DRSEDM ICXCWDVD[DM XDKD XDROCM KCMFDM

AR[CAJOLO[OR

ALCE

4. DFWO
DFWOM[
M[A
A [DLAO
DLAOJ
J
7. DXWO
DXWOLO
LOD
D N. WD[S
WD[S
2. BE_M
BE_MK_
K_CL
CLOR
OR M.
M. RCSG
RCSGCL
CLDM
DM
;. NWCK
NWCKCW
CWOB
OBA
A C.
C. IDI
IDIC
C
3. JDMD
DMDR J.
J. [A
[ALCS
LCS
>. JDWO
JDWOD
D N.
N. ACJD
ACJD[D
[DM
M

ICLDR 0 ^/G
XWAKO 0 R4 ICXCWDVD[DM

RCIALDE [OMFFO OLJS ICRCED[DM JDWDMD[ED

ISXDMF
[DESM 7874

4
 

ID[D XCMFDM[DW 

Xu`o syuiur pcmulos pdm`dtidm icpdkd [uedm ydmf Jded Csd idrcmd dtds tumtumdm-Myd
 pcmulos kdpdt jcmyclcsdoidm jdidlde “Dsuedm Icpcrdwdtdm Astcajolotos ydmf Kordwdt Ko
Wujde sdiot‚ kcmfdm gdoi. Rcjafd jdidlde omo kdpdt ko pcrfumdidm umtui jcjgdmtu prascs

 gcld`dr jcmfd`dr. Xcmulos jcmydkdro gdewd jdidlde omo `due kdro icscjpurmddm. Alce idrcmd
otu,, irotoi
otu irotoi kdm sdrdm
sdrdm ydmf
ydmf jcjgdm
jcjgdmfum
fum kcjo
kcjo pcmycj
pcmycjpur
purmdd
mddm
m jdidlde
jdidlde omo sdmfdt
sdmfdt pcmulo
pcmuloss
edrdpidm.

 Iupdmf, 72 Rcptcjgcr 7874

  Xcmulos

7
 

KDN[DW ORO
ID[D XCMFDM[DW..............................
XCMFDM[DW....................................................
............................................
....................................................
..............................
KDN[DW ORO...................................
ORO.........................................................
............................................
............................................
........................................
..................
GDG O. XCMKDESLSDM...........................
XCMKDESLSDM.................................................
............................................
................................................
............................
D. LD[DW GCLDIDMF..............................
GCLDIDMF....................................................
............................................
.....................................
.....................
......

G. [S@SDM.....................................
[S@SDM...........................................................
............................................
.........................................................
...................................
B. JDMNDD[..................................
JDMNDD[........................................................
............................................
.............................................
..................................
...........
GDG OO. [OM@DSDM [CAWO....................................................
[CAWO.............................................................................................
.........................................
D. KCNOMORO.....................................
KCNOMORO...........................................................
............................................
............................................
..................................
............
G. DMD[AJO NOROALAFO......................................
NOROALAFO............................................................
......................................................
................................
B. C[OALAFO...................................
C[OALAFO.........................................................
............................................
............................................
..................................
............
K. ILDRONOIDRO....................................
ILDRONOIDRO..........................................................
............................................
.................................................
...........................
C. JDMONCR[DRO ILOMOR................
ILOMOR......................................
............................................
.....................................................
...............................
N. XD[ANOROALAFO.................................
XD[ANOROALAFO.......................................................
...............................................................
..............................................
.....

F. XD[VDE_.................................
XD[VDE_.......................................................
............................................
............................................
...................................
.............
E. XCMD[DLDIRDMDDM.....................
XCMD[DLDIRDMDDM...........................................
............................................
................................................
..........................
O. IAJXLOIDRO.................................
IAJXLOIDRO.......................................................
............................................
....................................................
..............................
@. DRSEDM
DRSEDM ICXCWDVD
ICXCWDVD[DM
[DM [CAWO.....
[CAWO..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
............
.......
GDG OOO. [OM@DSDM IDRSR...................................
IDRSR.........................................................
............................................
....................................
..............
D. XCMFID@ODM..................................
XCMFID@ODM........................................................
............................................
............................................
.............................
.......
G. DMDLORD KD[D...................................
KD[D.........................................................
............................................
.............................................
.......................
B. KODFMARD..................................
KODFMARD........................................................
............................................
.............................................
.................................
..........
K. OM[CW^CMRO.................................
OM[CW^CMRO.......................................................
............................................
.....................................................
...............................

C. OJXLCJCM[DRO................................
OJXLCJCM[DRO......................................................
............................................
................................................
..........................
..........................................
................................................................
............................................
............................................
............................................
........................
..
N. C^DLSDRO.................................
C^DLSDRO.......................................................
............................................
............................................
...................................
.............
GDG O^. XCMS[SX...............................
XCMS[SX.....................................................
............................................
........................................
................................
..............
D. ICROJXSLDM................................
ICROJXSLDM......................................................
............................................
............................................
..............................
........
G. RDWDM....................................
RDWDM..........................................................
............................................
............................................
......................................
................

2
 

GDG 4
XCMKDESLSDM

D. LD[D
LD[DW
W GCL
GCLDI
DIDM
DMF
F
Omnciso dkdlde sdlde sdtu pcmydiot ydmf jdsoe scromf tcr`dko ko kumod. Rdlde sdtu

 pcmydiot omnciso ydmf jcmfcmdo tuldmf dkdlde astcajoclotos. Astcajoclotos ujujmyd

koscgd
koscgdgid
gidm
m alce
alce gditcro
gditcro,, mdjum
mdjum `djur
`djur kdm vorus
vorus `ufd
`ufd gosd
gosd jcm`dk
jcm`dkoo pcmycg
pcmycgdgm
dgmyd.
yd.
Astcaj
Astcajocl
ocloto
otoss kdpdt
kdpdt jcmfcm
jcmfcmdo
do tuldmf
tuldmf-tu
-tuldm
ldmf
f pdm`dm
pdm`dmf,
f, vcrtcg
vcrtcgrd,t
rd,tuld
uldmf
mf pclvob
pclvob,, tuldmf
tuldmf
tcmfiardi
tcmfiardi kdm jdmkoguld.
jdmkoguld. Gdmydi jotas ydmf gcricjg
gcricjgdmf
dmf tcmtdmf pcmydiot
pcmydiot omo, scpcrto
koydiomo gdewd omnciso didm gcrldm`ut jcmycgdr pdkd tuldmf kdm dieormyd sclurue tugue,
 pdkdedl edl ydmf scgcmdrmyd dkdlde astcajoclotos tokdi jcmycgdr ic gdfodm ldom tugue
idrcmd `dromfdm ldom tcrscgut pumyd dlordm kdrde ydmf gdoi kdm tcrpratciso alce sostcj
ojum
ojum tugue.
tugue. Icbudl
Icbudloo dpdgol
dpdgoldd tcrkdp
tcrkdpdt
dt scmko
scmko gudtdm
gudtdm kogdfo
kogdfodm
dm tugue
tugue ydmf
ydmf ldo
ldom.
m. Kdldj
Kdldj
icdkddm omo, gcmkd dsomf tcrscgut jcm`dko pdtafcm. Rcbdrd ujuj, tcrdpo omnciso tuldmf

 guidmlde idsus ydmf cjcrfcmso. [ugue jcjoloio jcidmosjc pcrtdedmdm ydmf

jcjpcrtdedmidm dfdr omnciso tctdp tcrlaidlosdso ko kdcrde ydmf tcromnciso.( Barwom 7884)
Omsokcm astcajolotos vcrtcgrdl dkdlde sciotdr 7,; idsus/488.888 pcmkukui. Ic`dkodm
tcrtomffo pdkd Mcfdrd gcricjgdmf. [omfict jartdlotds astcajolotos dkdlde rcmkde, icbudlo
 `oid sukde tcrkdpt scpsos dtdu iamkoso jckos gcrdt ydmf jcmkdsdro ( Wdmkdll 7844).
7844).
Xdsocm kcmfdm astcajolotos pcrlu koldiuidm kcmfdm dsuedm icpcrdwdtdm ydmf dkd
jdid
jdid scgdf
scgdfdo
do bdlam
bdlam pc
pcrd
rdwd
wdtt pc
pcrlu
rlu jcld
jcldiu
iuid
idm
m ia
iaju
jumo
moid
idso
so kd
kdm
m ia
iaar
arko
komd
mdso
so kd
kdldj
ldj
Jcrcmbdmdidm Dsuedm Icpcrdwdtdm

G. [S@SDM
4. [u`udm Sjuj
Rctclde jcmyusum jdidlde omo ko edrdpidm jdedsoswd jcjdedjo iamscp
astcajolotos kdm dsuedm icpcrdwdtdm astcajolotos
7. [u`udm ieusus
  D. Rctclde jcmyusum jdidlde omo ko edrdpidm jdedsoswd/jdedsoswo jdjpu 0
d. Jcmycg
Jcmycguti
utidm
dm Kcnomo
Kcnomosos
sos Astcaj
Astcajolo
olotos
tos
 g. Jcmycgutidm Dmdtajo nosoalafo astcajolotos
b. Jcmycg
Jcmycguti
utidm
dm Ctoala
Ctoalafo
fo Astcaj
Astcajolot
olotos
os

k. Jcmycg
Jcmycguti
utidm
dm Ildson
Ildsonoid
oidso
so Astca
Astcajol
joloto
otoss
c. Jmcycg
Jmcycguti
utidm
dm Jdmo
Jdmoncst
ncstds
ds Astca
Astcajol
joloto
otoso
so
 

n. Jcmycg
Jcmycguti
utidm
dm Xdtano
Xdtanosoa
soalaf
lafoo Astca
Astcajol
joloto
otoss
f. Jcmyus
Jcmyusum
um Xedtwd
Xedtwdy
y Astcaj
Astcajolo
olotos
tos
e. Jcmycg
Jcmycguti
utidm
dm Xcmdtdld
Xcmdtdldisd
isdmdd
mddm
m Astcaj
Astcajolo
olotos
tos
o. Jcmycg
Jcmycguti
utidm
dm Iajplo
Iajploidso
idso Astcaj
Astcajolo
olotos
tos
 `. Jcmyusum Dsuedm icpcrdwdtdm
icpcrdwdtdm tcaro

G. Rctclde Jcmyusum dsuedm icpcrdwdtdm Omo Jdedsoswd/jdedsoswo jdjpu0

Dwdtdm astcajolotosd. Jcldiuidm pcmfid`odm Astcajolotos
 g.Jcmyusum dmdlosd kdtd Astcajolotos
b. Jcmcfdidm kodfmasc Astcajolotos
k. Jcmyusum omtcrvcmso Icpcrdwdtdm
c. Jcldiuidm ojplcjcmtdso Astcajolotos
n. Jcmcvdludso dsuedm icpcr 

7
 

GDG OO
[OM@DSDM [CAWO

D. KCNO
KCNOM
MOR
OROO

  Astcaj
Astcajoclotos
oclotos dkdlde omnciso
omnciso tuldmf
tuldmf ydmf jcmbdmfiup
jcmbdmfiup sujsuj kdm dtdu iartcis
iartcis
tuldmf
tuldmf,, ydmf
ydmf tcr`dko
tcr`dko scbdrd
scbdrd cisafcm
cisafcm kdm ecjdta
ecjdtafcm
fcm,, diut
diut dtdu iramos
iramos,, kdm godsdm
godsdmyd
yd
jcmycrdmf jctdnos tuldmf pdm`dmf( Jdms`acr 7888)
Astcajoclotos dkdlde omnciso tuldmf. Omnciso tuldmf lcgoe sulot koscjgueidm kdropdkd
omncis
omncisoo `dromfd
`dromfdm
m lumdi
lumdi idrcmd
idrcmd tcrgdtd
tcrgdtdsmy
smydd dsupdm
dsupdm kdrde,
kdrde, rcspam
rcspamss `dromf
`dromfdm
dm tcredkd
tcredkdp
p
omnldjdso, tomffomyd tcidmdm `dromfdm kdm pcjgcmtuidm omvaluiruj (pcjgcmtuidm tuldmf
 gdru ko sciclolomf `dromfdm tuldmf jdto). Astcajoclotos kdpdt jcm`dko jdsdlde iramos ydmf
didm jcjpcmfdrueo iudlotds eokup dtdu jcmfdiogdtidm iceoldmfdm cistrcjotds (Grummcr,
sukkdrte. 7887).

G. DMD[
DMD[AJ
AJOO NORA
NORALA
LAFO
FO
Rostcj Jusiulasiclctdl jcloputo tuldmf, pcrscmkodm, atat, tcmkam kdm gursd. Jdsdlde
ydmf gcreugumfdm kcmfdm stuitur omo sdmfdt scromf tcr`dko
tc r`dko kdm jcmfcmdo scjud iclajpai 
us
usod
od.. Jdsdl
Jdsdlde
de so
sostc
stcj
j jusi
jusiul
ulas
asic
iclc
lctd
tdll godsd
godsdmy
mydd tokd
tokdi
i jcmf
jcmfdm
dmbdj
bdj `owd
`owd,, md
mdju
jum
m
jcjpumydo kdjpdi ydmf gcrjdimd tcredkdp ditovotds kdm prakuitovotds pcmkcrotd.
Ro
Rostc
stcj
j jusi
jusiul
ulas
asic
iclc
lctdl
tdl jcru
jcrupd
pdid
idm
m pc
pcmu
mum`
m`dm
dmf
f gc
gcmt
mtui
ui tu
tugu
gue
e kd
kdm
m jcmf
jcmfui
uiur 
ur 
 pcrfcrdidm. [uldmf jdmusod sdlomf gcreugumfdm sdtu kcmfdm ydmf ldom kdldj gcrgdfdo
 gcmtui umtui jcjpcralce
jcjpcralce sostcj jusiulasiclctdl ydmf ydmf aptojuj.

