COMPOSITE MATERIAL - Corrosion Resistance

- Low Density
- It is a material that made by combining
- Low Thermal Conductivity
two or more materials that usually have
- Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
different physical and chemical
- Shock Resistance
properties.
- Fatigue and Creep Resistance
- When they are combined, they can
create a material that have unique
properties.
WHY COMPOSITES?
IMPORTANTN ROLE OF COMPOSITES
1. Weight Reduction
THROUGHOUT HUMAN HISTORY
2. Design Flexibility
o Plywood 3. Properties are superior from
o Concrete constituents
o Cartonnage
Downside of Composties
o Cob
o Papier-mache 1. Expensive material
2. Have limited shelf life
PLYWOOD
3. Specialized manufacturing process
- Gluing thin sheet of wood together to required
create a thicker and stronger final 4. Cannot be easily recycled
product.

CONCRETE
2 PHASES OF COMPOSITES
- Made up of a filler(Aggregates like stone,
sand, etc.) and a binder (Cement paste). 1. MATRIX

CARTONNAGE ALSO KNOWN AS CONTINOUS PHASE

- It was made of layers of linen or papyrus MATRIX PHASE SUBDIVISION

covered with plaster with plaster.
- ORGANIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
COB - METALLIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
- CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
- Also called Mud Bricks or Mud Walls.
- CARBON-CARBON MATRIX
- It is a mixture of Clay, Sand, and Straw.

PAPIER-MACHIE 2. REINFORCEMENT OR DISPERED PHASE

It is the distributed phase of a composite
- Consisting of paper pieces or pulp, material.
sometimes reinforced with textiles,
bound with an adhesive, such as glue, Purpose of Reinforcement
starch or wallpaper paste. 1. Provide superior levels of strength
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES and stiffness to the composite
2. Provide thermal and electrical
- Strong conductivity, controlled thermal
- Lightweight
 expansion, and wear resistance in - Low temperature capability
addition to structural properties. - Excellent chemical resistance

Reinforcement or dispersed phase subdivision

1. Fiber-Reinforced composites Organic Matrix Composites

2. Laminar Composites
3. Particulate Composites
RESPECT TO MATRIX CONSTITUENTS
Matrix Phase refers to one of the two main
components of the composite structure, the
other being the reinforcement phase. These two
phases work together to create a composite
material with enhanced properties compared to
the individual components. These two
constituents make composites heterogeneous at
a microscopic scale but statically homogeneous
at macroscopic scale.
OMCs are generally assumed to include and be
categorized based on matrix material used which
can be either a polymer or a carbon; PMCs and
CAMCs.
Polymer Matrix Composites
PMCs are to be classified based on the type of
polymer implemented. The two major classes of
polymers used composite matrix materials are
thermosets and thermoplastics.
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN RESIN
SELECTION
1. Maximum Service Temperature
2. Moisture sensitivity

Thermosetting Resins
FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX
- Most widely used matrix resin due to a
- Hold the fibers together
curing process that makes them rigid and
- Protects the fibers from environment
cannot be reformed. They also tend to
- Distributed the loads evenly between
be more resistant to corrosive
fiber so that all fibers are subjected to
environments and solvents. They
same amount of strain
become cross linked during fabrication &
- Enhances transverse properties of
do not soften upon reheating. One
laminate
example is rubber.
- improves impact and fracture resistance
of a component Thermoplastic Resins
- carry inter laminar shear
- Thermoplastics, on the other hand, can
FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX be repeatedly softened and re-formed
by application of heat. They soften upon
- Short-beam method
heating and can be reshaped with heat
- Interlaminar shear strength
and pressure.
- Functions of matrix
Thermoplastic can be synthesized by the process
Desired Properties of Matrix
called addition polymerization while thermosets
- Reduced moisture absorption are by condensation polymerization.
- Low shrinkage
- Low coefficient of thermal expansion
- Strength at elevated temperature
Ceramic-Matrix Composite COMMON MATRIX MATERIALS

