CBLM Testing Electronic Components

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Sector:
ELECTRONICS
Qualification:
Computer System Servicing NCII
Units of Competency:
Test Electronic Components
Module Titles:
Testing Electronic Components
DON BOSCO TVET CENTER-CALAUAN, INC.

KM 77, Brgy. Dayap, Calauan, Laguna 4012
Date Developed: Document No:

August 1, 2019 CSS1
Computer Systems Developed by: Issued by:
Don Bosco TVET Servicing NCII Don Bosco TVET
Center-Calauan Inc. Center-Calauan Page:
Juliet N. Coronado
Inc. i
Revision No:
00
Competency-Based Learning Materials
Testing Electronic Components

August 1, 2019 CSS1
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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the Computer System Servicing NC II Course. This material covers
these module: “Test Electronic Components” This module contains training
materials and activities for you to complete.
These unit of competency: “Testing Electronic Components” contains knowledge,
skills and attitudes required for a Computer System Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to
complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets, Operation Sheets and Activity Sheets. Follow
these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning
activity.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your trainer for assistance.
Remember to:
 Read information sheets and complete the self-check. Suggested references
are included to supplement the materials provided in this module.
 Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are confident that your
outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklist that follows the sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheet and Job Sheets to your facilitator for
evaluation and recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall serve
as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation. When you
feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your trainer to
evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your
Progress Chart and Accomplishment Chart.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this
module because you have:
 Been working for some time
 Already have completed training in this area.

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PARTS OF A COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL PACKAGE

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COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NC II
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

COMMON COMPETENCIES
PERFORM PERFORMING MENSURATION

ELC311201
1. MENSURATION AND AND CALCULATION
CALCULATION
PREPARE AND PREPARING AND INTERPRET

ELC311202
2. INTERPRET TECHNICAL TECHNICAL DRAWING
DRAWING
TERMINATING AND
TERMINATE AND
CONNECT ELECTRICAL
CONNECT ELECTRICAL ELC724202
3. WIRING AND ELECTRONICS
WIRING AND
CIRCUIT
ELECTRONICS CIRCUIT
TEST ELECTRONIC TESTING ELECTRONIC

ELC724205
4.
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Module Content 1-2

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Learning Outcome Summary 3
Learning Experiences LO1 4
Information Sheet 4.1-1 5-9
Safety First
Self-Check 4.1-1 10
Answer 4.1-1 11
Using Analog & Digital Multimeter
Self-Check 4.1-2 16
Answer 4.1-2 17
Electronic Symbol
Self-Check 4.1-3 27
Answer 4.1-3 28

Resistance and Resistor
Self-Check 4.2-1 40
Answer 4.2-1 41
Capacitor
Self-Check 4.2-2 52
Answer 4.2-2 53
Diode
Self-Check 4.2-3 58
Answer 4.2-3 59
Transistor
Self-Check 4.2-4 66
Answer 4.2-4 67

Learning Experiences LO3 69-70
Testing Resistor
Self-Check 4.3-1 75
Answer 4.3-1 76
Performance Task 4.3-1 77
Performance Criteria 4.3-1 78
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Testing Capacitor
Self-Check 4.3-2 82
Answer 4.3-2 83
Testing Diode
Self-Check 4.3-3 89
Answer 4.3-3 90
Testing Transistor
Self-Check 4.3-4 99
Answer 4.3-4 100

Test Indicators of Resistor, Capacitor, Diode & Transistor
Self-Check 4.4-1 107
Answer 4.4-1 108
Definition of Terms 109
Reference 110

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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : TEST ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
MODULE TITLE: TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
MODULE DESCRIPTOR :
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to test
electronic components. It includes competencies in determining the criteria for
testing electronics components, planning an approach for component testing, testing
the components and evaluating the testing process.
NOMINAL DURATION : 10 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES :
Upon completion of this module the students/ trainees MUST be able to:
1. Determine criteria for testing electronics components.
2. Plan an approach for component testing
3. Test components
4. Evaluate the testing process
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Work instructions are obtained and clarified based on job order or client
requirements
 Responsible person is consulted for effective and proper work
coordination
 Data sheets/Application notes are obtained and interpreted based on
manufacturer’s specifications
 Testing criteria are defined to ensure that components meet technical
and quality requirements
 Document and communicate testing criteria to relevant personnel
 Various testing methods are Identified based on types of electronic
components
 Characteristics and appropriateness of testing methods to be used
during development and on completion is determined
 Testing methods are considered/selected in relation to appropriate
testing strategy
 Plan for testing components is developed at specified points during
development and on completion
 Required test & measuring instruments and tools are prepared and
checked in accordance with established procedures
 Records system is established to document testing results, including
problems and faults
 Testing methods are applied to ensure that products meet creative,
production and technical requirements
 Problems and faults detected by testing are recorded and remedial
steps taken in records system is documented
 Problems and faults detected during testing are resolved in accordance
with agreed project or industry practice
 Evaluate final products against the previously determined criteria
 Testing process is documented and summarized evaluation report is
submitted to relevant personnel
 Testing methods that were successful and those that led to difficulties
are identified based on industry standards
 Testing process and records system are evaluated based on standard
procedures
 Test results/findings are documented for subsequent components
testing.
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1

DETERMINED CRITERIA FOR TESTING ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
Contents:
1. Safety First
2. Using the Multimeter.
3. Electronic Symbols
1. Work instructions are obtained and clarified based on job order or client
requirements
2. Responsible person is consulted for effective and proper work coordination
3. Data sheets/Application notes are obtained and interpreted based on
manufacturer’s specifications
4. Testing criteria are defined to ensure that components meet technical and
quality requirements
5. Document and communicate testing criteria to relevant personnel
CONDITIONS:
The following resources must be provided:

 Tools and equipment (see range of variables)
 Working area/bench
 Electronic components
 Testing instruments and equipment
 Assessment rating sheet
 Reporting forms
METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Individualized Learning
 Direct Student Laboratory Experience
 On-the-Job Training
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Demonstration and Questioning
 Assessment of Output Product
LEARNING EXPERIENCES
LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Determine criteria for testing electronics components
Learning Activities Special Instructions
 If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.1-1 on Safety knowledgeable on the content of the
First. information sheet, answer self-check
provided in the module.
 If you got almost 100% correct answer in

 Answer self-check 4.1-1and this Self-check 4.1-1, you can now move
compare answers with answer key to the next Information sheet. If not,
4.1-1 review the information sheet and go over
the self-check again.
 Read information 4.1-2 on Using knowledgeable on the content of the task,
Analog & Digital Multimeter. answer self-check provided in the
module.
 Answer self-check 4.1-2 and this Self-check 4.1-2, you can now move
 Read information 4.1-3 on knowledgeable on the content of the task,
Electronic Symbol. answer self-check provided in the
module.
After doing all activities of this LO, you may
proceed to LO2:Plan an approach for
component testing.
INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-1
Title
Safety First
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, the learners should be able to:
1. Identify the basic steps on how to avoid accidents occurring.