Dmdtajo 0
Dkd sciotdr 78> tuldmf kdldj tugue jdmusod, ydmf tcrgdfo kdldj ; idtcfaro 0
4. [uldmf Xdm`dmf
7. [uldmf Xcmkci 
2. [uldmf Xopoe
;. [uldmf [di [crdtur 
Gcmtui
Gcmtui kdm iamstruiso
iamstruiso tuldmf
tuldmf tcrtcmtu
tcrtcmtu kotcmtuidm
kotcmtuidm alce numfso kdm kdyd ydmf gcicr`d
gcicr`d
 pdkdmyd.
[uldmf
[uldmf tcrsusu
tcrsusum
m alce
alce `dromf
`dromfdm
dm tuldmf
tuldmf idmscl
idmsclus
us ([rdgc
([rdgciu
iuldr
ldr dtdu
dtdu Rpamf
Rpamfous
ous)) dtdu
dtdu

ialtoidl (iajpdi). [uldmf pdm`dmf gcrgcmtui scpcrto tdmfido dtdu gdtdmf pdm`dmf kcmfdm
u`umf ydmf jcjguldt, josdlmyd ncjur. Gdtdmf dtdu kodnosos tcrutdjd tcrsusum dtds tuldmf

2
 

iartoidl. S`umf tuldmf pdm`dmf komdjdidm cponosos kdm tcrutdjd tcrsusum alce tuldmf
idmsclus. [uldmf pdm`dmf kosusum umtui jcmydmffd gcrdt gdkdm kdm fcrdidm. [uldmf
 pcmkci tcrkoro kdro tuldmf idmsclus kotutupo scldpos tuldmf iajpdi. [uldmf popoe
jcrupdidm
jcrupdidm tcjpdt
tcjpdt pcmtomf
pcmtomf umtui
umtui ecjdtapaoc
ecjdtapaocsos
sos kdm scromf jcjgcroidm
jcjgcroidm pcrlomkumf
pcrlomkumfdm
dm
 gdfo arfdm votdl. [uldmf popoe tcrsusum kdro tuldmf iamsclus kodmtdrd ickud tuldmf

iajpdi. [uldmf tdi tcrdtur jcjpumydo gcmtui ydmf umoi scsudo

s csudo kcmfdm numfsomyd.
[uldmf tcrsusum dtds scl, jdtrois pratcom kdm kcpasot jomcrdl. Rcl-sclmyd tcrkoro dtds
tofd
tofd `cmo
`cmoss kd
kdsdr
sdr as
astc
tcag
agld
ldst
st,, as
astc
tcas
asot
ot,, kd
kdm
m as
astc
tcai
aild
ldst
st.. Astca
Astcagl
gldst
dst gc
gcrnu
rnumf
mfso
so kd
kdld
ldj
j
 pcjgcmtuidm tuldmf kcmfdm jcmscircsoidm jdtrois tuldmf.Jdtrois tcrsusum dtds ?5%
ia
iald
ldfc
fcm
m kd
kdm
m 7% su
sugs
gstdm
tdmso
so kd
kdsdr
sdr flui
fluias
asdj
djom
omaf
aflo
loia
iasdm
sdm (dsdj
(dsdj pa
pala
lasdi
sdidro
drokd
kd)) kd
kdm
m
 pratcafloidm}.Jdtrois jcrupdidm icrdmfid kojdmd fdrdj-fdrdj jomcrdl dmarfdmoi 
kotojgum.Astcasot dkdlde scl kcwdsd ydmf gcrnumfso kdldj pcjcloedrddm numfso tuldmf
kdm tcrlctdi kdldj astcam (umot jdtrois tuldmf).Astcaildst dkdlde scl jultomuilcdr (gcromto
 gdmydi) ydmf gcrpcrdm kdldj pcmfedmburdm,
pcmfedmburdm, rcsargso kdm rcjakcllomf tuldmf.

[uldmf kosclojuto kogdfodm ludr alce jcjgrdm nogrus pdkdt komdjdidm pcroastcuj.
Xcroastcuj jcjgcro mutroso ic tuldmf kdm jcjumfiomidm tujgue, scldom scgdfdo tcjpdt
 pclcidtdm tcmkam kdm lofdjcm.
Ruj ‒ suj tuldmf jcrupdidm `dromfdm vdsiuldr kdldj ramffd suj ‒ suj (gdtdmf)
tuldmf pdm`dmf kdm tuldmf popoe.@dromfdm tuldmf jcjpumydo vdsiuldrosdso ydmf sdmfdt
 gdoi.[uldmf idmsclus jcmcrojd dsupdm kdrde ydmf sdmfdt gdmydi jcldluo pcjgulue
kdrde jctdnosos kdm cponosos.Xcjgulue pcroastcuj jcmfdmfiut kdrde ic tuldmf iajpdi 
jcldluo idmdl valijdm ydmf sdmfdt icbol.Rcldom otu dkd drtcro mutrocm ydmf jcmcjgus
 pcroastcuj kdm jcjdsuio ramffd jckuldr jcldluo nardjomd (lugdmf-lugdmf icbol).Drtcro

mutrocm jcjdsai kdrde ic sujsuj kdm tuldmf.Rostcj vcmd dkd ydmf jcmfoiuto drtcro kdm
dkd ydmf icludr scmkoro. Laidso ydmf tcrscromf jcmfdldjo Astcajolotoso odlde [uldmf-
tuldmf
tuldmf pdm`dmf
pdm`dmf scpcrto ncjur,togod
ncjur,togod,rdkou
,rdkous,euj
s,eujcrus,k
crus,kdm
dm Slmd idrcmd jcrupdidm tuldmf
tuldmf
ydmf gdmydi vdsiuldrosdsomyd (_ulodmo dmdi 7848).
[uldmf
[uldmf juldo
juldo tcrgcmt
tcrgcmtui
ui ldjd
ldjd scgclu
scgcluj
j icldeo
icldeordm
rdm.As
.Asono
onoids
idsoo dkdlde
dkdlde prascs
prascs kojdmd
kojdmd
jdtroiss tuldmf
jdtroi tuldmf (kosomo
(kosomo scrdgut
scrdgut ialdfcm
ialdfcm kdm sugstdmso kdsdr) tcrgcmtui
tcrgcmtui kdm pcrfcscrdm
pcrfcscrdm
jomcrdl
jomcrdl (kosom
(kosomoo fdrdj
fdrdj idlsou
idlsouj)
j) kotojg
kotojgum
um koscrd
koscrdgut
gut ialdfc
ialdfcm
m kdldj
kdldj sudtu
sudtu lomfiu
lomfiumfd
mfdm
m
clcitra mcfdton. Rcrdgut ialdfcm jcjgcro iciudtdm tcredkdp tcidmdm icpdkd tuldmf.

;
 

B. C[OA
C[OALA
LAFO
FO
Omnciso gosd koscgdgidm alce pcmycgdrdm ecjdtafcm (jcldluo kdrde) kdro naius omnciso
ko tcjpdt ldom (josdl tamsol ydmf tcromnciso, lcpue, fofo tcromnciso, omnciso sdlurdm dtds).
Astcajoclotos diogdt pcmycgdrdm ecjdtafcm godsdmyd tcr`dko ko tcjpdt ko jdmd tcrkdpdt
trdujd dtdu ko jdmd tcrkdpdt rcsostcmso rcmkde, icjumfiomdm diogdt trdujd sugilomos.

Astcajocl
Astcaj ocloto
otoss kdpdt
kdpdt gcreug
gcreugumf
umfdm
dm kcmfdm
kcmfdm pcmycg
pcmycgdrdm
drdm omncis
omncisoo `dromf
`dromfdm
dm lumdi
lumdi (josdl
(josdl
uliuskciugotus ydmf tcromnciso dtdu ulius vdsiulcr) dtdu iamtdjomdso ldmfsumf tuldmf
(josdln
(josdlnrdi
rditur
tur tcrgui
tcrguid,
d, bckcrd
bckcrd trdujd
trdujdtoi
toi scpcrto
scpcrto luid
luid tcjgdi
tcjgdi,, pcjgck
pcjgckded
dedm
m tuldmf
tuldmf).
).
(Luijdm &MurjdMomfsoe. 788?)
Rtdpey
Rtdpeylab
labubb
ubbus
us jcrupd
jcrupdidm
idm pcmycg
pcmycgdg
dg 68%-58
68%-58%
% omncis
omncisoo tuldmf
tuldmf.. Arfdmo
Arfdmosjc
sjc ldom
ldom
jclopu
jcloputo
to pratcu
pratcus,
s, pscuka
pscukaja
jamds,
mds, kdm Csbecr
Csbecrobe
obeod
od balo.
balo. Xdkd
Xdkd dmdi-dm
dmdi-dmdi
di omncis
omncisoo tuldmf
tuldmf
scromf idlo tojgul scgdfdo iajploidso kdro omnciso pdkd tcjpdt-tcjpdt ldom scpcrto omnciso
ndro
ndrom
mf (ndr
(ndrom
omfo
foto
tos)
s),, tclo
tclom
mfd (ato
(atoto
toss jck
ckod
od)) kdm iu
iulo
lott (ojp
(ojpct
ctof
ofa
a). Gdit
Gditcr
crom
omyd
yd
(stdpeylabubbusdurcus, Rtrcptababbus, edcjapeylusomnlucmzdc) gcrpomkde jcldluo dlordm

kdrde jcmu`u jctdnosos tuldmf kokcidt lcjpcmf pcrtujguedm kojdmd kdrde jcmfdlor ic
kdldj somusaok. Diogdt pcricjgdmfgodidm gditcro kdm mcirasos `dromfdm, jdid tcjpdt
 pcrdkdmfdm ydmf tcrgdtds omo didm tcrdsd mycro kdm mycro tcidm. Joiraarfdmosjc ydmf
jcmfomnciso
jcmfomnciso tuldmf didm jcjgcmtui
jcjgcmtui ialamo pdkd tuldmf
tuldmf pcrovdsiulc
pcrovdsiulcr,
r, jcmojgulid
jcmojgulidm
m
ckcjd, omnoltrdso
omnoltrdso sclulcr
sclulcr kdm diujuldso prakui-prakui
prakui-prakui omnldjdso
omnldjdso ydmf didm jcrusdi 
jcrusdi 
trdgciuld tuldmf ydmf eoldmfmyd jdtrois kdm jomcrdl tuldmf. (Luijdm &MurjdMomfsoe.
788?)

K. ILDR
ILDRON
ONOI
OIDR
DROO

Ildsonoidso astcajoclotos kogdfo jcm`dko 7 jdbdj, ydotu 0

4. Astcaj
Astcajocloclotos
otos projcr
projcr pcmycg
pcmycgdrd
drdmmy
mmydd scbdrd
scbdrd ecjdta
ecjdtafcm
fcmkoj
kojdmd
dmd joiraa
joiraarfd
rfdmos
mosjc
jc
 gcrdsdl kdro naius kotcjpdt ldom kdm gcrckdr jcldluo soriuldso kdrde.
7. Astcajoclotos
Astcajoclotos sciumkcr
sciumkcr (astcajoc
(astcajoclotospc
lotospcrbamto
rbamtomoutd
moutdtuj),
tuj), tcr`dko
tcr`dko diogdt
diogdt pcmycgdrdm
pcmycgdrdm
iujdm kdm sciotdrmyd diogdt kdro gosul, luid nrditur kdm scgdfdomyd
(Luijdm & MurjdMomfsoe, 788?).

C. JDMON
JDMONCR[
CR[DRO
DRO ILOMOR
ILOMOR
Jdmoncs
Jdmoncstdso
tdso ilomos
ilomos tcrfdmt
tcrfdmtumf
umf pdkd
pdkd ctoalaf
ctoalafoo kdm laidso
laidso tuldmf
tuldmf ydmf
ydmf bckcrd,
bckcrd, kdpdt
kdpdt

 gcricjgdmf scbdrd prafrcson dtdu bcpdt. Omnciso ecjdtafcm diut, scromf tcr`dko kcmfdm
jdmoncs
jdm oncstdso
tdso ilomos
ilomos scptoic
scptoicjod
jod ydotu
ydotu jcmffo
jcmffofol
fol,, kcjdj
kcjdj tomffo
tomffo,, kcmyut
kcmyut mdko
mdko bcpdt
bcpdt kdm

3
 

jdldoscujuj sckdmfidm fc`dld laidl ydmf tcr`dko gcrupd rdsd mycro tcidm, gcmfidi kdm
icsulotdm jcmffcrdiidm dmffatd tugue ydmf sdiot. Ilocm jcmffdjgdridm mycro iamstdm
 gcrkcmyut, scjdiom mycro gold kofcrdiidm, kdm gcreugumfdm kcmfdm tcidmdm pus ydmf
tcriujpul (Luijdm &MurjdMomfsoe. 788?).
Gold astcajoclotos tcr`dko diogdt pcmycgdrdm omnciso ko sciotdrmyd dtdu iamtdjomdso

ldmfsumf, tokdi didm dkd fc`dld scptcicjod. Kdcrde omnciso gcmfidi, edmfdt, mycro tcidm.
Xdsocm kcmfdm astcajoclotos iramoi kotdmkdo kcmfdm pus ydmf scldlu jcmfdlor icludr kdro
somus dtdu jcmfdldjo pcroakc gcruldmf mycro, omnldjdso, pcjgcmfididm, kdm pcmfcludrdm
 pus. Omnciso kcrd`dt rcmkde kdpdt tcr`dko pdkd `dromfdm pdrut diogdt iurdmfmyd dsupdm
kdrde (Luijdm &MurjdMomfsoe. 788?).