- Particulates, fibers, or whiskers of one - EPOXY

ceramic material that have been - POLYESTER
embedded into a matrix of another - THERMOPLASTIC
ceramic.
COMMON FIBER MATERIALS
- Consisting of a ceramic matrix and one or
more additional property-modifying - GLASS FIBERS
components. - CARBON FIBERS
- NATURAL FIBERS
PROPERTIES OF CMCs
GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF FRCS
- Heat resistant
- Toughness - High Strength
- Wear and corrosion resistance - Lightweight
- High strength-to-weight ratio - Durability
- Design Freedom
APPLICATIONS OF CMCs
DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS AND TYPES OF
1. Ceramic composite brakes
FIBERS WITHIN MATERIALS
2. Aerospace Nozzle
- DISCONTINUOUS AND RANDOMLY
ORIENTED FIBERS
CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE - DISCONTINUOUS AND ALIGNED FIBERS
- CONTINUOUS AND ALIGNED FIBERS
- Also known as Carbon Fiber – Reinforced
- FABRIC
Carbon Composites
- Amorphous carbon matrix composite
- First developed in 1958 but not
LAMINAR COMPOSITES
intensively researched until the Space
Shuttle Program - Two dimensional structure made of high-
strength sheets or panels, like wood and
PROPERTIES OF CCCs
fiber-reinforced plastics, stacked and
- Excellent Thermal Shock Resistance cemented together to vary their
- Low Density orientation
- High Abrasion Resistance
COMPONENTS OF LAMNINAR COMPOSITES
- High Electrical Conductivity
- Non-brittle failure - LAYERS
FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES LAMINAR COMPOSITES CONSIST OF
TWO OR MORE LAYERS STACKED ON TOP
- Often simply called “composites” are
OF EACH OTHER
advanced materials that combine two or
more different substances to create a - MATRIC MATERIAL
final product with unique and improved
properties. ONE OF THE LAYERS SERVES AS A MATRIX
MATERIAL, OFTEN MADE OF A POLYMER
 RESIN OR ANOTHER TYPE OF ADHESIVE
SUBSTANCE
- REINFORCEMENT MATERIAL
THE OTHER LAYERS, KNOWN AS
REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS, ARE
TYPICALLY MADE OF FIBERS SUCH AS
CARBON AND GLASS.
- ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF
THE REINFORCEMENT FIBERS WITHIN
EACH LAYER CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO
ACHIEVE SPECIFIC MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES.
- LAYER THICKNESS AND SEQUENCE
THE THICKNESS OF EACH LAYER AND THE
SEQUENCE IN WHICH THEY ARE STACKED
CAN BE ADJUSTED TO OPTIMIZE THE
COMPOSITES PROPERTIES
- BONDING
THE LAYERS ARE BONDED TOGETHER
THROUGH PROCESS SUCH AS CURING,
HEATING, OR PRESSURE APPLICATION,
ENSURING A STRONG AND DURABLE
CONNECTION BETWEEN THEM.
ADVANTAGES OF LAMINAR COMPOSITES
- High Strength
- Lightweight
- Durability
APPLICATIONS OF LAMINAR COMPOSITES
- AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
- AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
PARTICULATE COMPOSITE
- Particulate composites are composites
materials made by combining a matrix
material with small particles or filler
materials to enchance specific
properties or achieve desired
characteristics.
KEY ELEMENTS OF PARTICULATE COMPOSITES
MATRIX MATERIAL
• THIS IS THE PRIMARY SUBSTANCE THAT
SURROUNDS AND HOLDS THE PARTICLES
TOGETHER.
DISPERSED PARTICLES
• THESE ARE SOLID PARTICLES, OFTEN OF
A DIFFERENT MATERIAL THAN THE
MATRIX, WHICH ARE DISTRIBUTED
UNIFORMLY WITHIN THE MATRIX.
THE COMBINATION OF THE MATRIX MATERIAL
AND THE DISPERED PARTICLES IN A PARTICULATE
COMPOSITE LEADS TO SEVERAL ADVANTAGEOUS
PROPERTIES
• ENHANCE STRENGTH
• IMPROVED HARDNESS
• TAILORED PROPERTIES
• REDUCED WEIGHT
TYPES OF PARTICULATE COMPOSITES
• METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES (MMCs)
• CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (CMCs)
• POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES (PMCs)
APPLICATIONS
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Construction
FABRICATION METHODS OF COMPOSITES
• HAND LAYUP
• MATCHED-DIE MOLDING
• INJECTION MOLDING
• RESIN TRANSFORM MOLDING
• FILAMENT WINDING
• PULTRUSION
• PREPREG
COMPOSITE FAILURE - Hip joint
- Artificial heart
- Shock, impact, or repeated cyclic
- Intraocular lens
stresses can cause the laminate to
separate at the interface between two Why are biomaterials important?
layers, a condition known as
• Biomaterials play an integral role in
delamination
medicine today restoring function and
- Failure of a brittle ceramic matrix
facilitating healing for people after injury
composite occurred when the carbon-
or disease.
carbon composite tile on the leading
edge of the wing of the Space Shuttle Brief History
Columbia fractures when impacted
during take-off. - Egyptians used linen and animal sinew to
- Titan Submersible Implosion titan, was close wounds
a submersible that imploded on 18 June - Wooden toe prosthetic in 1065-740BC in
2023 while transporting tourists to visit early Egypt
the wreckage of Titanic. - Ivory and wood teeth
- Prosthetic peg leg
COMPOSITE APPLICATIONS
Characteristics of Biomaterials
- Aerospace
- Spaceshuttle - Biocompatible
- AutoMobile - Bioinert
- Contruction - Bioactive
- Medical Application - Bioresorbable
- Military Applications - Bio adaptable
- Marine - Sterilizable
- Electronics Biocompatible – non toxic to the living tissue.
- Sports Equipments
Bioinert – does not cause any reaction to
biological environment