2. Differentiate cold ground from hot ground.
 Whenever you’re working on any electronic equipment, your own safety has to
come first. Every Electronic technician must always take safety precautions
before he she starts work.
 Electricity must be handled properly, or else it can injure or cause fatalities.
STEPS ON HOW TO AVOID ACCIDENTS
1. Electrical Shock
Once you open up a set cover, you’re actually exposing yourself to the threat
of electrical shock.
Rules which should help you to avoid electricity hazards.
a. Always turn off the equipment and unplug it before you begin to work.
b. If you have to run test while the equipment is operating, turn the equipment
on, make your test carefylly, and then turn the equipment off again.
c. Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers.
d. Try to do the work with one hand, while keeping the other in your pocket.
That keeps the possible current paths away from the heart.
e. Dont attempt repair work hen you are tired or rushed.
f. Always assume that all the parts in the power supply are “HOT”
G. Use only plastic screwdriver for shock protection during service operation.
2. DISCHARGING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY(SMPS) CAPACITORS
Most SMPS have a resistor to drain the charge in the main filter capacitor.
Capacitors has a range of about 15µf to 330µf at 400 working voltage.
Before you start to work on a power supply, always turn off the power and
discharge the capacitor.You can do this by placing a resistor across the two legs of
the capacitor.
NOTE/WARNING:
Do not discharge capacitor with screwdriver because:

1. It may melt the tip of the screwdriver.
2. It will damge the capacitor and its terminal.
3. If we are too near to the point of discharge, the heavy spark generated may cause
injury to our eyes.
3. HOT GROUND PROBLEM
Modern equipment consist of two grounds, one of which is a “hot” ground while the
other is a “cold ground.”
HOT GROUND- is in the primary side of a switch mode power supply.

COLD GROUND- is in the equipment ground.
If the hot ground is not used and you use only the cold ground, the voltage
measurement might not be correct and it may destroy your meter.One way to
prevent this is to use an isolation transformer.
4. ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
Is a transformer that has a 1:1 turn ratio to provide the standard line voltage at
the secondary outlet.This means that it does not change the voltage.If you
accidentally touch one of these outputs you would be protected.
 When servicing any electronic equipment, always use an isolation transformer

to protect yourself from electrical shock.
 During servicing, the isolation transformer is connected between the
equipment and AC power line.
Note: A variable transformer or variacs is not an isolation transformer.
5.DISCHARGING THE CATHODE RAY TUBE(CRT) ANODE
The CRT of a Monitor and TV can hold a dangerous charge, even if the
monitor and tv have not been used several days.All CRT have graphite coating on
the internal and external surfaces of the glass bell.This conductive graphite coating
are commonly known as aquadag coating and its forms the two plates of a high
voltage filter capacitor using the glass in between as dielectric.
This high voltage filter capacitor has a very low leakage. Before removing a
CRT, ensure that you discharge this capacitor in order to prevent shocks or serious
injuries.
6. HIGH VOLTAGE
Monitors snd TV have sections that use very high DC voltages. The high
voltage is needed to be applied to the CRT to attract the lectron beam to the
phosphor.
Flyback transformer is the part that is used to generate the high voltage.
The high voltage circuit inside a Monitor or TV can give you a dangerous
electric shock and causes you to jerk violently.You could cut yourself by accidentally
knocking on sharp chassis edges. Be familiar with the high voltage circuits before
you work on any high voltage equipment.
7. X-RADIATION
An X-Ray is aform of radiation produced when a beam of electrons strikes
some material at a relatively high speed. The only source of X_ray in a modern
monitor or TV is from the CRT.Prolong exposure to X-ray can be harmful. When high
voltage is excessive, then only X-ray is capable of penetrating the shell of the CRT,
including the lead in glass material.
8. WEARING GOGGLES
The CRThas a complete vacuum inside. It must be handled carefully and
safely. Always wear goggles, to protect the eyes from fyling glass, in the event of an
implosion when removing and old tube from set and installing a replacement. Also be
sure to place the crt facing downwards on a soft surface.
9. ELECTROSTATICALLY SENSITIVE DEVICES(ESD)

Integrated circuits(IC) & some field effect transistors are exampls of ESD
devices.
Techniques to reduce the incidence of component damage, caused by static

electricity.
a. Immediately, before handling any ESD devices drain the electrostatic charge from
your body by touching a known earth ground.
b. Store ESD devices in aconducive foam pad until installation in circuit.
c. Wear a grounding strap, attached to your wrist.
d. Use only a grounded tip soldering iron to solder or desolder ESD devices.
10. FIRE
Before returning the equipment to the user, every reasonable precaution is
taken to avoid fire hazards.Be sure to use only direct replacements and not one that
defeats some safety measure.
11.LIFTING
Many problems arise when lifting this equipment from the floor. Wrong
posture when lifting equipment may cause acute back pain. The right way to lift is
keep your back straight and upright, and use your legs to supply the lifting power.
12. VENTILATION
Be sure that your work place has a good ventilation. Prolong exposure or
excessive inhalation of vapours from chemical spray and fumes from lead may
cause damage to your nervous system or body.
13. LASER WARNING LABELS
If you are troubleshooting DVD,VCD, laser printer and other laser related
products, you will notice a laser warning label on or near the laser head assemble.
Do not stare at the laser beam at any time.Prolong exposure of laser beam to
the eyes may cause eye injury or loss of sight.
SELF- CHECK 4.1-1
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is FALSE.

Write your answers in your answer sheet.
_____1. An X-Ray is a form of radiation produced when a beam of electrons strikes

some material at a relatively high speed.
_____2. Always wear apron, to protect the eyes from flying glass, in the event of an
implosion when removing and old tube from set and installing a replacement.
_____3. Wear a grounding strap, attached to your wrist.
_____4. Stare at the laser beam at any time.Prolong exposure of laser beam to the
eyes may not cause eye injury or loss of sight.
_____5. Be sure that your work place has a good ventilation.
ANSWER KEY 4.1-1
1.T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. T
Title
USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER
1. Identify the steps on how to use the multimeter.
USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER
A. Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester
1. Connect the test probe to the appropriate jack. The red test probe to the positive
(+) jack and the black to the common (‐) jack.
2. Check if the pointer rests exactly at the infinite zero position in ohmmeter range.
3. Check the
a. Set the Multi‐tester to corresponding selector resistance range.
b. Short the two test probes lead together.

B. Resistance Measurements
1. Always do the “Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester”.
2. In testing resistors, capacitors, diodes etc. do not touch both test probe lead,
because our body also has resistance that could affect the reading value of the
electronic components we are testing.
3. If you do not know the value of the resistor to be measured, find the ohmmeter
selector setting until you have a clear reading in the ohmmeter scale.
4. Select the desired resistance range scale with selector switch.
Testing a 55 K ohm resistance
Range: x10 Kohm

SELF CHECK 4.1-2
ENUMERATION
Directions: Enumerate the initial steps on how to use the analog multimeter.
1._____
2._____
3._____
4.____ is being adjusted to set for desired resistance range scale.
5. ____is being used to measure the voltage, current and resistance.