N. XD[A
XD[ANO
NORO
ROAL
ALAF
AFOO
Ndbtar-nditar ydmf gcrpcrdm kdldj jcmojgulidm pcmydiot ydotu vorulcmso arfdmosjc
kdm icrcmtdmdm easpcs kcmfdm stdtus ojum ydmf rcmkde. Xcmydiot omo lcgoe tcrgdtds pdkd

jctdnosos
jctdnosos tuldmf
tuldmf idrcmd
idrcmd pcjgul
pcjgulue
ue kdrde
kdrde bcmkcr
bcmkcrumf
umf jclomf
jclomfidro
idro jctdnos
jctdnosso
so sceomf
sceomffd
fd
jcmomjgulidm cjgalo tcromnciso jcmydmfiut ko kdcrde otu kdm ldposdm cponosos kdpdt
jcmbcfde pcmbycgdrdm omnciso ic scmko sceomffd omnciso tcriadlosor ko jctdnosos. Otulde
scgdg
scgdgmy
mydd jcmf
jcmfdp
dpdd om
omnci
nciso
so tcr`d
tcr`dko
ko pd
pdkd
kd ldposd
ldposdm
m jctdn
jctdnos
osos
os tu
tuld
ldmf
mf yd
ydmf
mf jcmf
jcmfdl
dldj
djoo
 pcrtujguedm pdkd dmdi-dmdi. [ctdpo pdkd ardmf kcwdsd tcr`dko
tcr`d ko ko kodnosos . cjgalo ydmf
tcromnc
tcromnciso
iso jcmydm
jcmydmfiu
fiutt kdlj
kdlj pcjgul
pcjgulue
ue kdrde,
kdrde, jcmycg
jcmycgdgi
dgidm
dm teraj
terajgas
gasos
os sceomf
sceomffd
fd
jcmfdiogdtidm mcirasos dndsiulcr pdkd gdfodm iartcis tuldmf.
WcsYam pcrdkdmfdm tcredkdp omnciso jcmfdiogdtidm sueu tugue jcmomfidt kdm tcr`dko
ackcj kdm jcmfdiogdt
jcmfdiogdtidm
idm tcrdmfidtmy
tcrdmfidtmydd tcroastcuj
tcroastcuj kdro tuldmf
tuldmf sceomffd
sceomffd jcjutusidm
jcjutusidm

lcgoe gdmydi supldo kdrde. Xcmfdmfidtdm pcrostcuj omo jcmojgulidm mycro ecgdt, dpdldfo
kcmfdm
kcm fdm dkdmyd
dkdmyd pcfdmf
pcfdmfdm
dm cisukdt
cisukdt kogdwd
kogdwdemy
emyd,
d, omncis
omncisoo kdpt
kdpt pcbde
pcbde ic supcro
supcroast
astcdl
cdl
icjuko
icjukodm
dm jcmcjg
jcmcjgus
us sugiut
sugiutos
os kdm jcmycg
jcmycgdr
dr jcm`dk
jcm`dkoo sclulo
sclulotos
tos dtdu
dtdu jcm`dl
jcm`dldr
dr jcldluo
jcldluo
ramffd supcroastcdl ic kodnosos. Omnciso `ufd kdpdt pcbde icgdfodm tuldmf kodnosos jcldluo
idmdlos jckuldros pcm`dldrdm supcroastcdl icdrde kodnosos didm jcjdsuio pcjgulue kdrde
ydmf ic kodnosos sceomffd jcmycgdgidm mcirasos tuldmf. [uldmf ydmf jcmfdldjo mcirasos
koicmdl scgdfdo sciucstruj. [uldmf kojdmd pcroastcuj tcrdmfidt jcldposo tuldmf ydmf
jdtokoicmdl kcmfdm omnaluiruj. Xus jcmbdro `dldm icludr kdro ldposdm tuldmf gdru jcldluo
scrd
scrdmf
mfid
idod
odm
m lugd
lugdmf
mf ydmf
ydmf ko icmd
icmdll kcmf
kcmfdm
dm il
ilad
adid
id ( sd
sdbe
bekc
kcvd
vd,4
,4??
??>,
>, Edl
Edl ?7 kd
kdm
m

s`djsueokdydt , 4??6,4774).

>
 

F. XD[E
D[EVD_

Nditar prckospasoso0 usod, vorulcmso iujdm, rowdydt

trdujd, mutroso, kdm laidso omnciso

Omndso joiraarfdmosjc kdro tcjpdt ldom Nrditur tcrguid

ydmf gcrckdr jcldluo soriuldso kdrde

Icrusdidm pcjgulue kdrde

Jdsui ic `uistd cposos kdm dkdmyd part kc cmtrcc
tuldmf pdm`dmf

Omndso iujdm ic
tuldmf kdm scmko

astcajoclos

ndfasotasos

Xrascs omdjdso0 eopcrcjod, pcjgcmfididm, fdmffudm numfso,

pcjgcmtuidm pus, kdm icrusdidm omtcfrotds `dromfdm

Xrascs omdjdso Ictcrgdtdsdm pcrfcrdidm Xcmomfidtdm Xcjgcmtuidm pus,

scbdrd ujuj tcidmdm `dromfdm mcirasos `dromfdm
Xcmurumdm icjdjpudm tuldmf kdm jckuld
pcrfcrdidm
Kcjdj, jdldosc,
pcmurumdm mdnsu jdidm, Xcmycgdrdm Iajploidso
Osicjod kdm
pcmurumdm icjdjpudm Edjgdtdm Wosoia mffo mcirasos tuldmf omnciso ic omnciso
tamus atat arfdm
jagolotds trdujd
pcmmf
nsoi Xcjgcmtuidm
Kcnsot
pcrdwdtdm dgscs tuldmf
scpicjod
koro
Ickdiscojgdmfdm Iurdmf
Icrusdidm
mutroso0 iurdmf kdro Omvalubtuj mycro
lcjpcmf tcrpd`dm
icgutuedm tugue Iclcjdedm soi (pcrtujguedm
cposos pcmfctdeudm
tuldmf gdru)
kdm
pcmfcludrdm pus
Fdmffudm omnarjdso
[orde gdromf ldjd, kdro luid
pcmcidmdm laidl pcrtujguedm
Wosoia
Kcnarjotds, Kcnsocmso astcajoclos
Icrusdidm
gdu kdro pcmfctdeudm iramos
omtcfrotds iulot
dkdmyd luid kdm omarjdso
6
Xrafmasos
Ickdiccidm
Fdmffudm pcmydiot
iapomf omkovoku
 botrd koro

E. XCJ
XCJCWOI
CWOIRDD
RDDM
M XCMSM
XCMSM@DM
@DMF
F
4. Xcjcro
Xcjcroisd
isddm
dm kdrde
kdrde
Rcl kdrde putoe jcmomfidt sdjpdo 28.888 L fr/kl koscrtdo pcmomfidtdm ld`u cmkdp
kdrde
7. Xcjcroisddm
Xcjcroisddm totcr dmtogako
dmtogako ‒ dmto
dmto stdpeyla
stdpeylababbus
babbus

Xcjcroisddm iultur kdrde umtui jcmcmtuidm gditcro (38% pasoton) kdm kooiuto kcmfdm
u`o scmsotovotds
2. Xcjcroisddm ncscs
Xcjcroisddm ncscs umtui iultur koldiuidm dpdgold tcrkdpdt icburofddm omnciso alce
 gditcro sdljamclld
;. Xcjcroisddm goapsy tuldmf
Jcrupdidm prascs pcmfdjgoldm bamtae tossuc tuldmf ydmf didm kofumdidm umtui 
scrdmfidodm tcs.
3. Xcjcroisddm ultrd saumk
_dotu pcjcroisddm ydmf kdpdt jcjpcrloedtidm dkdmyd cnuso pdkd scmko.
>. Xcjcroisddm rdkoalafos
Xcjcroisddm peata palas kdldj 48 edro pcrtdjd tokdi kotcjuidm icldomdm rdkoalafoi.
Rc
Rctc
tcld
lde
e 7 jo
jomf
mffu
fu di
didm
dm tc
tcrl
rloe
oedt
dt gc
gcru
rupd
pd rc
rcnr
nrdis
disoo tu
tuld
ldmf
mf ydm
ydmf
f gc
gcrs
rson
ondt
dt ko
konu
nuss kd
kdm
m
icrusdidm tuldmf kdm pcjgcmtuidm tuldmf ydmf gdru.
(Grummcr, sukkdrte. 7887)

O. IAJXLOIDRO
Iajploidso ydmf scromf tcr`dko dkdlde gcrldmfsumfmyd omnciso kcmfdm cisdscrgdso
diut. Omnciso ydmf tcrus jcmcrus didm jcmycgdgidm djoalaokoasos, dmcjod, pcmurumdm
 gcrdt gdkdm,iclcjdedm. Rcldom otu `ufd kdpdt tcr`dko dgscs tuldmf, jcrcfdmfmyd
ojpldmtprastectob, sclalotos pdkd `dromfdm lumdi sciotdr, dgscs atdi pdkd astcajolotos ko
kdcrde brdmouj, kdm Icjdtodm.
d. Iajploidso tdedp Komo 0
4) Icidiudm ydmf pcrjdmcm pdkd pcrscmkodm tcrkcidt (`drdmf tcr`dko)
7) Dgscs ydmf jdsui ic iulot kdm tokdi jdu scjgue sdjpdo tuldmf ydmf
jcmkdsdromyd scjgue

 
 2) Dtrotosscptoi 
 g. Iajploidso tdedp Ldm`ut 0
4) Astcaj
Astcajocl
ocloto
otoss iramoi
iramoi kotd
kotdmkdo
mkdo alce
alce mycro
mycro ecgdt
ecgdt rcid
rcidlso
lsotrd
trdm,
m, kdm pcmu
pcmurum
rumdm
dm
numfso tugue ydmf tcricmd
7) Nrditur pd
pdtalafos
2) Iamtrditur scmko

;) Fdmffudm pc
pcrtujguedm

@. XCMD
XCMD[D
[DLD
LDIR
IRDM
DMDD
DDM
M JCKOR
JCKOR
4. Osto
Ostord
rded
edtt kdm pc
pcjg
jgcr
crod
odm
m dm
dmdl
dlfct
fctoi
oi um
umtu
tui
i jcmf
jcmfeo
eold
ldmfi
mfidm
dm my
mycr
cro.
o. Rc
Rcsu
sudo
do icpci
icpcidd
ddm
m
 pcmkcrotd kdm rcdiso dlcrfo pcmkcrotd
7. pcmobollom bdor 388.888 joloam
joloam umot O^ sctodp ; `dj.
2. Croterajosom 4-7fr O^ sctodp > `dj.
;. Bcpedzalom 7 fr O^ sctodp > ``dj
dj
3. Fcmtdjobom 3 jf/if GG O^
O^ scldjd
scldjd 4 guldm.
>. Xcjgcrodm bdordm omtrd vcmd kdm idldu pcrlu trdmnuso kdrde
6. Krdom
Krdomdsc
dsc gckde dpdgold tokdi dkd pcrugdedm sctclde
sctclde 7; `dj pcmfagdtdm
pcmfagdtdm dmtogoatoi 
dmtogoatoi 
tokdi
tokdi jcmu
jcmum`
m`ui
uiidm
idm pcrug
pcrugded
dedm
m ydmf
ydmf gc
gcrd
rdrt
rto,
o, jcmf
jcmfcl
clud
udri
ridm
dm `d
`dro
romfd
mfdm
m mcira
mcirato
toi,
i,
jcmfcludridm mdmde, kdm jcmstdgolidm tuldmf scrtd rudmf iasamf ydmf kotomffdlidm
kcmfdm bdrd jcmfosomyd jcmffumdidm tuldmf, atat, dtdu iulot scedt.
5. Osto
Ostordedt
rdedt ko tcjpdt tokur
tokur umtui jcmfecjdt cmcrfo
cmcrfo kdm jcmfurdmfo edjgdtdm
edjgdtdm dlordm
 pcjgulue gdloi.
?. Dsupdm mutroso
mutroso tomffo pratcom, vot.
vot. D, G,B,K kdm I.
d. ^otdjo
^otdjom
mI 0 Kopcrl
Kopcrluidm
uidm umtu
umtui
i pcmfcrd
pcmfcrdsdm
sdm tuld
tuldmf
mf idrcmd
idrcmd votdj
votdjom
om I kdpdt
kdpdt
jcmfoidt idlsouj.Idrcmd tuldmf otu gcmtuimyd gcramffd, votdjom I jcjgdmtu
jcmfoidt idlsouj kdm jcmcjpdtidmmyd kotcjpdt ydmf tcpdt.
 g. ^otdjom D,G kdm B 0 umtui kdpdt jcjgdmtu pcjgcmtuidm tuldmf.
b. ^otdjom K 0Smtui jcjgdmtu pcmfcrdsdm tuldmf kcmfdm bdrd jcmfdtur umtui 
idlsouj kdm nasnar pdkd tugue dfdr dkd ko kdldj kdrde ydmf icjukodm kocmkdpidm
 pdkd prascs pcmfcrdsdm tuldmf. Rdlde sdtu bdrd pcmfcrdsdm tuldmf omo dkdlde pdkd

tuldmf
tuldmf idlso
idlsotro
troal
al kdm earjam
earjam pdrdto
pdrdtorao
raok
k jcrdmf
jcrdmfsdm
sdmf
f pclcpds
pclcpdsdm
dm idlsou
idlsouj
j kdro
kdro
 pcrjuiddm tuldmf jdsui ic kdldj kdrde.(Grummcr, sukkdrte. 7887)
 IAMRCX DRSEDM ICXCWDVD[DM [CAWO
D. XCMF
XCMFID
ID@O
@ODM
DM
4. Okcm
Okcmto
totd
tdss Iloc
Ilocm
m
Gcroso mdjd, ujur, `cmos icldjom, dldjdt, dfdjd, pcmkokoidm, pcicr`ddm kdm okcmtotds

icludrfd pcmdmffumf `dwdg.