Bioactive – biologically active to repair damage

BIOMATERIALS tissues.

• Synthetic or natural material suitable for Bioresorbable – naturally degrade or absorbed in

use in constructing artificial organs and the living tissue for repair and regeneration
prostheses or to replace bone or tissue. Bio adaptable – adaptability to
It will introduce different materials microenvironment and molecular mechanism
(polymers, metals, ceramics, and
composites) Sterilizable – able to sterilize before
implantation.
EXAMPLES OF BIOMATERIAL

- Finger joint
- Breast implant
- Heart valve
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMATERIALS Disadvantages

- Metals - High elastic modulus

- Ceramics - Corrosion
- Polymers - Metal Ion Sensitivity
- Composites - Toxicity low wetting

BIOCERAMICS

Metals – metals and alloys are used as - Ceramics are used as biomaterials due to
biomaterials due to their excellent electrical and their high mechanical strength and
thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. biocompatibility.

Ceramic

The most common metals and alloys used for - Inorganic compounds that contain
biomedical applications are: metallic and non-metallics elements, for
which inter-atomic bonding is ionic or
1. Stainless steel – used for orthopedic
covalent, and which are generally
implants, such as joint replacement and
formed at high temperatures.
bone plates
2. Titanium and titanium-based alloys – it is Bioactive Material
widely used in dental implants, bone
- A material that elicits a specific biological
screws, and orthopedic implants.
response at the interface of the
3. Tantalum-based alloys – tantalum is
materials, resulting in the formation of a
commonly used in orthopedic and dental
bond between the tissues and the
implants such as bone screws.
material.
4. Cobalt-based alloys – they are used in
orthopedic and dental implants, such as Advantage
hip and knee replacements, bone plates,
and dental crowns. - Inert in body
5. Magnesium-based alloys – they are used - High wear resistance
in orthopedic applications, such as - High modulus (stiffness) & compressive
biodegradable bone screws and plates. strength
6. Nickel-Titanium(NiTi) Alloy – they are - Esthetic for dental application
used in orthodontic wires, stents, and Disadvantage
various other medical devices.
- Brittle
Advantages - Low tensile strength
- High strength - Poor fatigue resistance
- Fatigue resistance Types of Bio-ceramics
- Relatively good wear resistance
- Easy fabrication 1. Tricalcium phosphate
- Easy to sterilize 2. Apatite ceramics
- Shape memory (NiTi-Nitinol) 3. Porous ceramics
4. Carbon
5. Alumina
 APPLICATIONS OF BIO-CERAMIC ADVANTAGES OF POLYMERS IN BIOMATERIALS