ANSWER KEY 4.1-2
ENUMERATION
1. Connect the test probe to the appropriate jack. The red test probe to the positive
(+) jack and the black to the common (‐) jack.
2. Check if the pointer rests exactly at the infinite zero position in ohmmeter range.
3. Check the probes if they are in condition. (Ohmmeter calibration).
4. Selector switch
5. Multimeter/VOM
Title
ELECTRONIC SYMBOL
1. Define Electronic symbol.
2. Identify the different Electronic symbol.
ELECTRONIC SYMBOL
An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and
electronic devices (such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic
diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit. These symbols can (because of
remaining traditions) vary from country to country, but are today to a large extent
internationally standardized. Some symbols represent components (such as vacuum
tubes) which ceased to be used routinely as newer technologies were introduced.
Electronics Symbols
Below are tables with many of the symbols one would encounter in the study of
electronics. The symbols are shown in their more common expression with some
alternate expressions included. This presentation is not exhaustive in that there are
many other alternate expressions for many of the symbols and there are many other
symbols not shown for practical reasons. The symbols are arranged in the following
categories. Click on a category name to move to and back from that group.
 Resistors
 Sources
 Wires, Cables and Connections
 Circuit Protection Devices
 Switches and Electro-mechanical Devices
 Connectors
 Inductors and Transformers
 Capacitors
 Diodes
 Thyristors
 Transistors
 Tubes
 Digital Logic
 Miscellaneous

Resistors
Variable
Fixed Potentiometer Rheostat Tapped
(Generic)
LDR - Light
Dependant
RTD-Resistive VDR-Voltage
Resistor,
Thermal Dependent Alternate VDR Alternate VDR
Photoresistor,
Device, also for Resistor, or symbol symbol
Photoconductive
Thermistor Varistor
Cell, or
Photocell
Sources
Single DC Piezoelectr
DC Photovolta
Cell of Voltage AC Voltage Generat ic Thermocoup
Current ic Cell or
EMF Source or Source or Generator le
Source Solar Cell
(DC) Battery or Crystal

Wires, Cables and Connections

Wires Wires Ground
Bus Connections Terminal
Crossing Connected Symbols
Earth Fema
or general le
symbol
Male
Chassi
s
Joi
ned
Circuit
Coaxial Multiconductor Shielded
Shielded Shielded Plug and
Cable or Cable with Multiconductor
Conductor Conductor Socket
Shielded Line Jacket Cable

Circuit Protection Devices

Multi-line
Thermal Circuit Switch Circuit
Fuse Fuse Circuit
Cutout Breaker Breaker
Breaker

Switches and Electro-mechanical Devices

Thermal Limit
Pushbutton
Switch Switch
Single-Pole Normally Rotary and
Single-Pole Double-Pole Open (NO), Normally Normally
Double- Slide
Single- Single-Throw Normally Open (NO) Open (NO)
Throw and and Selector
Throw SPST DPST Closed (NC),
SPDT and Dual Normally Normally Switch
Circuit Closed Closed
(NC) (NC)

Relay Relay
Contacts, Contacts,Motor,
Relay or Relay with Normally Normally
Telegraph Relay with Open (NO) Armature
Solenoid NO Open (NO)
Key NC contacts and and Field
Coil contacts and dual Normally
contacts Coil
Closed
NO & NC
(NC)
Connectors
AC AC Power Male Plug
AC Power AC Power Female and
Power Plug and and Female
Connector Connector Male Coaxial
Plug Jack Socket
Jack with
Phone Switch
Phone
Jack Phone Phone (various Phono or
Jack
(two Plug (two Plug (three switch Single Line
(three
conductor conductor) conductor) arrangeme Jack and Plug
conductor)
) nts
available)
Inductors and Transformers

Air Iron Coil with Ferrite
Air Core Iron Core
Core Core adjustabl Core Autotransforme
Transforme Transformer
Inducto Inducto e Ferrite Transforme r
r with phasing dots
r or Coil r or Coil Core r
Capacitors
Older
Symbol, no
Fixed longer used, Electrolytic
Variable Ganged Split-Stator
Capacitor conflicts with Capacitor
relay
contacts
Diodes
Signal or Zener
Zener Schottky Varactor
Rectifier (Alternates)
Rectifier LED - Light Tunnel
Photodiode Tunnel
Bridges Emitting (Alternates)
Thyristors
SCR - Silicon Controlled
Diac Triac
Rectifier
Transistors
N-
PNP Type NPN
NPN Channel
Bipolar
NPN Type Phototransistor Darlington Junction Field P-Channel
Junction Transistor
(BJT) (Also available as Effect JFET
Transistor PNP) (Available as
PNP) Transistor
(BJT)
(JFET)
N-Channel P-Channel N-Channel P-Channel Dual Gate Unijunction

Depletion Depletion Enhancement Enhancemen MOSFET N- Transistor
Mode Mode Mode MOSFET t Mode Channel
Depletion ,
MOSFET MOSFET MOSFET (others available )
Note: Dual gate MOSFETs may also be enhancement mode and P-channel

Tubes
Vacuum-tube
Triode Tetrode Pentode Tube elements
Diode
Plate
Grid
Cathode
Filament/He
ater
CRT - Cathode
X-ray Tube Photo Tube Photo Multiplier Tube Elements
Ray
Electrostatic
Deflection Plates
A dot inside of a
tube envelope
implies gas-
filled.

Digital Logic
Exclusive-OR NAND (NOT
AND OR NOR (NOT OR)
(XOR) AND)
Integrated Schmitt-Trigger Clocked Flip-
Inverter or NOT Flip-Flop
Circuit Input Flop (JK)
Miscellaneous
Headphones
Incandescent
Neon Bulbs Bell Speakers Microphone and Headset
Lamps
with Mic
Loop and
General Voltmeter (A or External Dipole
Op Amp Monopole
Amplifier mA for current) Antenna Antenna
Antenna
Self-Check 4.1-3
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify the electrical symbol below. Write your answers in your answer
sheet.
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
ANSWER KEY 4.1-3
IDENTIFICATION
1. DIODE
2. CAPACITOR
3. RESISTOR
4. NAND GATE
5. SPEAKER
6. AND GATE
7. INVERTER/NOT GATE
8. AC VOLTAGE SOURCE
9. DC VOLTAGE SOURCE
10. INDUCTOR
PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING

Contents:
1. Resistance and Resistors.
2. Capacitors
3. Diode
4. Transistors
 Various testing methods are Identified based on

types of electronic components
 Characteristics and appropriateness of testing
methods to be used during development and on completion is determined
 Testing methods are considered/selected in relation
to appropriate testing strategy
 Plan for testing components is developed at
specified points during development and on completion
 Required test & measuring instruments and tools
are prepared and checked in accordance with established procedures
 Records system is established to document testing
results, including problems and faults
CONDITIONS:

 Reporting forms
METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING

 Read information 4.2-1 on knowledgeable on the content of the
Resistance and Resistor information sheet, answer self-check

If you think that you are now
 Read information 4.2-2 on
knowledgeable on the content of the task,
Capacitor.
answer self-check provided in the module.
 Read information 4.2-3 on Diode. knowledgeable on the content of the task,
 Read information 4.2-4 on
Transistor.
After doing all activities of this LO, you

may proceed to LO3: Test Components.

Title
RESISTANCE AND RESISTOR
1. Define Resistor and Resistance.
2. Differentiate Active from Passive components.
3. Identify the different types of resistors.
4. Calculate resistance value of a resistor.
ELECTRONICS
 Electronics deals with behaviour of electron in semi-conductor.