7. Kodf
Kodfma
masd
sd Jcko
Jckoss
Gcrroso
Gc oso tdmff
dmffdl
dl jds
dsui
ui,, ma.
ma. JW, rudmf
udmf rd
rdwd
wdtt, ko
kodf
dfma
massd jcko
jckoi
i kdm
kdm ydmf
ydmf
jcmforoj/jcru`ui.
2. Iclue
cluedm
dm Stdj
Stdjd
d
Xdkd ujujmyd, icluedm utdjd pdkd idsus astcajoclotos dkdlde mycro ecgdt.
;. Wowdydt Icscedtdm
4. Wowdydt Icscedtdm Rcidrdmf
Godsdmyd ilocm kdtdmf icrujde sdiot kcmfdm icluedm dwotdm fc`dld diut (josdlmyd 0

mycro laidl, pcjgcmfididm, crotcjd, kcjdj) dtdu idjguedm icludrmyd pus kdro
somus koscrtdo mycro, pcjgcmfididm kdm kcjdj sckdmf.
7. Wowdydt Icscedtdm Kdeulu
Okcmtonoid
Okcmtonoidso
so dkdmyd trdujd tuldmf,
tuldmf, nrditur
nrditur tcrguid
tcrguid dtdu omnciso ldommyd (gditcro
(gditcro
 pmcujamod,somusotos,iulot dtdu omnciso fofo kdm omnciso sdlurdm icjoe) pdkd jdsd
ldlu. [dmydidm jcmfcmdo rowdydt pcjgckdedm tuldmf.
2 Wowdydt
Wowdydt Icscedt
Icscedtdm
dm Icludr
Icludrfd
fd
Dkdide kdldj icludrfd ydmf jcmkcrotd pcmydiot icturumdm. (josdlmyd kodgctcs,
tcrd
tcrdpo
po iarto
iartoia
iast
stcr
crao
aok
k `d
`dmfi
mfidd pd
pdm`
m`dm
dmf,
f, bc
bckcr
kcrd,
d, om
omnc
ncis
isoo dt
dtdu
du gckde
gckde ar
arta
tapck
pckoo
scgclujmyd).
; Wowdydt X
Xssoiasasodl
Dkdide kotcjuidm kcprcso, jdrde dtdupum strcss.
3 Wo
Wowd
wdydt
ydt X
Xald
ald Xcj
Xcjclo
cloed
edrdd
rddm
m Icsced
Icscedtd
tdm
m Ilocm
Ilocm
4. Xc
Xcrs
rscp
cpso
so kdm
kdm Jdm
Jdmd`
d`cj
cjcm
cm Icsc
Icsced
edtd
tdm
m

48

Ilocm
Ilocm godsdmyd tokdi jcmfcrto
jcmfcrto gdewd pcmydiot ydmf od kokcrotd dkdld
dkdlde
e pcmydiot
ydmf gcrgdedyd. Xcrdwdt pcrlu jcmfid`o gdfdojdmd ilocm jcjdmkdmf
jcjdmkdmf pcmydiot
pcmydiot
ydmf kokcrotdmyd, dpdide ilocm tdu dpd pcmycgdg pcmydiotmyd scidrdmf.
7. Mu
Muttros
roso ‒ Jct
Jctdg
dgal
alooi 
Godsdmyd pdkd pdsocm jcmfdldjo pcmurumdm mdnsu jdidm idrcmd kcjdj ydmf od
kokcrotd.
 2. Clojomdso
Godsdmyd pdsocm jcmfdldjo fdmffudm kdldj clojomdso idrcmd pdsocm jcmfdldjo
 pcmurumdm mdnsu jdidm diogdt kcjdj.
;. Di
Dittovot
votds ‒ Ldt
Ldtoe
oedm
dm
Godsdyd pdkd pdsocm Astcajoclotos jcmfdldjo pcmurumdm ditovotds idrcmd rdsd
mycro ydmf od rdsdidm
3. Osto
stord
rded
edtt ‒ [oku
[okur 
r 
Xdsocm godsdmyd kokufd didm jcmfdldjo susde tokur idrcmd rdsd mycro ydmf od
rdsdidm pdkd tuldmfmyd.
>. Rcis
Rcisud
udll ‒ Wcp
Wcprrakui
akuiso
so
Godsdmyd pdsocm tokdi jcmfdldjo fdmffudm kdldj jdsdlde scisudl.

> Wowdyd
ydtt Xso
Xsoi
ialaf
lafo
4. Iafmoton ‒ Xcrscpso
Godsdmyd ilocm tokdi jcmfdldjo fdmffudm kcmfdm iafmoton kdm pcrscpsomyd.
7. Iapomf ‒ [alcrdms
msoo Rt
Rtrcss
Godsdmyd pdsocm jcmfdldjo strcssysmf gcrdt idrcmd iamkosomyd sddt otu.
6 Wowdydt Rasodl
4. Xcrs
Xcrscp
cpso
so Ko
Korro ‒ Iamsc
amscp
p Kor
Koro
Godsdmyd pdsocm jcjoloio pcroldiu jcmdroi koro, jcmfomfidro, kcprcso, cisprcso
tdiut, pcroldiu jdrde, pastur tugue jcmfcldi, jcmdmfos, iamtdi jdtd iurdmf,

fdfdl jcmcpdto `dm`o dtdu gdmydi `dm`o.

7. Xcrdm ‒ Eugumfdm
Godsdmyd
Godsdmyd pdsocm
pdsocm jcmfdldjo
jcmfdldjo kcprcso
kcprcso koidrcmdidm
koidrcmdidm pcmydiot ydmf kodldjomyd
kodldjomyd..
Rcrtd dkdmyd tcidmdm ydmf kdtdmf kdro lomfiumfdmmyd. Kdm ilocm `ufd tokdi 
kdpdt jcldiuidm pcrdmmyd kcmfdm gdoi.

44

5 Wowdyd
ydtt Rp
Rporo
orotudl
udl
4. Moldo Ic
Icpcrbdyddm
Xald icydiomdm pcrlu koid`o alce pcrdwdt tcredkdp ilocm dfdr icgutuedm sporotudl
ilocm kdtd kopcmueo scldjd prascs pcrdwdtdm ilocm ko WR. Id`o dpdide dkd
 pdmtdmfdm dfdjd kdldj prascs pcmfagdtdm ilocm. Ilocm godsdmyd jcmfdldjo
fdmffudm kdldj gcrogdkde idrcmd mycro ydmf od rdsdidm.
?. Xcjcroisddm Nosoi 
4) Id`o fc`dld diut scpcrto mycro laidl, pcjgcmfididm, crotcjd, kcjdj kdm
icludrmyd pus kdro somus koscrtdo mycro.
7) Id`o dkdmyd nditar rcsoia (josdlmyd ldmsod, kodgctcs, tcrdpo iartoiastcraok `dmfid
  pdm`dmf) kdm bckcrd, omnciso dtdu gckde artapcko scgclujmyd.
2) Okcmtonoidso dkdmyd iclcjdedm ujuj diogdt rcdiso sostcjoi omnciso. (pdkd
astcajoclotos diut)
;) Agscrvdso dkdmyd kdcrde omnldjdso, pcjgcmfididm mydtd, kdm dkdmyd bdordm
 purulcm.
3) Okcmtosoidso pcmomfidtdm sueu tugue
>) Drcd sciotdr tuldmf ydmf tcromnciso jcm`dko gcmfidi kdm tcrdsd lcjgci gold ko
 pdlpdso.
(Luijdm &MurjdMomfsoe, 788?).
Xcjcro
Xcjcroisd
isddm
dm nosoi
nosoi kogdfo
kogdfo jcm`dk
jcm`dkoo kud ydotu
ydotu pcjcro
pcjcroisd
isddm
dm ujuj
ujuj umtui
umtui jcmkdpd
jcmkdpdtid
tidm
m
fdjgdrdm ujuj kdm pcjcroisddm sctcjpdt (laidl).
Icdkddm ujuj jcloputo0
a [omfidt icsdkdrdm (dpdtos, sapar, iajd, fclosde, iajpas jcmtos ydmf gcrfdmtumf pdkd
icdkddm ilocm).
a Icsd
Icsdio
iotd
tdm
m dt
dtdu
du ic
icdk
dkdd
ddm
m pc
pcmy
mydio
diott (d
(diu
iut,
t, ir
iramo
amos,
s, ro
romfd
mfdm,
m, sc
sckd
kdmf,
mf, kd
kdm
m pd
pdkd
kd idsus
idsus
astcajoclotos godsdmyd diut).
a [d
[dmk
mkd-t
d-tdm
dmkd
kd votd
votdll tokd
tokdi
i ma
marj
rjdl
dl tc
tcru
rutd
tdjd
jd pd
pdkd
kd as
astc
tcaj
ajoc
oclo
loto
toss kc
kcmf
mfdm
dm iajpl
iajploi
oids
dsoo
scptoiojod.
 G4 (Grcdt
(Grcdteom
eomf).
f). Xdkd
Xdkd omspci
omspciso,
so, kokdpd
kokdpdtt gdewd
gdewd ilocm
ilocm astcaj
astcajocl
oclot
otos
os tokdi
tokdi jcmfdl
jcmfdldjo
djo
icldomdm pcrmdpdsdm. Xdkd pdlpdso tardis, kotcjuidm tditol nrcjotus scojgdmf idmdm kdm
ioro. Xdkd dusiultdso, tokdi kokdpdt sudrd mdpds tdjgdedm.

47

 G7 (Glaak
(Glaak).
). Xdkd
Xdkd omspci
omspciso,
so, tokdi
tokdi tdjpdi
tdjpdi oit
oitus
us `dmtum
`dmtumf.
f. Xdl
Xdlpds
pdsoo jcmum`
jcmum`uidm
uidm mdko
jcmomfidt, oitus tokdi tcrdgd. Xdkd dusiultdso, kokdpdtidm R4 kdm R7 tumffdl, tokdi dkd
jumkur.
 G2 (Grdom)
 Icpdld 0 [okdi dkd fdmffudm (marjascndloi, sojctros, tokdi dkd
 pcmam`aldm tokdi dkd sdiot icpdld).
 Lcecr 0 [okdi dkd fdmffudm (sojctros, tokdi dkd pcmam`aldm,
rcnlcx jcmcldm dkd).
 Vd`de 0 [crloedt jcmdedm sdiot, tokdi dkd pcrugdedm numfso dtdu

 gcmtui.
 Jdtd 0 [okdi dkd fdmffudm, scpcrto iam`umftovd tokdi dmcjos
(pdkd ilocm pdtde tuldmf tcrtutup idrcmd tokdi tcr`dko pcrkdrdedm). Ilocm
astcajoclo
astcajoclotos
tos ydmf kcsrtdo
kcsrtdo dkdmyd jdlmutroso
jdlmutroso ldjd godsdmyd
godsdmyd jcmfdldjo
jcmfdldjo
 iam`umftovddmcjos.
 [clomfd
[clomfd 0 [cs gosoi
gosoi dtdu Vcgcr
Vcgcr jdsoe kdldj
kdldj icdkddm marjdl.
marjdl. [okdi
[okdi dkd lcso dtdu
dtdu
mycro tcidm.
 Eokumf 0 [okdi dkd kcnarjotds, tokdi dkd pcrmdndsdm bupomf
eokumf.

Julut kdm ndromf 0 [okdi dkd pcjgcsdrdm tamsol, fuso
fuso tokdi tcr`dko
 pcrkdrdedm, juiasd julut tokdi pubdt.
 Rtdtus jcmtdl 0 Agscrvdso pcmdjpoldm kdm tomfide ldiu ilocm. Godsdmyd
stdtus jcmtdl tokdi jcmfdldjo pcrugdedm.
 Xcjcroisddm sdrdn brdmodl 0
  Rdrdn O. Godsdmyd tokdi dkd icldomdm numfso pcmboujdm.
Rdrdn OO. [cs ictd`djdm pcmfloedtdm marjdl.
Rdrdn OOO,O^,kdm ^O. Godsdmyd tokdi dkd fdmffudm jcmfdmfidt iclapdi jdtd, pupol
osaiar.
Rdrdn ^. Ilocm astcajoclotos tokdi jcmfdldjo pdrdlosos pdkd atat wd`de kdm rcnlcx
iarmcd tokdi dkd icldomdm.
Rdrdn ^OO. Xcrscpso pcmfcbdpdm kdldj gdtds marjdl kdm wd`de sojctros.
Rdrdn ^OOO. [okdi kotcjuidm tulo iamkuiton kdm tulo pcrscpso.

42

Rdrdn OU kdm U. Icjdjpudm jcmcldm gdoi.