- Dental Implants 1. Compatible with the body

- Synthetic bone substitute 2. Customizable
- Heart valves 3. Useful for many things
- Hearing aids 4. Break down
5. Easy to work with
POLYMERS BIOMATERIALS
6. Cost-effective
WHY PLOYMERS ARE IMPORTANT IN 7. Can be adjusted
BIOMATERIALS? 8. Durable

- BIOCOMPATIBILITY COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS

- CUSTOMIZABILITY
What is composite?
- VERSATILITY
- DEGRADABILITY - The term composite means “made up of
- AFFORDABILITY two or more parts.”
- FUNCTIONALITY
Discontinuous Phase (Reinforcement): this part is
- DURABILITY
not spread out evenly and is made up of bits or
TYPES OF POLYMERS IN BIOMATERIALS pieces.

NATURAL POLYMERS Continuous Phase (Matrix): this part is spread

out all over and holds the bits or pieces together.
- Found in nature, like collagen, chitosan,
hyaluronic acid, and alginate.
- Used in tissue engineering, wound
BONE is a perfect example of a composite
healing, and drug delivery.
material designed by nature
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Bone = minerals + collagen
- Human-made, such as poly(lactic-co-
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene glycol
(PEG), polyurethane (PU), and
polycaprolactone (PCL).
- Used in medical devices, drug delivery METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES (MMCs)
systems, and tissue engineering. - A common example of mmcs in the
APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN MEDICINE: medical field is a titanium-based
composite used in orthopedic implants.
1. Drug delivery
2. Implants and devices CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (CMCs)
3. Tissue engineering - CMCs of alumina & zirconia are applied
4. Wound care in orthopedic devices, hip protheses,
5. Dental applications dental restorative materials.
6. Biomedical sensing and imaging
7. Packaging and tubing
POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES (PMCs)
- Polymer matrix composites are widely
used in the production of prosthetic
limbs.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES BIOMATERIALS
1. Strength and durability
2. Biocompatibility customization
3. Lightweight
4. Corrosion resistance
5. Flexibility and versatility
LIMITATIONS OF COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
1. High cost of fabrication
2. Mechanical properties are not well
documented
3. Repair is not simple due to complicated
structure
4. Flaws/cracks cannot be easily detected
5. Potential allergic reaction
APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS
1. Orthopedic Implants
2. Dentistry
3. Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
4. Ophthalmology
PROPERTIES OF BIOMATERIALS
1. BIOCOMPATIBILITY
a. Vitro Testing – takes place in a
controlled laboratory
environment, typically using
isolated cells, tissues, or
biological components outside
of a living organism.
b. Vivo Testing – involves studies
conducted within a living
organism, often using animal
models or, in some cases, human
subjects.
2. HOST RESPONSE
a. Inflammatory Response – is a
key aspect of the host response.
3. Non-Toxicity
MECHANICAL PROEPRTIES
- The strength, stiffness, flexibility, elastic
modulus, corrosion, creep, and hardness
are some of the most important
properties of biomaterials that should be
carefully studied and evaluated before
implantation.
SURFACE PROPERTIES
1. Surface roughness – the texture or
irregularities on the surface of
biomaterial. It can influence cell
adhesion, protein absorption, and
bacterial colonization.
2. Wettability – the ability of a surface to
attract and retain liquids. It affects how
biomaterials interact with bodily fluids,
affecting their compatibility.
3. Surface chemistry – the chemical
composition of the material’s surface. It
plays a crucial role in cellular response
and protein interactions.
4. Corrosion, wear and fatigue properties –
describes how a biomaterial responds to
degradation, mechanical stress, and
cyclic loading.
a. Degradation – is the process by
which a biomaterial breaks
down over time.
b. Resorption – is the absorption or
assimilation of degraded by the
body’s tissues.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
- The electrical properties of biomaterials
are critical in medical devices that
involve electrical signaling, such as
sensing, stimulation, or recording of
physiological signals.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
 - Optical properties are crucial in medical 3. Assist in healing
devices where visibility and light 4. Aid to diagnosis
transmission are necessary, such as 5. Improve functions
visual prostheses and diagnostic 6. Correct cosmetic problem
equipment. 7. Current functional abnormality
- Transparency – transparent materials are
BIOMATERIAL APPLICATIONS
used in application like contact lenses,
intraocular lenses, and windows for ORGAN/TISSUE
medical devices.
- Refractive index – matching the - Heart
refractive index of a biomaterial with the - Eyes
surrounding tissues is important in some - Ears
application to minimize visual artifacts - Circulation
and distortion. - Muscles
- Kidney
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURABILITY - Skins
- Bones
- Appropriate material design is also one
- Teeth
of the critical factors to consider for
biomaterials. Heart
- Manufacturability is the ability to
manufacture the item with relative ease Biventricular Pacemaker – an
that is ideal for its intended use at implantable device for people with advanced
minimal cost and high reliability. heart failure due to abnormal heart rhythms
(arrhythmias) and/or function.
IN SUMMARY, FOR ANY MATERIAL TO
QUALIFY AS A BIOMATERIAL, IT SHOULD: Artificial heart valves – are used to
replace heart valves that have become damaged
1. Be biocompatible with age or by certain diseases or congenital
2. Have required/suitable physical and abnormalities.
chemical properties
3. Have suitable mechanical properties Artificial heart – device that maintains
4. Have stable durability for the period it is blood circulation and oxygenation in the human
intended for body for varying periods of time.
5. Be easy to process with the available
techniques
6. Be sterilizable with current facilities Eyes
without any difficulty Contact lens – the correct refractive
7. Be cost-effective and accessible errors to make your vision clearer just like
eyeglasses.