 Materials or the electronic Components.
 SEMI-CONDUCTOR serves as a good insulator or good conductor at certain
instances.
 Silicon, gallium and germanium are the most common materials to
manufacture semi-conductors electronic components by adding or “doping”
impurities like indium or antimony.
 N-type is semi-conductors which charge carries are electrons which are
negatively charge.
 P-type is semi-conductors which charge carries are holes have positive charge.
COMMON ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
 PASSIVE are components or device which doesn’t generate voltage but

controls the current in an electronic circuit.
 EXAMPLES; RESISTORS,CAPACITORS, INDUCTORS, ETC.
 ACTIVE are the components which generate, amplify and also control the
voltage and current in an electronic circuit.
 EXAMPLE; DIODE, TRANSISTOR AND IC(INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) AND
ETC.
 Are the elements or components that interactively work in an electronic circuit
to produce the desired result.
 Basic electronic components are; resistors, capacitors, transistors and other
semi-conductor materials.
RESISTANCE AND RESISTORS
 RESISTANCE means opposition to some action. In electricity resistance

means the opposition to the flow of current.
 Measured in ohms(Ω)
 Expressed in kilo-ohms, milli-ohms etc. With 1000Ω= 1 kilo
ohms,1000000Ω= 1 mega ohms.
 The symbol of resistance is shown as:
 act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels
within circuits.
 used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines among other uses.
Types of Resistor
1. Carbon-Composition Resistors
2. Carbon-Film Resistor
3. Metal-Film Resistors
4. Wire Wounds
5. Fusible Resistor
6. Variable Resistor
VARIABLE RESISTOR
 can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp

dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.
 physical means of adjustment, either a rotating shaft or lever that can be
moved to vary the amount of electrical resistance.
FUNCTIONS OF RESISTOR
 The hydraulic analogy compares electric current flowing through circuits to

water flowing through pipes.
 When a pipe (left) is filled with hair (right), it takes a larger pressure to achieve
the same flow of water.
 Pushing electric current through a large resistance is like pushing water
through a pipe clogged with hair:
 It requires a larger push (voltage drop) to drive the same flow (electric
current).
 Electrical resistors are very similar—affected by the same three factors. If

you make a wire thinner or longer, it's harder for electrons to wiggle through it
RESISTOR COLOR CODES
SELF CHECK 4.2-1
CALCULATE
Directions: Calculate the following resistor color code. Write your answer in your
answer sheet.
1. Violet, Yellow, Red, Gold

2. Green, Blue, Grey, Orange, Silver
3. Blue, Red, Orange, Green, Gold
4. Brown, Black, Red, Blue, Gold
5. Yellow, Red, Orange, Yellow, Gold
ANSWER KEY 4.2-1

1. 7.4KΩ ±5%
2. 568K Ω ±10%
3. 62.3MΩ ±5%
4. 102MΩ ±5%
5. 4.23MΩ ±5%
Title
CAPACITOR
1. Define Capacitor.
2. Identify the types of a resistor.
3. Decode Capacitor codes.
CAPACITOR
 A capacitor (formerly known as a condenser, and prior to that known as

a permittor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electric
energy in an electric field.
 Capacitors (sometimes known as condensers) are energy-storing devices that
are widely used in televisions, radios, and other kinds.
 Take two electrical conductors (things that let electricity flow through them)
and separate them with an insulator (a material that doesn't let electricity flow
very well) and you make a capacitor: something that can store
electrical energy.
CAPACITANCE
 The amount of electrical energy a capacitor can store.

 The capacitance of a capacitor is a bit like the size of a bucket: the bigger the
bucket, the more water it can store; the bigger the capacitance, the more
electricity a capacitor can store.
Three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor.
1. One is to increase the size of the plates.

2. Another is to move the plates closer together.
3. The third way is to make the dielectric as good an insulator as possible
TYPES OF CAPACITORS
1. Ceramic capacitor: The ceramic capacitor is a type of capacitor that is used in
many applications from audio to RF.
Ceramic capacitor types are by far the most commonly used type of
capacitor being cheap and reliable and their loss factor is particularly low
although this is dependent on the exact dielectric in use.
2. Electrolytic capacitor: Electrolytic capacitors are a type of capacitor that is

polarized. They are able to offer high capacitance values - typically above 1μF, and
are most widely used for low frequency applications - power supplies, decoupling
and audio coupling applications as they have a frequency limit if around 100 kHz.
3.Tantalum capacitor: Like electrolytic capacitors, tantalum capacitors are also

polarized and offer a very high capacitance level for their volume. However this type
of capacitor is very intolerant of being reverse biased, often exploding when placed
under stress.
4. Silver Mica Capacitor: Silver mica capacitors are not as widely used these
days, but they still offer very high levels of stability, low loss and accuracy where
space is not an issue.
5.Polystyrene Film Capacitor: Polystyrene capacitors are a relatively cheap form

of capacitor but offer a close tolerance capacitor where needed.
6.Polyester Film Capacitor: Polyester film capacitors are used where cost is a
consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance.
7.Metallised Polyester Film Capacitor: This type of capacitor is a essentially a

form of polyester film capacitor where the polyester films themselves are metallised.
8.Polycarbonate capacitor: The polycarbonate capacitors has been used in

applications where reliability and performance are critical.
9.Polypropylene Capacitor: The polypropylene capacitor is sometimes used when

a higher tolerance type of capacitor is necessary than polyester capacitors offer.
10.Glass capacitors: As the name implies, this capacitor type uses glass as the
dielectric.
11.Supercap: Also known as a super capacitor or ultra capacitor, as the name

implies these capacitors have very large values of capacitance, of up to several
thousand Farads.
FUNCTIONS OF CAPACITOR
 In the hydraulic analogy, a capacitor is analogous to a rubber membrane

sealed inside a pipe. This animation illustrates a membrane being repeatedly
stretched and un-stretched by the flow of water, which is analogous to a
capacitor being repeatedly charged and discharged by the flow of charge.
 In the hydraulic analogy, charge carriers flowing through a wire are analogous
to water flowing through a pipe. A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed
inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but some
water can move by stretching the membrane.
Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric

field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.
CAUTIONS: Never use a capacitor into a circuit with higher voltages than the
capacitor is rated for otherwise it becomes hot and may explode. It’s all right to
replace a 0.22µF of 200WV capacitor with one rated 0.22µF, 250WVDC.
CAPACITOR SAFETY
 A capacitor can store a charge for some time after equipment is power off.
 High voltage electrolytic caps, and even large value, low voltage electrolytic,
can pose a safety hazard.
 Be sure to connect electrolytic capacitors in the right polarity i.e negative to
negative and positive to positive.
 If the electrolytic is connected in opposite polarity, the reversed electrolysis
forms gas in the capacitor.
 It becomes hot and may explode. This is a possibility only with electrolytic
capacitors.
HOW TO READ CAPACITOR NUMERIC CODE
GRADES OF FARAD SI UNIT
HOW TO DISCHARGE CAPACITOR
 CAPACITOR discharge is the first thing you should do as an electronic

repairer before touching the power supply section.
 The large filter capacitor in the power supply section can hold dangerous high
voltage even if the unit has been off for few days.
 It is advisable to discharge the filter capacitor first before you start to
troubleshoot in order to protect yourself from electrocuted.
Three ways to discharge the large filter capacitor in switch mode power supplies.
Note: Discharging the capacitor with a