Rdrdn UO. [okdi dkd dtrano atat stcrmailcokajdstaokcus kdm trdpczous.
Rdrdn UOO. Lokde sojctros, tokdi kd kcvodso pdkd sdtu soso kdm tokdi dkd ndsoiuldso.
Omkrd pcmfcbdpdm marjdl.
 Xcjcroisddm rcnlcx 0 Godsdmyd
Godsdmyd tokdi tcrkdpdt rcnlcx
rcnlcx pdtalafos.
pdtalafos.
 G; (Gldkkcr). Xcmfid`odm icdkddm uromc jcloputo wdrmd, `ujlde, idrditcrostoi kdm
 gcrdt `cmos. Godsdmyd ilocm astcajoclotos tokdi
tokdi jcmfdldjo icldomdm pdkd systcj omo.
 G3 (Gawcl). Omspciso dgkajcm9 Gcmtui kdtdr, sojctros, tokdi dkd ecrmod. Xdlpdso0
[urfar gdoi, ecpdr tokdi tcrdgd. Xcriuso0 Rudrd tojpdmo, dkd pdmtuldm fclajgdmf
bdordm. Dusiultdso0 Xcrostdltoi usus marjdl (78 idlo/jcmot). Omfuomdl-fcmotdlod-dmus0

[okdi dkd ecrmod, tokdi dkd pcjgcsdrdm lojnc,tokdi dkd icsulotdm kcncidso.Xald mutroso
kdm jctdgalosjc.0Ilocm astcajoclotos edrus jcmfamsujso mutroso jclcgoeo icgutuedm
scedro-edro,scpcrto idlsouj, zdt gcso, pratcom, votdjom B, kdm ldommyd umtui jcjgdmtu
 prascs pcmycjguedm omnciso tuldmf. Cvdludso tcredkdp pald mutroso ilocm kdpdt
jcjgdm
jcjgdmtu
tu jcmcmt
jcmcmtuid
uidm
m pcmycgd
pcmycgdg
g jdsdld
jdsdlde
e jusiul
jusiulasi
asilct
lctdl
dl kdm jcmfdmt
jcmfdmtoso
osopds
pdsoo
iajploidso kdro mutroso ydmf tokdi dkciudt, tcrdujd idlsouj dtdu pratcom. Jdsdlde
mycro
mycro pdkd
pdkd astcaj
astcajocl
oclot
otosj
osjcmcg
cmcgdgi
dgidm
dm ilocm
ilocm idkd
idkdmf
mf judl
judl dtdu
dtdu jumtde
jumtde sceomf
sceomffd
fd
  pcjcmuedm mutroso gcriurdmf. Xald clojomdso0 [okdi dkd fdmffudm pald clojomdso,
tctdpo tctdp pcrlu koid`o nrciucmso, iamsostcmso, wdrmd, scrtd gdu ncbcs. Xdkd pald

 gcricjoe, koid`o nrciucmso, icpcidtdm, wdrmd, gdu, kdm `ujlde uromc.

 G> (G(Gamc
amc).
). Dkdm
Dkdmyd yd atca
atcajo
jocl
clot
otos
os iram
iramos
os kcmfd
kcmfdmm pr
pras
ascs
cs su
supu
purd
rdso
so ko tu
tuld
ldmf
mf kdm
astcaj
astcajocl
ocloto
otoss ydmf
ydmf jcmfom
jcmfomnci
nciso
so scmko
scmko didm jcmffd
jcmffdmffu
mffu numfso
numfso jataro
jataroi
i ilo
ilocm.
cm.
Icru
Icrusd
sdid
idm
m omtc
omtcfr
frot
otds
ds `d
`dro
romfd
mfdm
m pd
pdkd
kd iu
iulo
lott id
idrc
rcmd
md dkdmy
dkdmydd lu
luid
id ko
kosc
scrt
rtdo
do kcmfd
kcmfdm
m
 pcmfcludrdm pus dtdu bdordm gcmomf gcrgdu ieds.
G. Kodfmasd Icpcrdwdtdm
4. Mycro diut gcreugumfdm
gcreugumfdm kcmfdm dfcm pcmbckcrd
pcmbckcrd nosoi 
nosoi 
7. Fdmffudm
Fdmffudm omtcfrot
omtcfrotds
ds iulot
iulot gcreugum
gcreugumfdm
fdm kcmfdm
kcmfdm nditar
nditar jcidmos
jcidmos
2. Kcnobot
Kcnobot mutroso
mutroso gcreugumfdm
gcreugumfdm kcmfdm
kcmfdm pcmomfidtd
pcmomfidtdm
m icgutuedm
icgutuedm jctdgalos
jctdgalosjc
jc
;. Wcsoia
Wcsoia bckcrd
bckcrd kotdmkdo
kotdmkdo kcmfdm pcrugdedm
pcrugdedm numfso
numfso psoiajatar 
psoiajatar 
3. Fdmffudm
Fdmffudm jagolotds
jagolotds nosui gcreugumfdm
gcreugumfdm kcmfdm
kcmfdm pcmurumdm
pcmurumdm iciudtdm
iciudtdm atat
>. Kcnobot
Kcnobot pcrdwdt
pcrdwdtdm
dm koro
koro gcreugumfdm
gcreugumfdm kcmfdm fdmffudm
fdmffudm jusiulusicl
jusiulusiclctdl
ctdl

4;

B. OM[C
OM[CW^
W^CM
CMRO
RO
RKIO RLIO ROIO WDROAMDL
4. Mycro ddi
iut sctclde koldiuidm  jdmd`cjcm mycro
 gcreugumf [omkdidm [omkdidm
dm kcmfdm icpcrdwdtdm 4Ö7; Agscrvdso  4. Kdpdt jcjgdmtu
dfcm  `dj koedrdpidm - Okcmtonoidso laidso,  pcrdwdt umtui gcrnaius
 pcmbckcrd tomfidt mycro icrditcrostoi,  pdkd pcmycgdg mycro
nosoi  jcmurum kcmfdm kurdso, nrciucmso, kdm jdmd`cjcmmyd
irotcrod edsol iwdlotds kdm
 Icjdjpudm omtcmsotds mycro
jcmomfidtidm - Okcmtonoidso sidld 7. kdpdt jcjgdmtu

ditonotds mycro  pcrdwdt umtui

jcmomfidt(3) jcmfctdeuo tomfidt

 Icluedm mycro mycro ilocm

jcmurum (3) - Okcmtonoidso rcspam 2. Smtui kdpdt

 Judl jcmurum mycro mamvcrgdl jcmfctdeuo scgcrdpd

(3) iudt mycro ydmf

 Jumtde kordsdidm alce ilocm

jcmurum (3) - Okcmtonidso nditar ;. umtui jcmfctdeuo dpd

  Mdnsu jdidm ydmf jcjpcrgcrdt sd`d jcjpcrgurui ksm

 jcjgdoi (3) kdm jcjpcromfdm jcjpcromfdm icdkddm
mycro mycro
[crdpcutoi 
- Gcroidm tcimoi 3. umtui jcmfurdmfo
mamndrjdialafo rdsd mycro ydmf
umtui jcmfurdmfo kordsdidm pdsocm
rdsd mycro
- Bamtral lomfiumfdm >. umutui jcmfurdmfo
ydmf jcjpcrgcrdt rdsd mycro ydmf
mycro kordsdidm kdm
jcjgcroidm

43

icmydjdmdm
 Ckuidso  6. umtui jcjgcroidm

- @cldsidm  pcjdedjdm dfdr pdsocm

 pcmycgdg, pcraokc tokdi fclosde sddt mycro
kdm pcjobu mycro tojgul
- @cldsidm strdrcfo 5. dfdr pdsocm kdpdt
jcrckdidm mycro jcldiuidm jdmd`cjcm
mycro scbdrd jdmkoro
- Dm`uridm ?. jcjgdmtu jcrckdidm
jcmffumdidm rdsd mycro
dmdlfctob scbdrd
tcpdt
- D`dridm tcimoi 48. umtui jcmomfidtidm
mamndrjdialafos icr`d sdjd kcmfdm
umtui jcmfurdmfo dturdm tcrdpcutoi 
rdsd mycro
 Ialdgardso 44. umtui jcjgdmtu
- Ialdgardso  prascs pcmycjguedm
 pcjgcrodm umtui jcmfurdmfo mycro
dmdlfctob `oid
 pcrlu

7. Fdmffudm Rct
Rctcld
clde
e koldiu
koldiuidm
idm Omtcrvcmso utdjd 0
 omtcfrotds tomkdidmd  pcrdwdtdm omtcfrotds iulot
iulot icpcrdwdtdm [omkdidm 4. jcjgdmtu pcrdwdt
 gcreugumf sc
scld
ldjd
jd 4*
4*7;
7; `d
`dj
j Agscrvdso umtui jcmfctdeuo 
dm kcmfdm koedrdpidm - Okcmt
Okcmtonoi
onoidso
dso pcmycgdg
pcmycgdg  pcmycgdg mycro
nditar omtcfrotds iulot kdm fd
fdmff
mffud
udm
m om
omtc
tcfr
frot
otds
ds
jcidmos  `dromfdm iulot 7. umtui jcmvcfdee

jcmomfidt kcmfdm  [crdpcutoi

jcmomfidt tcr`dkomyd luid pdkd iulot

4>

irotcrod edsol - Sgde pasoso todp 7 `dj 2. jcjgdmtu iclcjgdpdm

 Xcrnuso  `oid torde gdromf iulot
 `dromfdm - Fumdidm prakui  

jcmomfidt (3)  gcrgdedmm pctralcuj ;. umtui tokdi tcr`dko

 Icrusdidm dtdu jomydi pdk
dkdd kceokrdso

 `dromfdm iulot icromf 3. umtui jcjcmueo

jcmurum (3)  Ckuidso  icgutuedm jctdgalob

  Mycro jcmurum - Dm
Dm`u
`uri
ridm
dm jo
jomu
muj
j do
dor 
r 

(3) ydmf buiup


- Dm`uridm
jcmomfidtidm dsupdm
mutroso

2. Kcnobot Rctcld
Rctclde
e koldiu
koldiuidm
idm Omtcrvcmso utdjd 0
mutroso [omkdidm jdmd`cjcm mutroso
 gcreugumf icpcrdwdtdm
icpcrdwdtdm 4*7; [omkdidm 4. umtui jcmfctdeuo
dm kcmfdm  `dj koedrdpdim Agscrvdso iciurdmfdm mutroso ilocm
 pcmomfidtd stdtus mutroso - Okcmt
kcmtoonoid
noidso
so std
tdttus 7. umtui jcmdjgde mdnsu
m jcjg
jcjgdo
doi
i kc
kcmfd
mfdm
m mutroso jdidm pdsocm
icgutuedm irotcrod edsol - Okc
Okcmto
mtonoi
noidso
dso jdidmdm
jdidmdm 2. umtui jcmfctdeuo
jctdgalos  Xarso jdidm ydmf kosuido icgutuedm idlaro kdm
jc ydmf - Okcmtonoidso icgutuedm mutrocmt pdkd pdsocm
koedgosidm idlaro kdm `cmos ;. umtui jcmfctdeuo
jcmomfidt (3) mutrocmt omtdic kdm autput

 Iciud
Iciudtd
tdm
m atat - Jamotar
atat dsupdm 3. jcmfctdeuom dkdmyd

 pcmfumyde jdidmdm  pcmurumdm dtdu icmdodm

jcmomfidt (3) - Jamotar gcrdt gdkdm  gcrdt gdkdm

- Jamotar edsol >. umtui jcmfctdeuo
 Iciud
Iciudtd
tdm
m atat
atat
jccmcldm  pcjcroisddm  pcmydiot pdsocm

jcmomfidt (3) ldgardtarouj 6. jcmbcfde judl kdm

 Nrciucmso [crdpcutoi  umtde

46

jdidm - Ldiuid
Ldiuidm
m ardl eyfocmc 5. umtui jcmomfidtidm
jcjgdoi (3) scgclu
scgcluj
j jdidm
jdidm `oid
`oid mdpsu jdidm
  Mdnsu jdidm  pcrlu ?. umtui jcmbcfde
jcjgdoi (3) - Rd`odidm jdidm scbdrd iamstopdso
jcm
cmddroi kdm sueu 48. icpdtuedm tcredkdp
ydmf scsudo koct umtui jcmbcfde
- Gcroidm jdidmdm iajploidso tcr`dkomyd
tomff
omffoo sc
scrrdt umt
umtui  eopafloicjod
jcmbcfde iamstopdso 44. umtui jcmcmtuidm
 Ckuidso   `ujglde idlaro kdm
- Dm
Dm`u
`uri
ridm
dm ko
koct
ct yd
ydmf
mf mutrosos ydmf kogcroidm
koprafrdjidm  pdsocm
 Ialdgardso 

- Ialdg
aldgar
ards
dsoo kcmf
kcmfdm
dm
delo fozo umtui  
jcmc
jcmcmt
mtuid
uidm
m `u
`ujl
jlde
de
idlaro kdm `cmos
mutrocmt ydmf
kogutueidm, `oid pcrlu

4. OJX
OJXLCJC
LCJCM[
M[DR
DROO

Ojplcjcmtdso dkdlde pcmfclalddm kdm pcrwu`ukdm kdro rcmbdmd icpcrdwdtdm ydmf tclde kosusum

 pdkd tdedp pcrcmbdmddm.

pcrcmbdmddm .
Ojplcjcmtdso jcrupdidm tdedp prascs icpcrdwdtdm ko jdmd pcrdwdt jcjgcroidm omtcrvcmso
icpcrdwdtdm ldmfsumf kdm tokdi ldmfsumf tcredkdp ilocm.

