10/13/2014

Welcome to….

INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
MATH022
The Integral Concept

Objectives Antiderivatives
 At the end of the period, you should be able to:  Definitions:
 compare and contrast differentiation from  Differentiation – the process of finding
integration.
the derivatives of a given function
 identify the components of an integral
equation.  Integration or Antidifferentiation – the
 apply the basic integration formulas and process of finding the function given its
properties. derivative
 differentiate indefinite from definite
integrals.
 evaluate the integrals of algebraic functions
by substitution method.

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Why?
 A physicist who knows the velocity of a
particle might wish to know its position at a
given time.
Function Derivative  An engineer who know the rate at which water
is leaking from a tank wants to know the
amount leaked over a certain period of time.
 A biologist who knows the rate at which a
bacteria population is increasing might want to
deduce what the size of the population be at
some future time.

1
 10/13/2014

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Definition:  Symbols and Notations:
 A function F is called an antiderivative of a  If F is an antiderivative of a function f on an
function f on an interval I if F’(x) = f(x) for all interval I, then
x in I.
 Theorem:
 If F is an antiderivative of a function f on an  f ( x)dx  F  x   C
interval I, then the general antiderivative of f  where C is an arbitrary constant and the
on I is expression
F(x) + C  f ( x)dx
 Where C is an arbitrary constant.  is read “the indefinite integral of f(x) with
respect to x” and stands for the set of all
antiderivatives of f.

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Symbols and Notations:
 Symbols and Notations:
 4 xdx  2 x C
2
integrand
 - the integral sign
variable of integration 4x - the given derivative of the unknown

 f ( x)dx  F  x   C
function which is called the integrand
dx - the differential of x, this tells what the
variable of integration is
2x2 - the particular integral

antiderivative/ C - the constant of integration

integral sign 2x2 + C - the unknown function or the
indefinite integral

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Example:  Types of Integral:
 2xdx  x C
2

1. Indefinite Integral - integral without limits of

The constant of integration C reminds us that integration
we can add any constant and get a different
antiderivative.
 4xdx  2x C
2

 Geometrically: 2. Definite Integral - integral with limits of

integration and with a
definite value as answer
Family of curves – the
same slope at x (parallel) 2
1 4xdx  (2x
2
2
) 1
 2( 2) 2  2(1) 2  6

2
 10/13/2014

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives

 Basic Formulas:  Examples:

1.  dx  x  C
 adx  ax  c 2.  5dx  5x  C
a is any constant 3 3
3.  4dx  4 x  C
x n 1
x
n
dx 
n 1
C 4.
 0.25dx  0.25x  C
for n  -1
5.  5dx  5x  C

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Examples:  Exercise:
x11 x2
6.  xdx  1  1  C  2  C 1.  7dx  6. z
7
dz 

x 31 x4
x
3
dx 
7. x dx  C  C
 kdx 
3
3 1 4
2. 7.

x 3 / 21 2x 5 / 2
x
8. 3/2
dx  C  C
 5dy  
3
3 /2  1 5 3. 8. x 3 dx 

x1.41 x 2.4
x
1.4
9. dx  C  C
 x 4 dx 
1
1.4  1 2.4 4.  2dy  9.
5 1
x
x dx  C x3
5
10.
5 1 5.  6d  10.  3 x dx 

Antiderivatives
 Basic Properties:

That was very easy,

wasn’t it?  Cf ( x )dx  C  f ( x )dx
Now lets continue…
  f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)dx   f1 ( x)dx   f 2 ( x)dx
  f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)    f n ( x)dx   f1 ( x)dx   f 2 ( x)dx     f n ( x)dx

3
 10/13/2014

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Examples:  Examples:

 x4  5x 4
1.  5x
3
dx  5 x 3dx  5
4
 C  
4
C 3.  3x  4dx   3xdx   4dx
 

 y1.2 
 3 xdx  4 dx
2. 14.4y
0.2
dy  14.4 y 0.2 dy  14.4  C   12y1.2  C
 1.2   x2 
 
 2  C1   4x  C 2 
 3 
 
3x 2
  4x  C1  C 2 
2
2
3x
  4x  C
2

Antiderivatives Antiderivatives
 Examples:  Exercise:
4.  3x  5 x3 / 2  6 dx   4 x 
2
1. 3
 6 x dx 