screw driver(not recommended).
The reason for not using the screw driver to discharge a capacitor is because the
printed circuit board or circuitry can be damaged due to the spark generated while
discharging the high voltage in the capacitor.
 Just place the screw driver tip to touch the two pin of the capacitor, within
seconds the charge will be gone.
 Another method is that you can use a 100 watt electric light bulb and
touch the two wires coming out from the light bulb on the leads of the
capacitor. If there is a charge the light bulb will light and after discharge the
light bulb will goes off.
 Third method and also my favorite method are place the leads of a high wattage
resistor on
the leads of the capacitors you want to discharge. You can use either a 1.8 k
or a 2.2 kilo ohm 5 to 10 watt resistor to discharge the high voltage
capacitor in a switch mode power supplies. Please do not hold the two ends
of the resistor with your finger, only hold the body of the resistor.
 I strongly recommend to those who are using the screw driver to discharge a
capacitor in power supply to consider the second and third method as these is
the safest methods. It not only protects the circuit, it also protects you. If you
had discharge the capacitor and you are still not sure or no confidence
whether the charge already gone, you can always use a meter to confirm it.
SELF CHECK 4.2-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the questions carefully, Choose the correct answer from the
choices. Write your answers in your answer sheet.
1. This is a type of capacitor that is used in many applications from audio to RF.
a) Electrolytic capacitor
b) Ceramic Capacitor
c) Silver Mica Capacitor
d) Tantalum Capacitor
2. This is a type of capacitor that is polarized.
c) Silver Mica Capacitor
3. This is used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance.
c) Polyester Film Capacitor
4. Also known as a super capacitor or ultra capacitor, as the name implies these
capacitors have very large values of capacitance, of up to several thousand Farads.
d) Supercap
5. This type of capacitor are not as widely used these days, but they still offer very
high levels of stability, low loss and accuracy where space is not an issue.
b) Silver Mica Capacitor
d) Supercap
ANSWER KEY 4.2-2

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. B
Title
DIODE
1. Define Diode.
2. Identify the types of Diode.
DIODE
 Diodes- is to convert the ac voltage to dc voltage.

 Is an electronic equivalents of one-way streets. Diodes allow an electric
current to flow through them in only one direction.
 They also known as rectifiers.
 Conduct electric current in only one direction.
 Composed of two terminals: Anode & Cathode.
 ANODE is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons from a device to
the external circuit.
 CATHODE is the negative electrode, the point of entry of electrons into a
device from external circuit. It is also the terminal connected to the positive
point of circuit.
ANODE(+) CATHODE(-)
 Diodes are basically a one-way valve for electrical current. They let it flow in
one direction (from positive to negative) and not in the other direction.
 Most diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and will have a painted
line on one end showing the direction or flow (white side is negative). If the
negative side is on the negative end of the circuit, current will flow. If the
negative is on the positive side of the circuit no current will flow. More on
diodes in later sections.
LEDs: Light Emitting Diodes:

 LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another. They are used
as indicator devices. Example: LED lit equals machine on. They come in
several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared Light which cannot be seen
by the human eye.
 LED emits light when the current flows through it, when it is forward bias.
 FORWARD BIASED permit the flow of current when DC voltage is applied to
cathode (negative terminal). The diode is its active stage.
 LED does not emit light when it is reversed-biased.
 REVERSED BIASED do not permit the flow of current when DC voltage is
applied to the anode(positive terminal). The diode becomes an insulator.
 “The conductivity of diode depends on the supply voltage polarity
which follows the Law of Attraction and Repulsion which states Like
poles repel and unlike poles attract”
 LED used as low current indicator lamp in many types of consumer and
industrial equipment, such as monitors, TV, printers, hi-f- systems and
machinery control panels.
 LED only needs 2v across its anode and cathode terminals to ,make it emit
light.
 The cathode of the LED is identified on the package by flat side on the plastic.
The life expectancy of LED is about
100,000 hours.
BRIDGE TYPE RECTIFIER
 The function of the bridge rectifier in the power supply is to convert the AC
supply voltage into DC voltagr.
 Full wave rectification, it is not necessary to use four individual diodes since
all four diodes can be obtained in one package as shown in fig.1
 Each package has two AC input terminals and two DC output terminal marked
(+) and (-).
 A schematic for full wave bridge rectifier is drawn in fig. 2 Bridge rectifiers are
classified in the samw way as single diodes, i.e by their maximum reverse
voltage or peak inverse voltage(PIV) and forward current, IF. It is label as
“BR” in electronic circuit.
ZENER DIODE
 Used as regulator.
 Before you start to test any zener diode, you must first
understand the marking or part number and then look
for the voltage ratings.
 Zener diode markings.
 2.4=2.4 volt zener diode
 2V4=2.4 volt
SELF CHECK 4.2-3
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify what is being ask below, write your answer in your answer
sheet.
____1. This permit the flow of current when DC voltage is applied to cathode
(negative terminal). The diode is its active stage.
____2. Do not permit the flow of current when DC voltage is applied to the
anode(positive terminal). The diode becomes an insulator.
____3. The function of this diode in the power supply is to convert the AC supply
voltage into DC voltage.
____4. This is used as regulator.
____5 This is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons from a device to
ANSWER KEY 4.2-3
1. FORWARD BIASED
2. REVERSED BIASED
3. BRIDGE RECTIFIER DIODE
4. ZENER DIODE
5. ANODE
Title
TRANSISTORS
1. Define Transistor.
2. Identify the configurations of a
transistor.
TRANSISTORS
 The transistor is possibly the most important invention of this decade. I
performs two basic functions.
1) It acts as a switch turning current on and off.
2) It acts as an amplifier. This makes an output signal that is a magnified
version of the input signal. More on transistors in later sections.
 Transistors come in several sizes depending on their application. It can be a
big power transistor such as is used in power amplifiers in your stereo, down
to a surface mount (SMT) and even down to .5 microns wide( I.E.: Mucho
Small!) such as in a microprocessor or Integrated Circuit.
 Are solid –state devices similar in some way to the diodes you have studied.
 Transistors are more complex and can be used in many more ways.
 The name transistor is derived from “transresistor”, meaning that it changes
resistance. Unlike a diode, a transistor has three leads.
 The three transistor leads are designated as Base(B), Collector(C), an
Emitter(E).
 NPN TRANSISTOR
 The base is formed by the connecting two anodes.
 The emitter is one of the cathode, and the collector is the other
cathode.
 PNP TRANSISTOR
 The base is formed by the connecting two Cathodes.
 The emitter is one of the anode, and the collector is the other anode.
TRANSISTOR’S FUNCTION
 The main operational characteristic of a transistor is that a small voltage
placed on one of the three leads can control a large amount of current flow
through the two leads. This enables a transistor to perform two basic
functions:
1. A transistor can acts as an electronic switch, turning current flow ON and
OFF.
2. A transistor can amplify a signal, making it larger in amplitude.
 Either type transistor, NPN or PNP, can perform, essentially the same
function in an electronic circuit. The main difference between an NPN and a
PNP transistor in a circuit is the direction in which electrons flow between
emitter and collector.
TRANSISTOR HEATSINK
 The heat generated by current flowing
between the collector and emitter junctions of
a transistor causes its temperature to rise.
 The heat must be conducted away from the
transistor otherwise the temperature rise may
be high enough to irreparably damage the P-
N junctions inside the transistor.
 The heat sink draws heat away from the
transistor, allowing the transistor to handle
more power than if there were no heat sink.
Low power signal transistor; do not normally
require heat sinking.
 Some transistors have a metal body thus a mica sheet has to be used to
prevent the body from touching the heat sink.
SELF CHECK 4.2-4
ENUMERATION
1-3 Enumerate the three leads of a transistor
1.____
2.____
3.____
4. This is being used to absorbed the heat from the transistor.
5. This is being used to prevent the body from touching the heat sink.
ANSWER KEY 4.2-4