7. C^DLSDRO

Cvdludso jcrupdidm ldmfide prascs icpcrdwdtdm ydmf jcjumfiomidm pcrdwdt umtui

jcmcmtuidm dpdide omtcrvcmso icpcrdwdtdm tclde gcredsol jcmomfidtidm iamkoso ilocm. Cvdludso
jcrupdidm ldmfide tcrdieor kdldj prascs icpwcdwdtdm kcmfdm bdrd jcldiuidm okcmtonoidso
sc`due jdmd tu`udm kdro rcmbdmd icpcrdwdtdm tcrbdpdo dtdu tokdi.
 45

GDG OOO
IDRSR
D. XCMF
XCMFID
ID@O
@ODM
DM
O. Okcmtotds ilocm
 Mdjd 0 [m.s
[cjpdt / tdmffdl ld
ldeor 0
Sjur 0 76 tdeum
@cmos icldjom 0 ldioldio
Dldjdt 0 gdtu idrdmf
Rtdtus pcridwomdm 0 gcluj jcmoide
Dfdjd/suiu 0 Irostcm/sdgu
Vdrdfd mcfdrd 0 VMO
Xcmkokidm 0 R!
Xcicr`dddm 0 Vordswdstd
Kx jckos 0 Astcajolotos
Rujgcr omnarjdso 0 Kaitcr  
Xcmdmffumf `dwdg 0 My.D
Icludrfd ydmf kdpdt 0 [m. G
Ko eugumfo
Xcmkokoidm 0 RJD
Xcicr`ddm 0 XMR
Dldjdt 0 gdtu idrdmf
eugumfdm krmfdm 0 Gdpdi

ilocm

OO.  Rtdtus icscedtdm sddt omo

4. Icluedm Stdjd 0 Xdsocm jcmfclue mycro lutut ioro ydmf tcr`dko diogdt
tcrgcmtui todmf fdwdmf pdkd sddt gcrjdom gald
7. Wow
owdy
dydt
dt Iclu
Iclued
edm
m 0 pds
pdsoocm jcm
cmfc
fcllue mycr
mycroo llut
utut
ut io
iorro ydm
ydmf
f ttcr
cr``dko
dko dio
diogd
gdtt
tcrgcmtui todmf fdwdmf pdkd sddt gcrjdom gald. 4 edro
sctclde ic`dkodm pdsocm jcmfclue tokdi cmdi gdkdm

4?
 

judl kdm jumtde, scrtd tokdi dkd mdpsu jdidm, ldtcrfo

kdm kcjdj , pdsocm ko gdwde ic rujde sdiot kdm
jcmkdpdtidm pcrdwdtdm
2. Iclu
Iclued
edm
m sdd
sddtt koid
koid`o
`o 0 ssdd
ddtt ko rdwdt
dwdt pdso
pdsocm
cm jcmf
jcmfcl
clue
ue mycr
mycroo pdkd
pdkd lu
luttut
ut,, jud
judll
kdm tokdi mdpsu jdidm.

OO
OOO.
O. Wowdydt Icsce
scedtdm
tdm jdsd ld
ldlu
4. Xcmyd
Xcmydio
iott y
ydm
dmf
f pcr
pcrmd
mde
e kod
kodld
ldjo
jo 0p
pds
dsoc
ocm
m jcj
jcjol
oloi
oioo rrow
owdy
dydt
dt at
atot
otos
os jcko
jckodd
7. Wowdydt dlcrfo 0 pdsocm tokdi jcjoloio rowdydt dlcrfo
2. Xcmfagdtdm 0 pdsocm tokdi jcmfajsusjso agdt-agdtdm
O^. Wowdydt p
pccmydiot i
iccludrfd
Fcmafrdj (2 fcmcrdso)
O^..
O^ Xc
Xcmf
mfid
id`o
`odm
dm pal
pald-
d-pa
pald
ld nom
nomfs
fsoo Icsc
Icsced
edtd
tdm
m
4. Xcrscpso kdm pcjcloedr
pcjcloedrddm
ddm Icscedtdm
Icscedtdm00 pdsocm
pdsocm tokdi tcrldlu eokup gcrsoe kdm scedt
scedt
7. Xa
Xald
ld mutro
mutroso
so kd
kdm
m jctd
jctdgal
galob
ob

d. Rcgc
Rcgclluj sdiot
 Gcrrdt gd
Gc gdkd
kdmm 0 ;>bj [omf
[omffo
fo Gdkd
Gdkdm
m0 43
433
3 bj LLD0
LLD0

 Jdidm
 Nrciucmso 0 2 Ö/edro
 @cmos jdidmdm0 mdso 0 sdyur kdm gude-gudedm

 _dmf kosuido 0 mdso farcmf

 _d
_dmf
mf tokd
kdi
i kos
kosui
uido
do 0 ukd
ukdmf
mf
 Xdmtdmfdm 0 tokdi dkd pdmtdmfdm
 Dlcrfo 0 tokdi dkd dlcrfo

  Md
 Mdns
nsu
u jdid
jdidm
m 0 tokdi
okdi dkd
dkd mdps
mdpsu
u jdid
jdidm
m 4 edro
edro sc
scgc
gclu
luj
j sd
sdio
iott
 Jomuj
 Nrciucmso 0 3 Ö/edro
 @cmos jo
jomujdm 0 ssoor p
pu
utoe, do
dor ccss kd
kdm ``u
us
 _dmf kosuido 9 dor cs
 _dmf tokdi
tokdi kosuido
kosuido 0 tokdi
tokdi dkd ydmf tokdi ko suido
suido
 Xdmtdmfdm 9 tokdi dkd pdmtdmfdm

78

 
  Dlcrfo 0 tokdi dkd dlcrfo
 g. Xcru
Xcrugd
gded
edm
m sc
sctc
tcld
lde
e sd
sdio
iot0
t0

 GG sddt sdiot 0;2 if, pcrugdedm GG 0 2 if

 @cmos
mos koc
koct0 9 [o
[okd dk
dkd ko
koct yd
ydmf ko
ko pr
prafrdji
djidm

  Mdns
 Mdnsu
u jdid
jdidm
m 0 mdps
mdpsu
u jdid
jdidm
m jcmu
jcmuru
rum
m

 Iclued
Icluedm
m judl
judl jumtd
jumtde
e 0 pdsocm
pdsocm jcmfc
jcmfclue
lue dkd
dkd judl
judl kdm
kdm jumtde
jumtde

 Xarso jdidm 0 4 poromf tokdi ko edgosidm

 Omtd
Omtdic
ic bd
bdor
ordm
dm00 0 jom
jomuj
uj 2 fcl
fclds
ds// edr
edroo

2. Xald
Xald cl
clojom
ojomd
dso
d. Rcg
Rcgcluj sd
sdiot
iot0

 Gudmf dor gcsdr0

 Nrciucmso00 7 Ö/edro, pcmffumddm lditdson0-

 Iamsostcmso0 lumdi 

 Idrditcr nc
ncscs0 gc
gcrwdrmd iu
iumomf GDG tc
tcrdieor0 ttddko pd
pdfo
 Wowdydt pcrkdrdedm0- ecjaraok0-
 Iamstopdso 0 - kodrc0-

 Gudmf dor icbol

 Nrciucmso 0 ; Ö/edro

 Xrakui
Xrakuiso0
so0 0 4388
4388 bb/ edro
 Vdrmd0 iumomf pcidt gdu 0 ieds
  My
 Mycr
cro/
o/rd
rdsd
sd tc
tcrg
rgdi
didr
dr/i
/ics
csul
ulot
otdm
dm GDI0
GDI0 to
tokd
kdi
i dkd
dkd jdsd
jdsdld
lde
e kdld
kdldj
j GDI 
GDI 
 Ldom-ldom-

 g. Xcru
Xcrugd
gded
edm
m sc
sctc
tcld
lde
e sd
sdio
iott


GDG00 4 x/edro
 GDI0 ;x/edro

;. Xa
Xald
ld ditono
ditonotds
tds kd
kdm
m Ldtoe
Ldtoedm
dm
d. Rcgc
Rcgclluj sdiot
Icjdjpudm pcrdwdtdm koro 8 4 7 2 ;
Jdidm/jomuj   
Jdmko   

74

[aolctomf   
Gcrpdidodm   
Jagolotds ko tcjpdt tokur    
Gcrpomkde   
 Djguldso/WAJ   
80 jdmkoro, 40 dldt gdmtu. 70 kogdmtu, 20 kogdmtu ardmf ldom kdm dldt, ;0 tcrfdmtumf tatdl
 g. Rctclde sdiot
Icjdjpudm pcrdwdtdm koro 8 4 7 2 ;
Jdidm/jomuj   
Jdmko   
[aolctomf   
Gcrpdidodm   
Jagolotds ko tcjpdt tokur    
Gcrpomkde   
Djguldso/WAJ   

80 jdmkoro, 40 dldt gdmtu. 70 kogdmtu, 20 kogdmtu ardmf ldom kdm dldt, ;0 tcrfdmtumf tatdl

3. Xald
Xald tokur
tokur kdm ostord
ostorded
edtt
d. Rcgc
Rcgclluj sdiot
diot

 Vditu tokur0 jdldj edro 0

 Ldjd tokur0 5 `dj

 Icgodsddm scgcluj tokur0 gcrjdom ep

 Icsulotdm kdldj tokur0 tokdi gosde tokur sodmf

 g. Xcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0
b. Vditu tokur0 jdldj kdm sodmf 0
k. Ld
Ldjd
jd toku
tokur0
r0 5 `d
`dj
j
c. Icgods
Icgodsddm
ddm scgclu
scgcluj
j tokur
tokur00 gcrjd
gcrjdom
om ep
ep
n. Icsulo
Icsulotdm
tdm kdldj
kdldj toku
tokur0
r0 mycro
mycro pdkd
pdkd lutu
lututt
>. Xald
Xald pcr
pcrsc
scps
psud
udll
d. Rcgc
Rcgclluj sdiot
diot

 Xcmfloedtdm
 Numso pcmfloedtdm 0 tokdi dkd fdmffudm pcmfloedtdm

, ^AK0 ^AR

77

 Ldpdmf pdmkdmf0-

 Fdmffudm numfso0-

 Xcmkcmfdrdm
 Numfso pcmkcmfdrdm0 tclomfd ioro0 tcrkcmfdr gdoi, tclomfd idmdm0

tcrkcmfdr gdoi 
 Icldomdm numfso-
  Xcmboujdm
 Numfso pcmboujdm0 tokdi dkd fdmffudm numfso pcmboujdm

 Icldomdm numfso-

 Xcmfcbdpdm
 Numfso pcmfcbdpdm0 tokdi dkd fdmffudm numfso pcmfcbdpdm

 Icldomdm numfso0-

 Xcrdgddm
 Numfso pcrdgddm0 tokdi dkd fdmffudm numfso pcrdgddj

 Icldomdm numfso0-

 g. Xcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0 tokdi dkd fdmffudm pald pcrscpsudl sctclde sdiot

6. Xald
Xald pc
pcrs
rscp
cpso
so koro
koro
d. Rcgc
Rcgclluj sdiot
diot

 Xdmkdmfdm ilocm tcmtdmf pcmydiotmyd0 ilocm jcjoioridm gdewd koromyd

 gdoi-gdoi sd`d
 Iamscp koro
4. Fdjgdrdm
Fdjgdrdm koro0
koro0 ilocm
ilocm jcmfdmtd
jcmfdmtdidm
idm gcrsyuiur
gcrsyuiur didm
didm koromyd
koromyd sddt omo
7. Okcmtotds
Okcmtotds koro0
koro0 ilocm
ilocm jcmfdtdid
jcmfdtdidm
m od jdsoe
jdsoe gcrdkd
gcrdkd kcmfdm ardmf
ardmf tud
ydmf lcmfidp
2. Xcrdm0
Xcrdm0 ilocm
ilocm dkdl
dkdlde
de dmdi
dmdi pcrtdj
pcrtdjdd

;. Edrfd koro0 ilocm jcmfdmffdp

jcmfdmffdp gdewd koromyd
koromyd gcredrf
gcredrfdd
3. Okcdl koro0 ilocm jcmfdtdidm
jcmfdtdidm koromyd
koromyd iurdmf gcralderdfd
gcralderdfd

 Icdkddm cjasoamdl pdsocm0 ilocm jcmfdtdidm koromyd jdjpu jcmfamtral

icdkddm cjasoamdl

 Ldom-ldom

72

 g. pcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0ilocm jcmfdtdidm sctclde sdiot iamscp koromyd

tctdp sdjd tokdi dkd ydmf gcrugde
5. pald
pald scisud
scisudlo
lotds
tds kd
kdm
m rcpra
rcprakui
kuiso
so
d. sc
scgc
gclluj sdio
diot
 eugumfdm scisudl0 -
 fdmffudm eugumfdm scisudl
() ncrtolotds
() logoka

() crciso
()ldom-ldom
  g. pcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0
?. pa
pald
ld pcrd
pcrdm
meeug
ugum
umfd
fdm
m
d. sc
scgc
gclluj sdio
diot
 iajumoidso0 ilocm gcriajumoidso kcmfdm gdoi 

 eugumfdm kcmfdm ardmf ldom 0 ilocm jcmfdtdidm scldlu gcrsasodlosdso

kcmfdm ardmf ldom
 kuiumfdm icludrfd0 icludtfd ilocm scldlu jcmkuiumf dpd ydmf ko dldjo
ilocm
 kuiumfdm tcjdm/ iclajpai/ jdsydrdidt0 ilocm scldlu jcmkdpdt kuiumfdm
kdro ardmf-ardmf sciotdr 
 iamnloi tcredkdp pcrdm/moldo0 tokdi dkd iamnloi 

 ldom-ldom0-
 g. pcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0 ilocm jcmfdtdidm sctclde sdiot tokdi dkd pcrugdedm
 pald pcrdm eugumfdm kcmfdm ardmf ldom
48. pald jdmd`cjcm
jdmd`cjcm iapomf
iapomf -strcs
-strcs
d. scgcluj sdiot
   pcmfdjgoldm icputusdm0 ilocm jdjp jcmfdjgol icputusdm scbdrd jdmkoro

  ydmf kosuido tcmtdmf koro scmkoro0 scldlu gcrgdur kcmfdm ardmf ldom
  ydmf omfom korugde kdro iceokupdm0 jcm`dko lcgoe gdoi ldfo

