Part B: Materials

Plaster Board Glass Concrete Timber Fibre-Cement Insulation Metals Plastic

Board

Source gypsum, plaster sand, soda Sand, gravel, Logs, trunk cement, silica Fiberglass. Mineral molten metal, concrete, cellulose, coal, natural
material and other ash and admixture, of trees sand and wood Wool, Cellulose, Natural epoxies and clay gas, salt, and crude oil.
materials that is limestone water, pulp. Fibers, Polystyrene,
spread onto high- cement
quality paper, Polyisocyanurate,
with a backing of
paper applied Polyurethane, Perlite
later
Chemical sand (silicon 35 to 40 cellulose 40-60% of Glass Wool Insulation General Steel Different Types of
components 55 to 92% of dioxide, or percent lime lignin cement 70% recycled glass Composition Plastics
(choose 2-3) hydratable SiO2) 40 to 50 hemicellulose 20-30% of 0.5 to 7% binder (on a  iron and carbon, polyethylene, (chemical
calcium sulphate limestone percent s fillers phenolic resin basis) accounts for 90% of steel compound)
3 to 25% of a (calcium alumina 8-10% of 0.5% mineral oil to avoid production. polypropylene (chemical
mineral additive carbonate, or 15 percent cellulose dusting. Low alloy steel is alloyed compound),
0.1 to 5% of CaCO3) iron oxides 10-15% of with other elements, polyvinyl chloride
mineral and/or sodium preferably mica usually molybdenum, (chemical compound)
refractory fibres carbonate not more than manganese, chromium,
3 to 15% of (Na2CO3). about 6 or nickel, in amounts of
hydrated alumina percent silica up to 10%
0.1 to 5% of
mineral and/or
refractory fibres

Surface skim coat plaster transparent porous, Given an not uniform melted materials spun pack in either body- may be shaped when soft
Structure for a smooth subject to equal amount monolithic into fibres, looks like a centered cubic, and then hardened to
finish wear and of sanding material, and it foam hexagonal closest- retain the given shape. It
tear, prone to and has special packed, or cubic closest- is a polymer substance
give off dust smoothing regular structur packed structures made of many repeating
and absorb operations, e having a units.

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grime, and different thickness of

frequently woods will 8mm.
exhibits a feel smoother
chemical- than others.
induced
weathering
process
Appearance painted surface transparent or Concrete can shiny when it it is thick melted materials spun pack in either body- translucent/opaque
that has uniform translucent as be rough, is freshly usually used in into fibres, looks like a centered cubic,
colour, sheen, well as hard, smooth, or sawed house finishes. foam hexagonal closest-
opacity and film brittle, and polished It thick and packed, or cubic closest-
thickness impervious to mimics the packed structures
the natural look of wood
elements. grain
Compressive The specific The compressive Softwood The ground floor insulation- Most structural steel has Polyethylene, HDPE- 20
Strength compressive compressive strength of 3.50 MPa or compressive Some manufacturers a compressive strength of Mpa
strength range for strength of concrete 508 psi strength of declare compressive approximately 25,000 psi Polyethylene
the commercial glass is varies natural fiber creep as 'compressive Terephthalate (PET)- 80
gypsum extremely from 2500 cement boards strength at 2% MPa
plasterboards high: 1000 psi (17 MPa) with the compression' or similar
is 4.19-8.84 MPa N/mm2 = to 4000 psi value 17.5 ∼
1000 MPa. (28 MPa) 22.1 N/mm2 i
Tensile according to Glass concrete's Softwood 70-350 Mpa no data Steel Grade 50 Polyethylene, HDPE- 0.7
Strength study done by typically has tensile 2.10 Mpa or depending on 65,000 psi GPa
Petrone, it is a tensile strength 305 psi the fiber used. Polyethylene
slightly lower strength of 7 varies betwee (Ismail) Terephthalate (PET)- 1
than its megapascals n 300 and GPa
compressive (1,000 psi). 700 psi, i.e.,
strength around 2 to 5
MPa.
Elasticity or modulus values in stiff stiff stiff maximum elastic elastic elastic

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CONRADO JOHN III FERNANDEZ
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stiffness compression and elastic

in tension are modulus of 6
similar (Petrone GPa
et. al)
Toughness or brittle tough brittle tough brittle brittle tough Tough
brittleness
Fire moderate moderate moderate poor moderate poor poor Poor
resistance

Thermal moderate moderate low moderate moderate low high High

movement

Part C:
Material CEMENT

Properties Examples Definition/units Typical range of values with Why it’s important to construction Notes
units
Physical Compressive Mpa or Psi (17-28) Mpa It serves as the binder or sand, gravel,
properties strength and water to form a concrete.
Density g/cm 1.44 Dense concrete offers greater strength
and less voids and porosity.
Form It can be There’s no unit of form NA Because in construction there different
formed into members such as column, beam, slab,
whatever etc. Cement can be formed into these
shape as long shapes.

