his contribution to the
study of fluid dynamics- namely what is now known as Torricelli’s law
(1643). This law describes the relationship between the speed of fluid
flowing through an orifice and the height of fluid above the opening.
According to this principle, the speed of the fluid efflux through a sharp-
Figure 1 Italian
physicist, Evangelista
edged hole at the bottom of a tank filled to a depth, h, is the same as the
Torricelli speed at which a body would fall freely from a height h.
Torricelli's equation is derived for a particular situation in which viscosity and other losses
can be disregarded, and the opening must be tiny. Also, the efflux velocity is unaffected by
flow direction. The efflux speed of fluid passing through the opening is thus given by the
formula:

𝑣 = √2𝑔h
When a fluid flows through a very small opening,
Bernoulli's Equation comes into play and allows the
velocity of the fluid at the large end to be ignored.
Bernoulli's equation can be seen as a statement of the
conservation of energy concept that applies to moving
fluids. It establishes a relationship between pressure and
velocity in an incompressible flow. Some limitations of
this equation includes:
 Must be a steady flow system, Figure 2 depicting a visual description of Bernoulli's principle

 Density must be constant (fluid is incompressible),

 No work is done on or by the fluid,
 No change occurs in the internal energy,
 Equation relates the states at two points along a single streamline
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials and apparatus required for this experiment includes:
 Plastic bottle ( 1L ~2.25 L)
 Cloth
 Scissor/nail
 Water
 Ruler Figure 3 depicting the main idea of the experiment to be carried out

 Tape
Procedure:
1. Cut the top of the water bottle. (Roughly remove 250ml volume from the top)
2. Puncture three equidistant holes vertically on the bottle using the scissors or nail.
3. Plunge the three holes with waterproof tape to prevent leakage before measurement
occurs.
4. Fill the cut bottle with water until it’s full. You can place the bottle on top of an object
to make the trajectory more visible. Record its height.
5. Begin measuring the distance away from the bottle to the highest water jet trajectory as
each hole is released
6. Repeat measurements several times for each hole and obtain mean displacement.
7. Calculate velocity of exiting water jets using projectile motion equations and compare
to theoretical value obtained via Toricellis theorem
 RESULTS/ OUTCOMES

Graph of displacement(cm)vs
velocity(cm.s-1) 𝒗 𝒗𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍
120 105
114,1
= √𝟐𝒈𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝒗
100 89
velocity(cm.s-1)

80
Hole3(0.15m) 1.72𝑚. 𝑠 −1 1.118
60

40

20
Hole2(0.1m) 1.4𝑚. 𝑠 −1 0.91
0
0
0 0,5 1 1,5
Displacement x(cm)
2 2,5
Hole1(0.05m) 0.99𝑚. 𝑠 −1 0.7

xTrial1(m) xTrial2(m) xTrial3(m) 𝒗

𝒙𝟐
= √𝟎. 𝟓𝒈
𝒉

Hole 0.19 0.2 0.2 1.141m.𝑠 −1

3(0.15m)
Hole2(0.1m) 0.16 0.15 0.14 1.05m.𝑠 −1
Hole1(0.05m) 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.89m.𝑠 −1
DISCUSSION
Toricellis theorem was successfully proven as within error the velocity obtained through
projectile motion equations were similar to that of the theoretical values obtained via
Toricellis theorem, it is of importance to note a coefficient of discharge was used to
accommodate real world factors and make the theoretical values more viable and accurate.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In conclusion the theorem was successfully investigated and proven, with the manipulation of
projectile motion equations allowing for less human error to occur as time taken was
removed. Recommendations is the use of an alternate method i.e using the spouting can
experiment but investigating using a stopwatch to make time the relevant proof.
REFERENCES

BYJUS.(2021). Torricelli's Law Formula and Derivation - Torricelli’s Theorem. [Online]

Available at: <https://byjus.com/physics/torricellis-law/> [Accessed 22 September 2021].
Thermal-engineering.org. (2021). [Online] Available at: <https://www.thermal-
engineering.org/what-is-torricellis-law-definition/> [Accessed 22 September 2021].
DocSchuster (2012) Torricelli's Law - He's Italian! | Doc Physics. [Online video] Available
at: https://youtu.be/2vfTwnlsrCM [Accessed 18 September 2021]
Sandile Kunene (2021) Torricelli’s law experiment. [Online video] Available at:
https://youtu.be/GfzE0ICH6dY [Accessed 18 September 2021]
Pavesi, L.(2019). Investigating Torricelli’s Law (and More) with a 19th-Century Bottle.
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<http://hpcg.purdue.edu/papers/Yuksel17FIE.pdf> [Accessed 25 September 2021]
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2021]