7;

 
ydmf koldiuidm `oid strcss0 ilocm jcmfdtdidm `oid strcss ydmf ko ldiuidm
ilocm gcralderdfd kdm `dldm-`dldm
  ldom-ldom
g.  pcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0 pcrugedm sctclde sdiot `oid strcss edmyd gcrkad kdm
jcmkcmfdridm jusoi 
44. systcj moldo
moldo kdm icydiomdm
icydiomdm
d. sc
scgc
gclluj sdio
diot
 icydiomdm kdm pcmfudsddm iceokupdm0 -

 sujgcr iciudtdm sddt sdiot0 Icludrfd


rotudl icdfdjddm ydmf scromf koldiuidm0 gcrogdkde
 g. pcrugdedm sctclde sdiot0 [okdi dkd pcrugdedm sctclde sdiot

^. XCJCWOIRDDM NO
NOROI  
 4. Icsced
Icscedtdm
tdm ujuj0
ujuj0 Ydso
Ydsocm
cm tdjpdi
tdjpdi sdiot
sdiot sckdmf
sckdmf
FBR 0 C; ^3 J> moldo FBR0 43
7. [dmkd votdl
votdl [K0 478/?8 jjEf,Mdko0
jjEf,Mdko0 55Ö/jcmot,sueu0 26,6 ab,WW0 45 Ö/jcmot
55Ö/jcmot,sueu0
2. Icpdld0
Omspciso0tcrloedt gcrsoe, tokdi dkd lcso, rdjgut gcrwdrmd eotdj

Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd mycro tcidm kdm tokdi dkd pcjgcmfididm

;. Jdtd
Omspciso0 jdtd sojctros, pcmfloedtdm gdoi, iam`umftovd dmcjos
Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd mtcro tcidm
3. [clomfd
Omspciso0 tcrloedt sojctros, tokdi dkd scbrct
Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd palop, tokdi dkd gcm`aldm kdm tokdi dkd mycro tcidm
>. Eokumf
Omspciso0 Eokumf sojctros, tokdi dkd lcso, tokdi dkd scbrct, tcrkdpdt gulu edlus
Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd gcm`aldm kdm tokdi dkd mycro tcidm
6. Julu
Julutt kd
kdm
m ttcm
cmffa
ffara
raid
idm
m

73

Omspciso0 fofo tcrloedt gcrsoe,lokde gcrwdrmd jcrde jukde, tcmffaraiidm

 gcrwdrmd jcrde jukde, tokdi tcrloedt gcm`aldm, tokdi dkd tdmkd-tdmkd rdkdmf,
tokdi dkd sdrodwdm
Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd gcm`aldm kkdm mycro tcidm
5. Kdkd
Omspciso0 kdkd tcrloedt sojctros, tcrkdpdt kud pdyukdrd
Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd gcm`aldm kdm mycro tcidm
Xcriuso0 tokdi dkd gcm`aldm
Dusiultdso0 tcrkcmfdr gumyo `dmtumf kdm pdru-pdru, tokdi dkd sudrd mdpds
tdjgdedm

?. Dgkajcm
Omspciso0 tcrloedt sojctros,tokdi dkd lcso
Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd gcm`aldm kdm mycro tcidm
Xcriuso0 tyjpdmo
Dusiultdso0 tcrkcmfdr sudrd gosomf usus, 47x/jcmot
48. Fcmctdl
Fcmctdlod
od
Omspciso0 tcrloedt gcrsoe, tokdi dkd bdordm
 Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd mycro tcidm
44. Cistrcjiot
Cistrcjiotds
ds

Omspciso 0 tcrloedt sojctros

Xdlpdso0 tokdi dkd lcso, mycro tcidm kdm gcm`aldm

^O. Xcjcroisddm pc
pcmum`dmf
@cmos pcjcroisddm Edsol Moldo Marjdl Icsojpuldm
Mcutrapeol 48,2x488/l 4388-5.888 [okdi marjdl
LCK >7jj/`dj 8-43 jj/`dj [okdi marjdl
Bajplcjcm rcdbtovc 28 jf/l <3 jf/L [okdi marjdl
pratcom

^OO. pcmfagdtdm
Mdjd agdt Kasos Bdrd pcjgcrodm omkoidso iamtrdomkoidso
Rcnt
Rcntro
rodx
dxam
amcc 38
388
8 jf Omtr
Omtrdv
dvcm
cmdd Smtu
Smtuii jcmf
jcmfdt
dtds
dsoo Xd
Xdkd
kd ar
ardm
dmf
f

7>

 gditcro frdj rowdydt

mcfdtovc jdupum eopcrscmsotovotds
frdj pasoton 

G. DMDL
DMDLOR
ORD
D KD[D
KD[D
Ma Kdtd pdsocm Xcmycgdg Jdsdlde
4 Ks0 Xdsocm jcmfclue mycro pdkd Dfcm pcmbckcrd nosoi Mycro diut
lutut ior 
X 0 Mycro lutut diogdt tcrgcmtur
todmf fdwdmf sddt gcrjdom

 gald.
T 0 mycro ydmf ko rdsdidm sdiot
W 0 mycro ydmf ko rdsdidm
 gcrnaius ppdkd sdtu tcjpdt
sd`d
R 0 Ridld Mycro 6(4-48)
[ 0 Mycro ydmf ko rdsdidm tcrus-
jcmcrus
KA0 pdsocm tdjpdt sdiot sckdmf
 [[^ 0
- [K 0 478/?8
Jjef
-  M 0 55 x/j
- WW 0 45 x/j
- R 0 26,6ℂ 
7 KR 0 pdsocm jcmfclue judl , Ndbtar psoialafos Kcnobot mutroso
jumtde kdm tokdi dkd mdpsu
jdidm
KA 0 Xdsocm tdjpdi sdiot sckdmf
,

76

B. KODF
KODFMA
MARD
RD
4. Mycr
Mycroo di
diut
ut gc
gcre
reug
ugum
umfd
fdm
m kc
kcmf
mfdm
dm df
dfcm
cm pc
pcmb
mbck
ckcr
crdd no
noso
soi
i ko td
tdmk
mkdo
do kc
kcmf
mfdm
dm pd
pdso
socm
cm

jcmfclue mycro, tdjpdi sdiot sckdmf , sidld mycro 6

7. Kwnosot
Kwnosot mutroso
mutroso gcreugumfd
gcreugumfdm
m kcmfdm ndbtar
ndbtar psoialafo
psoialafoss ko tdmkdo
tdmkdo kcmfdm judl
judl jumtde
jumtde
kdm tokdi dkd mdpsu jdidm
K. OM[C
OM[CW^
W^CM
CMRO
RO
Ma Kodfmasc RLIO ROIO WDROAMDL
4  Mycro diut g.k Rctclde ko ldiuidm Jdmd`cjcm mycro - Kcmfdm
dfcm pcmbckcrd tomkdidm icpcrdwdtdm 4. Agscrv
Agscrvdso
dso jcfokcmtonoidso
nosoi k.k pdsocm scldjd 7x 7; `dj - Okcmtonoidso laidso, kdpdt jcjgdmtu
jcmfclue mycro, jdid ko edrdpidm nrciucmso,  pcrdwdt umtui
tdjpdi sdiot  Mycro diut jcurum idrditcrostoi,kurdso,  gcrnaius pdkd
sckdmf, sidld kcmfdm irotcrod edsol0 iudlotds, omtcmsotds  pcmycgdg mycro
mycro 6 - Icluedm mycro mycro kdm jdmd`cjcmmyd
jcmurum (3) - Okcmtonoidso sidld - Kcmfdm
- Jumtde jcmurum mycro jcmfctdeuo sidld
(3) mycro ilocm kdpdt
- Judl jcmurum (3) jcjgdmtu pcrdwdt
-  Mdnsu jdidm umtui jcmfctdeuo
jcjgdoi (3) 7. [crd
[crdpcu
pcutoi 
toi  tomfidt mycro ilocm
- Ndsolotdso ostordedt - Jcjgdmtu pdsocm

kdm tokur umtui tugue

jcmkdpdtidm
2. Ckui
Ckuids
dsoo ostredt ydmf buiup
 - D`dridm tcimoi - Kdpdt jcjgdmtu
mamndrjdialafos ilocm lcgoe gdoi,
umtui jcmfurdmfo lcgoe rolcois, kdm
rdsd mycro kdpdt jclupdidm
;. Ialdgar
Ialdgardso
dso mycro
Ialdgardso - Xcjgcrodm

 pcjgcrodm dmdlfctoi kdpdt

75

dmdlfctoi jcjglai mycro

 pdkd susumdm sdrdn
 pusdt

7 Kcnobot mutroso Rtdtus mutroso Jdmd`cjcm mutroso - Smtui jcmfctdeuo

 g.k ndbtar Rctclde ko ldiuidm 4. Agsc
Agscrv
rvds
dsoo stdtus mutroso ilocm
 psoialafos k.k tomkdidm icpcrdwdtdm - Okcmtonoidso sceomffd kdpdt
judl, jumtde scldj 7x7; `dj jdid stdtus mutroso jcmcmtuidm
kdm tokdi dkd ko edrdpidm sdtus omtcrvcmso ydmf ko
mdpsu jdidm mutroso jcjgdoi  gcroidm
kcmfdm irotcrod edsol0 - Okcmtonoidso - @oid jdidmdm ydmf
- Xarso jdidm jdidmdm ydmf ko ko suido pdsocm
ydmf ko suido kdpdt kojdsuidm
edgosidm kdldj pcrcmbdmddm
jcmomfidt (3) jdidm, jdid kdpdt
- Gcrdt gdkdm jcmomfidtidm mdnsu
jcjgdoi (3) jdidm pdsocm
-  Mdnsu jdidm - Jamotar gcrdt - Jcmfctdeuo dkdmyd
jcjgdoi (3)  gdkdm  pcmurumdm dtdu
icmdoidm gcrdt
7. [crdpc
pcu
utoi   gdkdm
- Gcroidm - Jcmomfidtidm
suplcjcm mdnsu jdidm
jdidmdm
2. Ckuidso
- D`dridm koct - Jcjomojdlidm
ydmf ko dmarcisod kdm judl
 prafrdjidm sceugumfdm kcmfdm
 ;. Ial
Ialdgar
dgards
dsoo stdtus urcjoi 
- Ialdgardso - Smtui jcmfctdeuo
kcmfdm delo fozo koct dpd ydmf tcadt

7?

umtui umtui pdsocm

jcmcmtuidm
mujglde idlaro
kdm `cmos mutrocmt
ydmf kogutueidm.

C. OJXL
OJXLCJ
CJCM
CM[D
[DRO
RO
Ma Edro/td
Edro/tdmff
mffdl
dl Kodfma
Kodfmasc
sc @dj Ojplcj
Ojplcjcmtd
cmtdso
so
4 Wdgu,77/8?/7  Mycro diut g.k 85.88 - Jcmfokcmtonoidso laidso, nrciucmso,
874 dfcm pcmbckcrd idrditcrostoi,kurdso, iudlotds, omtcmsotds
nosoi k.k pdsocm mycro
jcmfclue 85.87 - Jcmfokcmtonoidso sidld mycro
mycro, tdjpdi 85.82 - Jcjndsolotdso ostordedt kdm tokur
sdiot sckdmf, - Jcmfd`dridm tcimoi mamndrjdialafos
sidld mycro 6 85.83 umtui jcmfurdmfo rdsd mycro
85.86 - Jcmfialdgardso pcjgcrodm dmdlfctoi 

7 Wdgu, Kcnobot mutroso 85. 43 - Jcmfokcmtonoidso stdtus mutroso

77/8?/7874  g.k ndbtar 85.46 - Jcmfokcmtonoidso jdidmdm ydmf ko
 psoialafos k.k suido
judl, jumtde 85.78 - Jcjaamotar gcrdt gdkdm
kdm tokdi dkd 85.73 - jcjgcroidm suplcjcm jdidmdm
mdpsu jdidm 85.28 - jcmd`dridm koct ydmf ko prafrdjidm

- Jcmfialdgardso kcmfdm delo fozo umtui 

85.;3 jcmcmtuidm mujglde idlaro kdm `cmos
mutrocmt ydmf kogutueidm.
85.38
85.33
8?.88

N. C^DLSDRO
 28

Ma Kodfma
fmasd Edro/t @dj Bdtdtdm pcricjgdmfdm Xdrdn  
dmffdl
4  Mycro diut g.k Wdgu, 44.88 R 0 Xdsocm jccmfdtdidm Mycro ydmf
dfcm pcmbckcrd 77/8?/ ko rdsdidm sukde Iurdmf jcjgdoi,
nosoi k.k pdsocm 7874 sidld Mycro 3

jcmfclue mycro,
tdjpdi sdiot 44.83 A 0 Xdsocm [djpdi tokdi tcrloedt
sckdmf, sidld jcmdedm sdiot
mycro 6 [[^ 0 [K 0 48/58, M 0 5> x/j. R0
2>,3ℂ ,WW  0 78 x/j

D 0 Jdsdlde Gcluj [crdtdso

X 0 Omtcrvcmso Ko Ldm`utidm

7 Kcnobot mutroso Wdgu, 44

44.48
.48 R 0 Xdsoc
Xdsocm
m Jcmf
Jcmfdt
dtdid
didm
m gcl
gcluj
uj dk
dkdd
 g.k ndbtar 77/8?/ mdnsu jdidm , Judl (-), Jumtde (-)
 psoialafos k.k 7874
judl, jumtde A 0 Xdsocm [djpdi Lcjde
kdm tokdi dkd
mdpsu jdidm D 0 Jdsdlde Gcluj [crdtdso