USES AND APPLICATION OF BIOMATERIALS Artificial intraocular lens – an intraocular

lens is a lens implanted in the eye usually as part
1. Replacement of diseased or damaged of a treatment for cataracts or for correcting
part other vision problems such as short sightedness
2. Aid to treatment
and long sightedness, a form of refractive BONES
surgery.
Bone screw – are a special type of
orthopedic screws, used for surgery.

EARS Bone cement – is a compound used to

Cochlear Implant – is a small, complex
electronic device that can help to provide a sense
of sounds to a person who is profoundly deaf or
severely hard-of-hearing.
hold prosthetic bones in place and it is also used
to fill in vertebra fractures.
Bone plate – is a type of internal fixation
that is attached to the bone with screw.

Intramedullary rods – is a metal rod

forced into the medullary cavity of a bone.
MUSCLES

Surgical suture – also known as a stitch

or stiches, is a medical device used to hold body TEETH
tissues together and approximate wound edges
Fillings – is a way to restore a tooth
after an injury or surgery.
damaged by decay back to its normal function
and shape.

KIDNEY Dental Implants – are medical devices

surgically implanted into the jaw to restore a
Dialysis Machines – is a machine
person’s ability to chew or their appearance.
removes blood from your body, filters it through
a dialyzer (artificial kidney) and returns the
cleared blood to your body.

SKINS

Artificial Skins – it is a material that treat

skin wounds, replace damage skin, or mimic the
function of natural skin, it composes of material
such as collagen, hydrogel, silicone that helps to
blend into the skin itself.

CIRCULATION

Synthetic blood vessels – it is composed

of viable tissue represent the ideal vascular graft
it is an artificial blood vessel that helps circulate
the blood around the body.