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CONRADO JOHN III FERNANDEZ
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as there’s a
mold.
Appearance Smooth There’s no unit of appearance NA Members of structure usually serves as
visible interior and exterior parts
therefore it is important that it looks
appealing.
Surface structure Polished, Na Na Na Due to its polished or smooth
smooth surface cement are being used in
finishes.
Surface colour Grayish Na Na Na The color has tp do with the
manufacturing of cement. Since
iron ore is black and it is being
mixed with other material it tints
the cement gray.
Internal structure Cement Na Na Na
concrete
internal
structure
includes
contact areas
bet.
Aggregate
grains and
cement
matrix, air
pores and
cement.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

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Strength Compressive Mpa or Psi (17-28) Mpa or It serves as the binder or sand, gravel, Strength it how much load the
strength (2500-5000)Psi and water to form a concrete. cement will take.
Elasticity Stiff GPa 30-50 It is important that concrete’s elasticity
is being maintained since higher
concrete elasticity can withstand
higher stress.
Toughness Tough Measured in index 67 to 100% It is important since it shows the
capability of concrete to absorb energy
and deform plastically without any
fracture.
Hardness Hard Measured same as Na It allows to know its resistance
compressive strength without employing destructive test.
Durability Durable Na Na To know the concrete’s ability to resist Durability is how long the cement
weathering action, chemical attack, will keep its design load.
and abrasion.
Water vapour Permeable Na Na Concrete is highly permeable so it
permeability must be maintained that it
permeability would not aggressively
reduce its durability.
Compatibility Compatible Na Na Cement is compatible to be mixed
with other with sand, with sand, cement, gravel, and also
materials cement, with rebar steel.
water.
Insect attack Could have Na Na Na There was a report about
holes due to concrete-eating bugs which harms
pest like rats the building’s concrete
and mortar foundation.
bees.

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Fungal attack Can degrade Na Na Na Fungi has an important role in

concrete deterioration of concrete. Now
some place fungal spores during
mixing which they discovered
helps the concrete to self-heal.

UV stability Can damage Na Na Na Harsh UV damage due to sun

concrete. exposure decrease the life-span of
concrete so it is suggested to UV
lighting additives in polymer
waterproofing sealant.

Water frost Can damage Na Na Na If concrete freezes before gaining

exposure concrete as it its sufficient strength it can be
expands. reduced up to 50 percent of its
ultimate strength.
Co2 exposure Cement was Na Na Na Concrete carbonation cause the
found to be steel reinforcements embedded in
slowly or not concrete to corrode therefore C02
at all exposure could be good
carbonating recommendation to slow done
when carbonation.
exposed to
carbon
dioxide.
THERMAL

Thermal Expands to Coefficient of thermal 7.4-13 millionth per degree Cement crack due to excessive thermal
Expansion heat expansion celsius expansion.

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Thermal Low thermal W/m.K 1.6 to 3.2 Its important for the ventilation of the
Conductivity conductivity establisment
FIRE

Fire Resistance High fire Na Na Cement are use for homes and
resistance establishment because it is incredibly
resistant to fire which makes it safer.

Material GLASS

Properties Examples Definition/units Typical range of Why it’s important to construction Notes
values with units
Physical Properties compressive mpa 1000 it has high compressive strength which makes
strength it suitable for that purpose.
Density kg/cm 2500 investigators can use glass fragments as
evidence to help place a suspect at the scene
of a crime.
Form amorphous Na Na glass is most often formed by rapid cooling
solid. (quenching) of the molten form; some glasses
such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring.

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CONRADO JOHN III FERNANDEZ
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Appearance na opacity Na ground glass opacity (ggo) refers to the hazy

gray areas that can show up in ct scans or x-
rays of the lungs.
Surface Structure amorphous Na Na glass shares characteristics of the structure of
solid. a supercooled liquid, glass exhibits all the
mechanical properties of a solid.
Surface Colour varied Na Na it depends on which material or chemical has
higher percentage in its composition.
Internal Structure glass is an Na Na glasses do not have crystalline internal
amorphous structure
solid
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Strength compressive mpa 1000 it has high compressive strength which makes
strength it suitable for that purpose.
Elasticity perfectly elastic modulus e 70≈ gpa it does not exhibit permanent deformation,
elastic until breakage. however, it is fragile, and will
break without warning if subjected to
excessive stress.
Toughness same as mpa 1000 it has high compressive strength which makes
compressive it suitable for that purpose.
strength
Hardness moderate mohs hardness 5.5 its hardness determines if it will be scratch by
other material. harder materials can scratch
the glass.
Durability Glass can Na Na na
withstand
loads applied

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CONRADO JOHN III FERNANDEZ
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at rapid rates
better than
the same load
applied over
a longer
period.
Water Vapour low Na Na it does not allow water to pass which makes it
Permeability permeability a good material for that purpose.

Compatibility With compatible Na Na the properties of glass that allow it to be heat-

Other Materials with some bonded with another glass
materials
such as kiln
Insect Attack does not Na Na
decay
Fungal Attack does not Na Na
decay
Uv Stability does not Na Na
decay
Water Frost Exposure slightly affect Na Na the frost in the surface distort the light giving
a slight funhouse effect on the glass.
Co2 Exposure no effect Na Na

THERMAL

Thermal Expansion low coefficient of thermal 6.7x107/k the density of glass will decrease as it
expansion expands.
Thermal Conductivity poor j/s.mc 0.8

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FIRE

Fire Resistance low will break at certain degree 250 to 1600 to know which type of glass is appropriate for
Fahrenheit. use.

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‌
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