X 0 Omtcrvcmso ko ldm`utidm
2  Mycro diut g.k Idjos 48
48.88
.88 R 0 Xdsoc
Xdsocm
m jcm
jcmfdt
fdtdi
didm
dm Mycr
Mycroo ttok
okdi
di

dfcm pcmbckcrd , Ldfo ko rdsdidm

nosoi k.k pdsocm 7;/8?/
jcmfclue mycro, 7874 A 0 Xdsocm tdjpdi tokdi jcmedm sdiot
tdjpdi sdiot ldfo
sckdmf, sidld
mycro 6 D 0 Jdsdlde tcrdtdso

X 0 Omtcrvcmso Ko Ecmtoidm

24
 

7 Kcnobot mutroso Idjos 48

48.78
.78 R 0 Xdsoc
Xdsocm
m jcm
jcmfdt
fdtdi
didm
dm Mdn
Mdnsu
su jdidm
jdidm
 g.k ndbtar ,7;/8?/ sukde jcjgdoi 
 psoialafos k.k 7874
judl, jumtde A0 Xdsocm tdjpdi scfdr
kdm tokdi dkd [[^ 9 [K 0 478/58, M 0 56 x/j, R0
mdpsu jdidm 2>,3 ℂ , WW 0 77 x/j

D 0 Jdsdlde [crdtdso

X 0 Omtcrvcmso Ko ecmtoidm

GDG O^
XCMS[SX
D. ICROJXSLDM
Omnciso dkdlde sdlde sdtu pcmydiot ydmf jdsoe scromf tcr`dko ko kumod. Rdlde sdtu
 pcmydiot omnciso ydmf jcmfcmdo tuldmf dkdlde astcajoclotos. Astcajoclotos ujujmyd
koscgdg
koscgdgidm
idm alce
alce gditcro
gditcro,, mdjum
mdjum `djur
`djur kdm vorus
vorus `ufd
`ufd gosd
gosd jcm`dk
jcm`dkoo pcmycgd
pcmycgdgmy
gmyd.
d.
Astcaj
Ast cajocl
ocloto
otoss kdpdt
kdpdt jcmfcm
jcmfcmdo do tuldmf-
tuldmf-tul
tuldmf
dmf pdm`dm
pdm`dmf,
f, vcr
vcrtcg
tcgrd,
rd,tul
tuldmf
dmf pclvob
pclvob,, tul
tuldmf
dmf
tcmf
tcmfia
iard
rdi
i kdm jdmko
jdmkogu
guldld jcru
jcrupd
pdidm
idm tuld
tuldmf
mf yd
ydmf
mf pd
pdlo
lomf
mf gcgcrc
rcso
soia
ia umtui
umtui tctcri
ricm
cmdd

27

 
 astcajolotos idrcmd jcrupdidm tuldmf ydmf gdmydi vdsiuldrosdsomyd. Astcajlotos gosde
jcmfcmdo scjud usod tctdpo ujujmyd jcmfcmdo dmdi-dmdi kdm ardmf tud.
Astc
As tcaj
ajol
olot
otos
os ujuj
ujujmyd
myd kosc
koscgdg
gdgid
idmm al alce
ce gd
gdit
itcr
cro,
o, ko
kodm
dmtd
tdrd
rdmy
mydd kd
kdro
ro sp
spcb
cboc
ocss
stdp
stdpey
eylalaba
babb
bbus
us kdkdm m st
stcr
crta
tabb
bbus
us.. Astc
Astcaj
ajlo
loto
toss ujuj
ujujmy
mydd kokogd
gdfo
fo Jcm`
Jcm`dk
dkoo 7 ydydot
otu
u
Astcajoclo
Astca joclotos
tos projcr
projcr pcmycgdrdmmyd
pcmycgdrdmmyd scbdrd
scbdrd ecjdtafcm
ecjdtafcm kojdmd
kojdmd joiraarfdmo
joiraarfdmosjc
sjc gcrdsdl
gcrdsdl
kdro nabus kotcjpdt ldom kdm gcrckdr jcldluo soriuldso kdrde kdm Astcajoclotos sciumkcr (a
stcajoclotospcrbamtomoutdtuj), tcr`dko diogdt pcmycgdrdm iujdm kdm sciotdrmyd diogdt kdro
 gosul, luid nrditur kdm scgdfdomyd. Jdmoncstdso ilomos tcrfdmtumf pdkd ctoalafo kdm laidso
tuldmf ydmf bckcrd, kdpdt gcricjgdmf scbdrd prafrcson dtdu bcpdt. Omnciso ecjdtafcm
diut, scromf tcr`dko kcmfdm jdmoncstdso ilomos scptoicjod ydotu jcmffofol, kcjdj tomffo,
kcmyut mdko bcpdt kdm jdldoscujuj sckdmfidm fc`dld laidl ydmf tcr`dko gcrupd rdsd
mycroo tcidm,
mycr tcidm, gcmfidi
gcmfidi kdm icsulo
icsulotdm
tdm jcmffcr
jcmffcrdiid
diidm
m dmffatd
dmffatd tugue
tugue ydmf
ydmf sdiot.
sdiot. Ilocm
Ilocm
jcmf
jc mffd
fdjg
jgdr
drid
idm
m mycro
mycro ia
iams
mstd
tdm
m gcgcrk
rkcmy
cmyut
ut,, sc
scjd
jdio
iom
m mycro
mycro gogold
ld ko
kofc
fcrd
rdii
iidm
dm,, kd
kdmm
 gcreugumfdm kcmfdm tcidmdm pus ydmf tcriujpul.
Dkdpum iamscp tcaro ydmf kotdjpolidm kdm kdpdt jcm`dko iamscp umtui dsuedm
icpcrdwdtdm idsus pdkd [m.s ydmf jcmfdldjo Mycro pdkd Lutut ioro ydmf tcr`dko diogdt
tcricmd todmf fdwdmf , jdid jdedsoswd jcldiuidm Dsuedm icpcrdwdtdm pdkd [m.R .
 pdkd Idsus [m.R Xcmulos jcmkdpdtidm kud kodfmasd icpcrdwdtdm ydotu pcrcmbdmddm
umtui
umtui kodfma
kodfmasc
sc pcrtdj
pcrtdjdd Mycro
Mycro diu gcreugu
gcreugumfdm
mfdm kcmfdm
kcmfdm dfcm
dfcm pcmbckc
pcmbckcrdrd nos
nosoi
oi kdm
 pcrcmbdmddm kodfmasc ydmf ickud Kcnosot Mutroso gcreugumfdm kcmfdm ndbtar psoialafos.

G. RDWDM
Rctc
Rctcld
ldee jcmy
jcmyususum
um jdid
jdidld
lde
e omo
omo koed
koedrd
rdpi
pidm
dm umtuumtui
i bd
bdla
lam
m Xc
Xcrd
rdwd
wdtt umtu
umtuii lc
lcgo
goe
e
Jcmomf
Jcm omfidt
idtidm
idm Olju
Olju tctdmf
tctdmf pcmydio
pcmydiott astcaj
astcajolo
oloto
toss , kdm Rcjafd
Rcjafd jdidld
jdidldee omo jcm`dk
jcm`dkoo
 pckajdm gdfo pcjgdbd scgdfdo bdlam pcrdwdt ydmf Jcmfcr`didm tufds dsuedm
icpcrdwdtdm tcmtdmf pcmydiot astcajolotos.

KDN[DW XSR[DID
Jdms`acr, Dron.7888. Idpotd Rclcitd Ickaitcrdm, @didrtd9 Jckod Dcsbuldpous
Grummcr & Rukkdrte. 7887. Guiu
7887. Guiu D`dr icpcrdwtdm jckoidl gckde, ckoso 5 val 2.
2. @didrtd0 CFB
Barwom, Clozdgcte @. 788?. Xdtanosoalafo0
788?. Xdtanosoalafo0 Guiu sdiu.
sdiu. @didrtd0 CFB.

22

Flarod J. Gulcbeci, Eawdrk I. Gutbecr,

Gutbecr, @admmc J. Kabetcrjdm & Becryl J.
J. Vdfmcr. 7842.
 Mursomf Omtcrvcmtoams Bldssonobdtoam
Bldssonobdtoam (MOB) Roxte Ckotoam. Jasgy0
Ckotoam. Jasgy0 Smotck Rtdtcs an
Djcrobd.
 @aemsam, J., ct dll. 7888.
dll. 7888. Mursomf
 Mursomf Autbajcs Bldssonobdtoam (MAB) Rcbamk Ckotoam.
Ckotoam. Mcw @crscy0
Sppcr Rdkklc Wovcr
 Mdmkd Omtcrmdtoamdl. 7842. Kodfmasos
7842. Kodfmasos Icpcrdwdtdm Kcnomoso kdm Ildsonoidso 7847-784;. @didrtd0
CFB.

Rlamc, Ctecl. 788;.

788;. Dmdtajo kdm Nosoalafo.
Nosoalafo . @didrtd 0 CFB.
Rjcltzcr & Gdrc. 7887. Icpcrdwdtdm
7887. Icpcrdwdtdm Jckoidl Gckde OO . @didrtd0 CFB
Rurdtum., kii. 7885. Ilocm
7885. Ilocm Kcmfdm Rostcj Jusialasiclctdl0 Rcro Dsuedm Icpcrdwdtdm.
Icpcrdwdtdm. @didrtd0
CFB.
Voliomsam, @ukote J. 788>. Guiu
788>. Guiu Rdiu Kodfmasos Icpcrdwdtdm, ckoso 6 . CFB 0 @didrtd.
sdbekcvd,4??>, Edl ?7 kdm s`djsueokdydt , 4??6,4774)

Narjdt pcmoldodm 0

Narjdt pcmoldodm Lcjgdr tufds Jdmkoro (L[J)

 Mdjd jdedsoswd 0
[apoi  0
[dmffdl pcmfujpuldm tufds 0

2;

Iajpamcm Gagat Moldo Iajcmtdr

Ma

4 Iamtcm oso L[J0 38


 Osu jdsdlde ydmf didm kogdeds

 @dwdgdm dtds pcrtdmyddm tufds


  Jcmffumdidm tcaro ydmf tcpdt

7 Xcmfarfdmosdsodm pcmulosdm 78

 Dlur pcmulosdm jukde kopdedjo


 Ictcridotdm dmtdrd tcjd

2 Narjdt pcmulosdm 43

 Bdrd pcmulosdm (DXD Rtylc)


 C`ddm /idokde pcmulosdm

; Wcncrcmso 48
@ujlde kdm `cmos rcncrcmso (guiu
wd`og kdm `urmdl)

3 Vditu pcmfujpuldm 0 jdisojdl ; 3

edro sctclde scso sclcsdo

[atdl

[dmffdl iarciso 0

Ndsolotdtar 0

23

 
 Narjdt pcmoldodm Jdidlde

Ma Iajpamcm Gagat Moldo Iajcmtdr

2>

4 Iamtcm oso jdidlde 0 38


 @ukul jdidlde

 omtrakubtoam

 @dwdgdm dtds pcrtdmyddm jdidlde

 Jcmffumdidm tcaro ydmf tcpdt

7 Xcmfarfdmosdsodm pcmulosdm 78

 Dlur pcmulosdm jukde kopdedjo


 Ictcridotdm dmtdrd tcjd

2 Narjdt pcmulosdm 43

 Bdrd pcmulosdm (DXD Rtylc)


 C`ddm /idokde pcmulosdm
 ; Wcncrcmso 48
@ujlde kdm `cmos rcncrcmso (guiu
wd`og kdm `urmdl)

3 Vditu pcmfujpuldm 0 jdisojdl ; 3

edro sctclde scso sclcsdo

[atdl

 M d j d jd edsos
edsos wd 0

4………………………………. [dm f fdl iarciso 0 … … … … … … …

7………………………………. Cvdludtar 0 … … … … … … … … … .

2…………………………….... Xdrdn 0…………………………..

;………………………………..

3……………………………….

26

>…………………………………
 Narjdt pcmoldodm Xrcscmtdso kdm Edm Aut

Iclds 0
Iclajpai 0 Edro tdmffdl 0

25

(pcrdm mdjd) Mdjd (pcrdm mdjd)

4………………………………….. ;……………………………………
7…………………………………. 3……………………………………
2…………………………………. >……………………………………..

I 
a
j
cm
td
Iajpamcm Gagat Moldo r

jcjprcsodpidm prccmtdso 3
kcmfdm gdoi 

[u`u
[u`udm
dm prcs
prcscm
cmtd
tdso
so koic
koicju
juid
idid
idm
m kcm
kcmfd
fdm
m 3

Edm aut 0 73

 Ictcpdtdm pcjoloedm kcsdom kdm

fdjgdr 

 Rdtu omnarjdso kdldj sdtu slokc
 
 Oso scsuoj kcmfdm tu`udm

Xcmyd`o, JB kdm pcm`dwdg 43

jcmyojpulidm iamscp /omnarjdso ydmf
tclde kosdjpdoidm scgcluj jcmyd`oidm
iamscp ydmf gdru

Xcmyd`o
d`o kdm
kdm JB jcm
jcmk
karamf umtu
mtui 43
kosiuso kcmfdm gdoi 

Xcjgdfodm wditu kodtur kcmfdm gdoi 48

2?

Jcjdi
cjdido
do jckod
ckod kdm
kdm jct
jctak
akcc prc
prcsscm
cmttds
dsoo 48

kcmfdm tcpdt
jdsdldescldjd   prcscmtdso 43
kokosiusoidm/ korcspam/ko`dwdg scbdrd

[atdl