1. Base
2. Collector
3. Emitter
4. Heat Sink
5. Mica sheet

TEST COMPONENTS
Contents:
1. Testing Resistor
2. Testing Capacitor
3. Testing Diode
4. Testing Transistor
 Testing methods are applied to ensure that products
meet creative, production and technical requirements
 Problems and faults detected by testing are
recorded and remedial steps taken in records system is documented
 Problems and faults detected during testing are
resolved in accordance with agreed project or industry practice
 Evaluate final products against the previously
determined criteria
 Testing process is documented and summarized
evaluation report is submitted to relevant personnel
CONDITIONS:

 Reporting forms
METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
TEST COMPONENTS
 Read information 4.3-1 on Testing knowledgeable on the content of the
Resistor. information sheet, answer self-check

 Observe the demonstration on
Testing a Resistor
 Perform Task Sheet 4.3-1
 Let your trainer evaluate your output
based on the Performance Criteria
Checklist 4.3-1. If you got 100% correct
 Have the trainer evaluate the
answer in this task, you can now move on
performance
to the next task. If not, review the
information sheet and go over the task
again.
 Evaluate the performance based
on the performance criteria checklist
4.3-1
 Read information 4.3-2 on Testing
a Capacitor
Testing a Capacitor.
performance
again.
4.3-2
a Diode. information sheet, answer self-check
compare answers with answer key to the next task. If not review the
4.3-3 information sheet and go over the self-
check again.
Testing a Diode.
performance
again.
4.3-3
a Transistor. information sheet, answer self-check
compare answers with answer key to the next task. If not review the
4.3-4 information sheet and go over the self-
check again.
Testing a Transistor.
performance
again.
4.3-4.

may proceed to LO4: Evaluate the
testing process.
Title
TESTING RESISTORS
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Identify the procedures on how to test the resistors;
TESTING RESISTOR
 There are two ways of testing resistor, using an analog or digital multimeter.
 Normally if a resistor fails they will either increase in value or open up at all (open
circuit).
 You can check the resistor resistance by selecting the ohmmeter range in the
analog and digital multimeter.
USING ANALOG METER TO TEST RESISTOR

 First you must know the resistor value before you take any measurement.
 With the resistor colour band calculation you have read from the previous
section, I’m sure you have no problem in identifying resistor value by looking
at the colour bands.
 Assuming you are measuring a resistor with colours of; yellow, purple, black
and gold. From calculation it is a 47 ohms resistor with 5% tolerance.
 Set your analog meter to x1 ohm, shorting the probes and calibrate the
pointer so that it will stay at zero ohm.
 Place your meter probes to the two points of the resistors as shown in the
photo. It doesn’t matter which probes to which two points because resistor
does not have polarity(positive and negative) like battery.
 You should have get somewhere near 47ohm by observing the pointer.
 If you get more than 47 ohm say 150 ohm, this mean that the resistor has
gone up in resistance and need permanent replacement.
 Remember to press a little bit hard on the leads of the resistor while
measuring it otherwise you may not get a precise reading or intermittent
reading could occur.
 Similarly if you want to check a 15K ohm resistor, short the two probes
together and calibrate by adjusting the adjuster knob.
 You must set your meter to x1 K ohm range so that the measurement is within
the range.
 Check the result to see if the pointer point to

near or exact 15K ohm. If the resistor has 5% tolerance the pointer should
point between the values of 14.25K to 15.75 K ohm.
 Any value you get that is not between the tolerance ranges, you should
replace the resistor.
 In order to check a 100K ohm resistor you
have to select the X10K ohm range. Follow the procedure explained above
and you should be able to get the measurement.
USING DIGITAL METER TO TEST RESISTOR
 By using digital meter the LCD display in your meter will show you the exact
value of the resistance under test. It is more accurate than using analog
meter.
 First, select the ohm range and place your test probes across the two points
of the resistor as shown in the photo.
 Digital meter does not need any calibration compare to analog meter where
you have to adjust the adjuster to make it zero ohm before you begin to do
measurement.
 The result shown at the LCD display of the digital meter is the exact
resistance value of the resistor.
 Digital meter really removed all the guess work!
 If you are a beginner I strongly recommend that you remove all the resistors
leg (I mean only one leg) and test it with your digital meter.
 Hope with this secrets, checking should not be a problem to you anymore.
SELF- CHECK 4.3-1
TRUE OR FALSE
____1. In testing the resistor the first, you must know its value before you take any
measurement.
____2. It doesn’t matter which probes to which two points because resistor does not
have polarity(positive and negative) like battery.
____3. If you are a beginner It is recommended that you don’t remove all the
resistors leg (I mean only one leg) and test it with your digital meter.
____4. Digital meter also need calibration where you have to adjust the adjuster to
make it zero ohm before you begin to do measurement.
____5. By using digital meter the LCD display in your meter will show you the exact
value of the resistance under test. It is more accurate than using analog meter.
ANSWER KEY 4.3-1
TRUE OR FALSE
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
PERFORMANCE TASK 4.3-1
TASK SHEET 4.3-1

Title :Testing Resistor
Performance Objective:
Given required supplies and materials you should be able to:
1. Test resistor.
Supplies/Materials : Resistors with different values.
Equipment : Analog and Digital Mulitmeter
Steps/Procedure:
1. Ask your trainer to provide you with supplies and materials and equipment
needed in testing resistor.
2. Prepare practical work area for practicum.
3. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure.
4. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas.
5. Test the resistors .
6. Perform 5S.
Assessment Method:
 Demonstration / Oral questioning
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 4.3-1
CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO
1. Prepare practical work area for practicum?

2. Apply OH&S Policies and Procedure?
3. Set-up equipment and supplies in designated areas?

4. Test the resistors?
5. Perform 5S?
Title
TESTING CAPACITORS
1. Identify the procedures on how to test capacitors.
TESTING CAPACITORS
 First method, before you test capacitor, make sure you use an analog
multimeter set to X1 ohm range and connect a capacitor to the test probe.
 See the panel if the pointer flick up and comes down or not, this represent
charging. If it still cannot flick or no response then set your meter to X10
ohm and then to 1K ohm and lastly to 10 K ohm range.
 If it still don’t flick then the capacitor under test have developed an open
circuit.
 This is a rather old method to test capacitors because even though a
capacitor can charge and discharge, this does not mean the capacitor value
is good. Due to this problem, digital capacitance meter was developed.
USING DIGITAL CAPACITANCE METER
 The second method to test capacitor is to use digital capacitance meter and
is a little more accurate compares to analog multimeter.
 Connect the test probe to the capacitor and read the result from the meter
LCD display.
Example;
1. A 100 microfarad should have the reading of somewhere 90 microfarad.