  3x 2 dx   5 x3 / 2 dx   6dx
2.  3 x
8 3
dx 

 3 x 2 dx  5 x 3 / 2 dx  6 dx
 5 x 
 12 x 2  7 dx 
4
3.
 x3   x 5 /2 
 3  C1   5  C 2   6x  C 3 
4.  x  x  1dx 
 3   5 /2 
 x  2x 3 5 /2
 6x  C1  C 2  C 3 
 x 3  2x 5 /2  6x  C 5.   18 y 5  7 y 4 / 3  53 y 2 dy 

Antiderivatives
That’s all for today
 Exercise: folks…
x9  x6  x3  1 But before we go, I hope
6.  x2
dx 
you were able to achieve
7.  3 y  24 y  1dy  our objectives for
today…
 3 x 
3
8. 2
 2 dx 

9.  9 x 4  6 x 2  1dx 

y3/ 2  4 y  3
10.  y
dy 

4
 10/13/2014

Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

 The expression  The substitution rule:
 
x x 2  1 dx   If u=g(x) is a differentiable function of x, whose
range is an interval I and f is continuous on I,
can be evaluated by the simple power formula then
for integration after multiplication.
 But, the expression
f  g  x   g  x dx  f udu
 
 x x 2  1dx
cannot be evaluated by the simple power formula
for integration since the expression cannot be
multiplied.
 So we introduced the substitution method.

Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

 The Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation:  Example:
 Let g be a differentiable function whose range  Evaluate the following integrals
includes the interval I. If f is a function
defined on I and F is an antiderivative of f on I,
 2 x x  1dx
2
then 1.
f  g  x g'  x dx  F  g  x   C
 x x  1dx
2 3
2.

 In particular
 f  x 
n1
3.  4 x  1dx
  f  x   f '  x dx  C
n

 3  4 x dx
2x
n1 4.
2

Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

 Example:  Exercise:
 Evaluate the following integrals  Evaluate the following integrals
 8 x  3  4 x  8x 
3
 4 x  1 dx
5

 4 x  3
2
5 1. dx 6.
1. dx 
3x  6
6x2 2.  2 x  1dx 7.  dx
2.  x 3  43 dx  2 x 2  8x  3

 8x x  1dx x 2 x  4 dx
2 3
3. 8.

 2 x  4x  4 x  3
4
3. 2
dx  8x3
 x x x  2 dx
2
4. dx 9.
x3
4
5  4

4.  x 2  6 x  12 dx  5.
sec x
 tan x 
2

4
dx 10. cos 2 x sin 2 x  dx
3

5
 10/13/2014

Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

 Rules for Integrating Exponential Functions and  Example:
Functions Yielding Logarithmic Functions:  Evaluate the following integrals
 The exponential rule:
 
5
1. e 2 x 1dx
3
4. x 2 e x dx
e kx
 e kxdx 
k
 C for all x  0

b kx
 bkxdx  k ln b  C for all x  0 
2. 2 3 x dx

5. 25 x  7 3 x dx 
 If u is a differentiable function of x, 
3. xe x
2
5
dx  
6. e 2 x 2e 3 x  3 dx 
bu
e du  e u  C

u
b u du  C
ln b

Integration by Substitution Integration by Substitution

 Rules for Integrating Exponential Functions and  Example:
Functions Yielding Logarithmic Functions:  Evaluate the following integrals
 The logarithmic rule:
2 x4
 x  1 dx
1
1. 4.  x 5  1 dx

1
dx  ln x  C for all x  0
x
10 x  25
 2 x  1 dx
3
2. 5.  x 2  5 x  1 dx
 If u is a differentiable function of x,
8x3 x3
 u du  ln u  C
1
3.  x 4  5 dx 6.  x  1 dx

Integration by Substitution
 Example:
 Evaluate the following integrals

dx
 x  ln x 3 
e3t dt
e3t  2