Remember, capacitors have tolerance just like resistors.
 Be sure to discharge capacitor first before testing.

 A reading of 60 micro farad means the capacitor has lost its capacitance and
need to be replaced. This meter is more expensive than analog meter.
 Somehow digital capacitance meter have its own disadvantage, which is, it
can’t check capacitor that is breaking down when under load and can’t
check capacitors in circuit. It’s still worth to invest in this meter because it
can check almost 80-90% of capacitors failure.
 Measure capacitors values
 Checking for leakage
 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)
 Dielectric absorption
 Using ESR capacitor meter alone can solve most of the electrolytic
capacitor problem.
SELF- CHECK 4.3-2
TRUE OR FALSE

____1. Using ESR capacitor meter alone can solve most of the electrolytic capacitor
problem.
____2. The second method to test capacitor is to use digital capacitance meter and
is a little more accurate compares to analog multimeter.
____3. First method, before you test capacitor, make sure you use an analog
multimeter set to X1 ohm range and connect a capacitor to the test probe.
____4. If it still don’t flick then the capacitor under test have developed an good
circuit.
____5. A 100 microfarad should have the reading of somewhere 90 microfarad.
ANSWER KEY 4.3-2
1. T
2. T
3.T
4.F
5.T
TASK SHEET 4.3-2

Title :Testing Capacitor
Given required supplies and materials you should be able to:
1. Test Capacitors.
Supplies/Materials : Different value of capacitors.
Equipment : Analog and Digital Multimeter
Steps/Procedure:
needed in Testing Capacitor.
5. Test the Capacitors.
6. Perform 5S.
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO


4. Test the Capacitors?
5. Perform 5S?
Title
TESTING DIODE
1. Identify the procedures on how to test the diode.
 When comes to testing diode, you need a special method to test it.
 If you do not know how to accurately check a diode, you will not able to
repair or troubleshoot electronic equipment because a spoilt diode you may
think that it is good and you will definitly waste your preciuos time.
 The first step on how to test a diode accurately is to remove one of the diode
lead. You cant always be certain if a diode
is good or bad if you perform in circuit test,
because of back circuits(parallel connection)
through other components.
USING ANALOG MULTIMTER
 Set your analog meter to x1 ohm range to check for current diod leakage
reverse and forward testing.
 Connecting the red probe of your meter to the cathode and black probe to the
anode. The diode is forward biased and the meter should read some value
of resistance.
 Touch the black probe of your meter to the cathode and red probe to the
anode, the diode is reverse biased and shouls look like an open reading the
mter pointer not moving.
 If you get two readings then most probably the diode is shorted or leaky and
you should replace it.
 If you don’t get any reading either forward or

reverse bias, the diode is considered open circuit.
 The real problem when testing a diode using the digital meter is that an open
or leaky diode, the meter sometimes reads okay.
 This is due to the digital meter diode test output voltage (which you can
measure the output test probe using another meter) is around 500mv to 2v.
 You have to select your meter to X10K ohm range to test the diode again. The
output voltage of X10K ohms is about 12V.
 Again the diode under test should show only one reading.
 Always replace a diode with the same or higher rating than the original
specification.
CAUTION: Be certain that power is removed from any circuit before

performing any of the following diode checks, otherwise meter or circuit
damage ant of the following diode checks, otherwise meter or circuit damage
could result.
CONCLUSION: In order to correctly test the diode you need to use analog
multimeter and set the range to x1 ohm and x10K ohm range.
SELF- CHECK 4.3-3
TRUE OR FALSE

____1. In order to correctly test the diode you need to use analog multimeter and set
the range to x1 ohm and x10K ohm range.
____2. The real problem when testing a diode using the digital meter is that an open
or leaky diode, the meter sometimes reads okay.
____3. Connecting the red probe of your meter to the cathode and black probe to the
anode. Is called reversed biased.
____4. Connecting the red probe of your meter to the cathode and black probe to the
anode. Is called forward biased.
____5. Be certain that power is removed from any circuit before performing any
diode checks.
ANSWER KEY 4.3-3
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
TASK SHEET 4.3-3
Title :Testing Diode
After reading the information sheet you should be able to:
 Test the diode.
 Troubleshoot problems.
Supplies/Materials : Rectifier diode
Steps/Procedure:
needed in testing the diode.
5. Test the diode.
6. Troubleshoot for problems.
7. Apply 5s in Housekeeping.
Assessment Method:

CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO

4. Test the diode?
5. Apply 5s in Housekeeping?

Title
TESTING TRANSISTOR
1. Identify the procedures on how to test transistors.
Transistor test using an analogue multimeter

The diode test using an analogue multimeter can be extended to give a
simple and straightforward confidence check for bipolar transistors. Again the test
using a multimeter only provides a confidence check that the device has not blown,
but it is still very useful.
The test relies on the fact that a transistor can be considered to comprise of
two back to back diodes, and by performing the diode test between the base and
collector and the base and emitter of the transistor using an analogue multimeter, the
basic integrity of the transistor can be ascertained.
It should be noted that a transistor cannot be functionally replicated using two

separate diodes because the operation of the transistor depends upon the base
which is the junction of the two diodes, being one physical layer, and also very thin.
Notes:
 The final checks from collector to emitter ensure

that the base has not been "blown through". It is
sometimes possible that there is still a diode present
between collector and base and the emitter and
the base, but the collector and emitter are shorted
together.
 As with the germanium diode, the reverse
readings for germanium transistors will not be as good
as for silicon transistors. A small level of current is
allowable as this results from the presence of
minority carriers in the germanium.
1. Connect the black probe of the multimeter to one of the transistor leads, and
connect the red probe to any of the other leads.
2. If two low readings are found for one connection of the black probe (test no 1& 2)
while each of the other two position gives two high readings (test no. 3,4,5 & 6)
then the transistor is NPN type.
3. The pin where the black probe is connected to showed two low reading when the
red probes connected to the other two leads shows high reading is the “Base”. In
the above case pin 1 is the base.
1. Connect the red probe of the multimeter to one of the transistor leads and
connect the black probe to any of the other leads.
2. If two low readings are found for one connection of the red probe (test 1 & 2),
while each of the other two positions gives two high readings (test 3,4, 5 & 6),
then the transistor is PNP type.
3. The pin where the red probe is connected to showed two low reading when the
black probes connected to other two leads shows high reading is Base. In the
above case pin 1 is the Base.
 Checking transistor is not as easy as checking the two leads devices like
resistor, capacitors and diodes.
 Experimenting with a few transistors and a multimeter as you go back

through the material is an excellent way to gain greater understanding of
how to accurately check transistor.
SELF-CHECK 4.3-4
TRUE OR FALSE

____1. Checking transistor is not as easy as checking the two leads devices like
resistor, capacitors and diodes.
____2. The pin where the black probe is connected to showed two low reading when
the red probes connected to the other two leads shows high reading is the “Base”. In
the above case pin 1 is the base.
____3. If two low readings are found for one connection of the red probe (test 1 & 2),
while each of the other two positions gives two high readings (test 3,4, 5 & 6), then
the transistor is NPN type.
____4. The pin where the red probe is connected to showed two low reading when
the black probes connected to other two leads shows high reading is Base.
____5. As with the germanium diode, the reverse readings for germanium transistors
will not be as good as for silicon transistors.
ANSWER KEY 4.3-4
TRUE OR FALSE
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
TASK SHEET 4.3-4

Title :Testing Transistor
After reading the information sheet you should be able to:
 Test the transistor.
 Troubleshoot problems.
Supplies/Materials : Transistors
Steps/Procedure:
needed in testing the transistor.
5. Test the transistors.
6. Troubleshoot for problems.
7. Apply 5s in Housekeeping.
Assessment Method:
CRITERIA
Did you…. YES NO

4. Test the Transistor?
5. Apply 5s in Housekeeping?
Title
EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS
Contents:
1. Test indicators of resistors, capacitor, diode and transistors.
 Testing methods that were successful and those that

led to difficulties are identified based on industry standards
 Testing process and records system are evaluated
based on standard procedures
 Test results/findings are documented for subsequent
components testing.
CONDITIONS:

 Reporting forms
METHODOLOGIES
 Film Viewing
 Project Method
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
LEARNING OUTCOME 4
EVALUATE THE TESTING PROCESS

 Read information 4.4-1 on Test
knowledgeable on the content of the
indicators of resistor, capacitor,
information sheet, answer self-check
diode and transistor.

may proceed to COC 1: Install and
Configure Computer Systems.
Title
TEST INDICATORS OF RESISTOR, CAPACITOR, DIODE AND
TRANSISTOR
1. Identify the test indicators of a resistor, capacitor, diode and transistor.
TEST INDICATORS OF A RESISTOR

 OPEN pointer has no deflection in any setting.
 SHORTED pointer turn to zero in any setting.
 HIGH RESISTANCE resistance value is higher than the allowed resistor.
 LOW RESISTANCE resistance value lower than the allowed resistance.
 GOOD RESISTOR if the reading is closed to the rated value of the resistor
depending on the tolerance.
 DEFECTIVE RESISTOR if the pointer does not deflect at all of the resistors
is open. The reading has a big difference to the resistor rated value. The
resistor’s resistance value has change.
TEST INDICATORS OF CAPACITORS
 OPEN CAPACITOR pointer has no deflection on either side.

 SHORTED CAPACITOR pointer deflects on right and doesn’t turn back to
infinity.
 LEAKY CAPACITOR pointer turns right at a specific point but do not turn
back to infinity.
 GOOD CAPACITOR pointer turns to the right at a value and deflects back to
infinity.
TEST INDICATORS OF A DIODE
 SHORTED DIODE pointer deflects to zero ohms at any setting of the test
probes.
 OPEN DIODE pointer remains at infinity or does not deflect to the right at any
setting of the test probes.
 LEAKY DIODE pointer deflect to a certain point at both forward and reverse
bias.
 GOOD DIODE pointer deflects at a certain when positive test probes is
connected the cathode and the negative test probe is connected to the anode.
It will deflect when the connection of the test probe is reversed.
COMMON DEFECTS OF TRANSISTOR

OPEN TRANSISTOR if the tester pointer has no deflection in the base to emitter
or base to collector.
SHORTED TRANSISTOR if the transistor two terminal read has same resistance
value in both directions.
SELF CHECK 4.4-1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Select the best answer from the choices.
1. If the transistor two terminal read has same resistance value in both directions.
a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
2. If pointer deflect to a certain point at both forward and reverse bias when testing a
diode it is;
a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
3. If the reading is closed to the rated value of the resistor, and depending on its
tolerance it is considered as.
a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
4. Pointer has no deflection in any setting during testing of a resistor. It is considered
as.
a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
5. When testing a diode the pointer deflects at a certain when positive test probes is
connected the cathode and the negative test probe is connected to the anode.
a) Shorted
b) Open
c) Leaky
d) Good
ANSWER KEY 4.4-1
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. D
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 HOT GROUND- is in the primary side of a switch mode power supply.

 COLD GROUND- is in the equipment ground.
 FORWARD BIASED permit the flow of current when DC voltage is applied to

cathode (negative terminal). The diode is its active stage.
 REVERSED BIASED do not permit the flow of current when DC voltage is
applied to the anode(positive terminal). The diode becomes an insulator.
 ANODE is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons from a device to
 CATHODE is the negative electrode, the point of entry of electrons into a
device from external circuit. It is also the terminal connected to the positive
point of circuit.
 Conductors let electricity flow through them.
 Insulator a material that doesn't let electricity flow very well.
 Equivalent series resistance (ESR)
 Heat sink draws heat away from the transistor.
 Mica sheet has to be used to prevent the body from touching the heat sink.
 NPN Negative Positive Negative
 PNP Positive Negative Positive
REFERENCE:

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COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

DON BOSCO TVET CENTER-CALAUAN, INC.

Date Developed: Document No:

Date Developed: Document No:

Date Developed: Document No:

Date Developed: Document No:

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

PERFORM PERFORMING MENSURATION

PREPARE AND PREPARING AND INTERPRET

TEST ELECTRONIC TESTING ELECTRONIC

Date Developed: Document No:

Date Developed: Document No:

Learning Outcome Summary 29

Learning Outcome Summary 68

Learning Outcome Summary 103

Date Developed: Document No:

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : TEST ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

MODULE TITLE: TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

NOMINAL DURATION : 10 hours

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1

The following resources must be provided:

 If you got almost 100% correct answer in

INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-1

1. Identify the basic steps on how to avoid accidents occurring.

STEPS ON HOW TO AVOID ACCIDENTS

2. DISCHARGING SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY(SMPS) CAPACITORS

Do not discharge capacitor with screwdriver because:

3. HOT GROUND PROBLEM

HOT GROUND- is in the primary side of a switch mode power supply.

 When servicing any electronic equipment, always use an isolation transformer

Note: A variable transformer or variacs is not an isolation transformer.

5.DISCHARGING THE CATHODE RAY TUBE(CRT) ANODE

9. ELECTROSTATICALLY SENSITIVE DEVICES(ESD)

Techniques to reduce the incidence of component damage, caused by static

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE, write F if the statement is FALSE.

_____1. An X-Ray is a form of radiation produced when a beam of electrons strikes

ANSWER KEY 4.1-1

USING ANALOG AND DIGITAL MULTIMETER

A. Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester

a. Set the Multi‐tester to corresponding selector resistance range.

b. Short the two test probes lead together.

1. Always do the “Initial Steps in Using Analog Multi‐tester”.

Testing a 55 K ohm resistance

Range: x10 Kohm

4.____ is being adjusted to set for desired resistance range scale.

5. ____is being used to measure the voltage, current and resistance.

3. Check the probes if they are in condition. (Ohmmeter calibration).

INFORMATION SHEET 4.1-3

Wires, Cables and Connections

Circuit Protection Devices

Switches and Electro-mechanical Devices

Inductors and Transformers

N-Channel P-Channel N-Channel P-Channel Dual Gate Unijunction

PLAN AN APPROACH FOR COMPONENT TESTING

 Various testing methods are Identified based on

The following resources must be provided:

 If you think that you are now

 If you got almost 100% correct answer in

After doing all activities of this LO, you

INFORMATION SHEET 4.2-1

 Electronics deals with behaviour of electron in semi-conductor.

COMMON ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS