BIULWID UCDMIASBSID FCUCWI^I]ID UCWKLUCWI]K@

UIXKCD MCDNID LMLD]CF]LJK  
MK FIJIW GCMIA WSJIA XIFK] XSIFI KDXID
GIDOIWJIXKD

 WCBI]CM BCIWDKDN CQUCWKCDHC

CQUCWKCDHC (WBC) KP

MK XSXSD LBCA

DIJI ? ]WK XSXID]L

DKJ ? 998508H9915=5

UWLNWIJ X]SMK XIWOIDI FCUCWI^I]ID

XCFLBIA ]KDNNK KBJS FCXCAI]ID XSIFI KDXID GIDOIWJIXKD
7575-7579
 

BCJGIW UCWXC]SOSID UCWXCU]LW 

Bi
Bipl
plri
rid
d Uc
Ucdmi
dmiau
aubu
buid
id Fcpcr
Fcpcriw
iwit
itid
id Uc
Ucrk
rklp
lpcr
crit
itk`
k` mc
mcdni
dnid
d Lmldtcftljk
Lmldtcftljk   mk

Fijir Gcmia Wujia Xifkt Xuifi Kdsid Gidoirjiskd mksusud lbca ]rk Xusidtl, DKJ

99
99850
8508H
8H991
9915=
5=5.
5. Bi
Biplr
plrid
id Ucdmi
Ucdmiaub
aubui
uid
d kdk
kdk tc
tcbi
bia
a mk
mkpc
pcrk
rkfs
fsii mi
mid
d mk
mksc
sctu
tuou
oukk lb
lbca
ca

Urcscptlr

Ifimcjkf mid Urcscptlr Fbkdkf.

Gidoirjiskd, 57 Mcscjgcr 7579

Urcscptlr Ifimcjkf 

Lftlvkd, J. Fcp

Urcscptlr Fbkdkf 

Wlncr Furdki @ioir, X. Fcp, Dcrs

Jcdnctiauk
Fiprlmk Xiroidi Fcpcriwitid mid Url`csk Dcrs X]KFCX Xuifi
Xu ifi Kdsid Gidoirjiskd

Xr. Jirnirctai Jirtkdk, XUH, GXD, JXD

 

MI@]IW KXK

MI@]IW KXK.................................................................................................................8

GIG K.............................................................................................................................=
UCDMIASBSID.........................................................................................................=
I. Bitir Gcbifidn.....
Gcbifidn............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
..............=
........=
GIG KK...........................................................................................................................0
FLDXCU ]CLWK]KX.....................................................................................................0
I. Mc`kdk
Mc`kdksk
sk Lmldtcf
Lmldtcftlj
tljk..
k......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
........
..........
..........
.........
........0
....0
G. Ctklbl
Ctklblnk
nk Lmldtcf
Lmldtcftlj
tljk..
k......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
........
..........
..........
.........
........>
....>
H. ]idmi
]idmi mid Ncoibi
Ncoibi Lmldtcft
Lmldtcftljk
ljk...
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
........
.........
.........1
....1
M. Ucjcrk
Ucjcrkfsi
fsiid
id Ucdudo
Ucdudoidn
idn Lmldtcf
Lmldtcftlj
tljk..
k.....
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
........
.........1
....1
C. Uitl`k
Uitl`kskl
sklbln
blnkk Lmldtc
Lmldtcftl
ftljk.
jk....
......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
........;
....;
@. Isuaid Fcpcriwitid
Fcpcriwitid Lmldtcftljk
Lmldtcftljk.......
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
........................
...............................;
..............;
i. Ucdnfiokid...
Ucdnfiokid..........
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..........................;
...................;
 g. Mkindlsks Fcpcriwitid................................................................
Fcpcriwitid......................................................................................
........................95
..95
8. Kdtcrvcdsk
Kdtcrvcdsk Fcpcriwi
Fcpcriwitid...
tid..........
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..................95
...........95
=. Cvibuisk...
Cvibuisk..........
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.............
..............
.............
.............
..............
..............
.............
.....................
......................98
.......98
GIG KKK........................................................................................................................9=
UCDS]SU...................................................................................................................9=
I. Fcskjp
Fcskjpubi
ubid...
d......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
........
.........
........9=
....9=
G. Xirid.
Xirid.....
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
......
.......
.......
.......
.........
..........
.........
.......9=
...9=

MI@]IW USX]IFI..................................................................................................93
 

GIG K

UCDMIASBSID

I. Biti
Bitirr Gcbif
Gcbifid
idn
n

Xcguia nknk jcjkbfk jiaflti, bcacr mid ifir. Jiaflti jcdoubidn mk

itiss nusk,
iti nusk, bcacrd
bcacrdyi
yi mkfcbk
mkfcbkbkd
bkdnk
nk nus
nuskk mid ifirdy
ifirdyii gcrimi
gcrimi mkgiwi
mkgiwiadyi
adyi.. Nknk
Nknk

mkguit mirk giaid yidn sidnit fcris, yiktu mcdtkd. Mk mibij pusit strufturdyi

tcrmipit rldnni pubpi.

Lridn mcwisi jcjkbkfk 87 nknk, 90 tcrtidij mkmibij prlscs ibvclbirks

jifskbi mid 90 mk mibij jidmkgubi. [idn mkscgut nknk pcrjidcd kdk mkmiaubuk

lbca situ sct scgidyif 75 nknk mcskmui, yidn jubik judhub scfktir > gubid

sctcbia biakr mid bcdnfip pimi ujur 0-1 tiaud. Nknk kdk ifid tidnnib idtiri

ujur cdij mid tkni gcbis, mid mknidtk schiri gcridnsur lbca nknk pcrjidcd,

itiu sufscmidcus. Urlscs pcrnidtkid nknk kdk gcrbidnsudn scfktir 97 tiaud

sijipk nknk ncbknk bcdnfip, ujurdyi pimi 91 tiaud, mcdnid judhubdyi jlbir 

fctkni itiu nknk fcgkoifid (Wiaiyu, 7591).

Nknkk kjpifs
Nkn kjpifskk imibia
imibia ninibd
ninibdyi
yi crupsk
crupsk nknk
nknk pimi
pimi plsksk
plsksk `udnsk
`udnskldib
ldib

dlrjib, gcraugudnid mcdnid fcfuridnid ruidn (pimi irfus mcdtib), lgstrufsk

lbca nknk bikd itiu gcrfcjgidn mibij

m ibij plsksk yidn igdlrjib.

Nknkk kjpifs
Nkn kjpifskk mipit
mipit gcrupi
gcrupi kj
kjpifs
pifskk scburu
scburuadyi
adyi yiktu
yiktu fctkfi
fctkfi nknk
nknk

scburu
scburuady
adyii mktutu
mktutupk
pk lbca
lbca oirkdn
oirkdnid
id budif
budif mid scgink
scginkid
id itiu
itiu scpcdua
scpcduadyi
dyi
 

mktutupk lbca tubidn ibvclbus, itiu kjpifsk scginkid, fctkfi nknk ninib udtuf 

crupsk fc plsksk `udnskldib dlrjibdyi.

Xc
Xchi
hiri
ri dl
dlrj
rjib
ib,, jlbi
jlbirr fc
fctk
tkni
ni cjcr
cjcrnc
nc idtir
idtirii ujur
ujur 91
91-7
-7=
= ti
tiau
aud.8
d.8

Jcdurut Ditkldib
Jcdurut  Ditkldib Kdstktutc `lr acibta idm Hbkdkhib Cxhcbbcdhc (DKHC), 
(DKHC),  nknk

jlbi
jlbirr yi
yidn
dn jcdn
jcdnib
ibij
ijkk kjpi
kjpifs
fskk kd
kdkk gk
gkbi
bi tk
tkmi
mif
f mk
mkhi
higu
gut,
t, jifi
jifi if
ifid
id

jcdkjgubfid jisibia.

Jisi
Jisibi
bia
a yidn
yidn mktk
mktkjg
jgub
ubfid
fid im
imib
ibia
ia pc
pcru
rugi
giai
aid
d pi
pitl
tlbl
blnk
nks,
s, sc
scpc
pcrt
rtkk

kd`bijisk oirkdnid budif scfktir nknk, rcslrpsk ifir, pcdyifkt tubidn ibvclbir 

mid oirkdn
oirkdnid
id budif,
budif, fcrusi
fcrusifid
fid nknk
nknk scgcbi
scgcbiady
adyi,
i, pcr
pcrfcj
fcjgidn
gidnid
id fksti
fksti mid

tujlr,, firkcs
tujlr firkcs giafid sifkt fcpibi itiu sifkt riaidn (Xctkbki
(Xctkbki & Aifsiokwl,
Aifsiokwl,

7575).

Kdsk
Kdskmc
mcds
dskk nknk
nknk kj
kjpif
pifsk
sk tc
tcro
roimk
imk ai
aijp
jpkr
kr pi
pimi
mi sc
scbu
buru
rua
a ri
riss mk mu
mudk
dki,
i,

tcrjisuf mkidtiridyi ris Fiufiski. Aijpkr scburua nknk mipit jcdnibijk

kjpifs
kjpifsk.
k. Ucdcbk
Ucdcbktki
tkid
d jcdncd
jcdncdik
ik kdskmc
kdskmcdsk
dsk tcr
tcroim
oimkdy
kdyii nknk
nknk pcrjid
pcrjidcd
cd yidn

jcdnib
jcdnibijk
ijk kjpifs
kjpifskk jcdudo
jcdudoufi
ufid
d `rcfucd
`rcfucdsk
sk yidn
yidn tkdnnk
tkdnnk pimi nknk
nknk jlbir 
jlbir 

fctkni
fctkni jifskb
jifskbii mid jidmkg
jidmkgubi
ubi,, fcjumk
fcjumkid
id giru
giru mkkfut
mkkfutkk lbca
lbca nknk
nknk fidkdu
fidkduss

(@itkjia ct ib., 7591).

 

GIG KK

FLDXCU ]CLWK]KX

I. Mc`k
Mc`kdks
dkskk Lmld
Lmldtcf
tcftlj
tljkk

Nijgir 9.9 Kjpifsk Nknk (Wiaiyu, 7591)

Lmldt
Lmldtcf
cftl
tljk
jk im
imib
ibia
ia pc
pcdnc
dncbu
buir
irid
id it
itiu
iu pc
pcdhi
dhigu
guti
tid
d nk
nknk
nk yidn
yidn mibij
mibij

fcimiid
fcimiid tkmif
tkmif mipit
mipit gcrtuj
gcrtujgua
gua itiu
itiu nknk
nknk gcrtuj
gcrtujgua
gua scgink
scginkid
id mkjidi
mkjidi nknk
nknk

tcrscg
tcrscgut
ut tkmif
tkmif mipit
mipit mkfcbu
mkfcbuirf
irfid
id mcdnid
mcdnid hiri
hiri pcdhigu
pcdhigutid
tid mcdnid
mcdnid tidn
tidn gkisi
gkisi

jcbi
jcbikd
kdfid
fid mkiw
mkiwib
ibkk mcdni
mcdnid
d pcjgui
pcjguiti
tid
d `b
`bip
ip jufl
juflpc
pcrk
rkls
lsti
tib,
b, mk
mkkf
kfut
utkk mc
mcdni
dnid
d

 pcdnijgkbid tubidn udmcrhut yidn jcdnaibidnk pcdncbuirid nknk tcrscgut,

scakdnni mkpcrbufid pcrskipid yidn gikf mid rcdhidi lpcrisk yidn tcpit mid

 gcdir mibij jcbifufid tkdmifid gcmia pcdnidnfitid jlbir yidn tcrpcdmij,

udtuf
udtuf jcdnak
jcdnakdmi
dmirk
rk tcroim
tcroimkdy
kdyii fljpbk
fljpbkfis
fisk-f
k-fljp
ljpbkf
bkfisk
isk yidn tkmif
tkmif mkk
mkkdnk
dnkdfi
dfid
d

(Uutrk
(Uutrk Fcdhidi
Fcdhidi,, 7591).
7591). Kjpifs
Kjpifskk nknk
nknk jcrupi
jcrupifid
fid suitu
suitu fcimiid
fcimiid mkjidi
mkjidi nknk
nknk

jcdnibijk fcninibid crupsk schiri dlrjib mibij pcrtujguaid ifkgit tcraibidn

 

lbca nknk mid tubidn scfktirdyi scakdnni tkmif tcrscmkidyi ruidn yidn hufup

scakdnni jcdycgigfid jcdoimk igdlrjib itiu tkmif dlrjib (Wiaiyu, 7591).

G. Ctkl
Ctklbln
blnkk Lmldtc
Lmldtcftl
ftljk
jk

Ctklblnk nknk kjpifsk gcrjihij-jihij mkidtiridyi fcfuridnid ruidn,

fksti, nknk supcrdujcrk, kd`cfsk, triuji, idljibk mid fldmksk skstcjkf. @iftlr 

yidn pibkdn gcrpcdnirua tcraimip tcroimkdyi kjpifsk nknk imibia ufurid nknk.

Xcmidnf
Xcmidnfid
id `iftlr
`iftlr yidn
yidn pibkdn
pibkdn crit
crit augudni
augudniddyi
ddyi mcdnid
mcdnid ufurid
ufurid nknk
nknk imibia
imibia

 gcdtuf nknk (Wiaiyu, 7591)

9. Aijgit
Aijgitid
id mirk
mirk scfkti
scfktirr nknk mipit
mipit tcro
tcroimk
imk fircd
fircdii ?

i) ]ubi
]ubidn
dn yidn
yidn tcgi
tcgibb scrti
scrti pimi
pimitt

 g) ]cjpit udtuf nknk tcrscgut furidn

h) Nknk
Nknk tctidnni
tctidnni jcdnai
jcdnaibid
bidnk
nk crupsk
crupsk nknk
nknk tcrscgut
tcrscgut

m) Imidyi
Imidyi nknk
nknk mcskm
mcskmuk
uk yidn
yidn pcrsks
pcrskstcd
tcdsk
sk

c) Oirkdnid
Oirkdnid budif
budif yidn jcdutupk
jcdutupk nknk
nknk tcrscgut
tcrscgut fcdyib itiu bkit
bkit

7. Aijgitid
Aijgitid mirk nknk ktu scdmkrk
scdmkrk mipit tcroim
tcroimkk lbca fircdi ?

i) Bctif gcdka
gcdka igdlrjib
igdlrjib,, alrkzldtib
alrkzldtib,, vcrtkfib,
vcrtkfib, mkstib
mkstib mid
mid bikd-bikd
bikd-bikd..

 g) Miyi crupsk nknk tcrscgut furidn

Nknk yidn scrkdn jcdnibijk kjpifsk imibia nknk plstcrklr mid oiridn pimi nknk

idtcrklr.

9. imi nknk
nknk plstcrkl
plstcrklr,yidn
r,yidn scrkdn
scrkdn jcdnibijk
jcdnibijk kjpifsk
kjpifsk imibia?
imibia?

i) Nk
Nknk
nk jlbi
jlbirr tkni
tkni jidmk
jidmkgu
gubi
bir 
r 

 g) Nknk jlbir tkni jifskbi

 

h) Nk
Nknk
nk prcj
prcjlb
lbir
ir jidm
jidmkg
kgub
ubir 
ir 

m) Nk
Nknk
nk prc
prcjl
jlbi
birr jifs
jifskb
kbii

7. Xcmidnf
Xcmidnfid
id nknk idtcrklr
idtcrklr yidn mipit
mipit mkt
mktcju
cjukk jcdnib
jcdnibijk
ijk kjpifsk
kjpifsk imibia
imibia

scginik gcrkfut?

i) Nknk
Nknk fidkdu
fidkduss jifskb
jifskbii mid jidm
jidmkgu
kgubir 
bir 

 g) Nknk kdskskvus jifskbi mid jidmkgubir 

H. ]idmi
]idmi mid
mid Ncoibi
Ncoibi Lmldtcf
Lmldtcftljk
tljk

9. Wisi
Wisi sifkt
sifkt mkscfk
mkscfktir
tir nknk
nknk mid
mid nusk
nusk

7. Ucjgcd
Ucjgcdnfif
nfifid
id mk scfkt
scfktir
ir riaidn
riaidn

8. Ucjgcdnfifid
Ucjgcdnfifid mid
mid fcjcriaid
fcjcriaid nusk mkscfk
mkscfktir
tir nknk
nknk yidn tcrkjpifs
tcrkjpifskk

=. Dycr
ycrk m
mkk rria
iaid
idn
n

3. Giu jubut
jubut mid
mid risi
risi tkmif
tkmif dyijid
dyijid fctkfi
fctkfi jcdnud
jcdnudyia
yia

0. Mipit
Mipit mkscr
mkscrtik
tik mcdni
mcdnid
d risi
risi sifkt
sifkt fcpib
fcpibii

M. Ucjcrkf
Ucjcrkfsiid
siid Ucdudoi
Ucdudoidn
dn Lmldtcft
Lmldtcftljk
ljk

9. ]cfdkf pidlrijkh
pidlrijkh   ? tcfdkf
tcfdkf kdk jcjgcrk
jcjgcrk nijgir
nijgirid
id rimkln
rimklnri`
ri`kk mirk
mirk fcmui
fcmui

riaidn
riaidn mid oirkdn
oirkdnid
id mkscfk
mkscfktir
tirdyi
dyi schiri
schiri jcdycb
jcdycburu
urua
a mibij
mibij situ
situ `kb
`kbj.
j.

Fcnudiiddyi udtuf pcriwitid lrtalmldsk, pcrfkriid bcsk-bcsk pimi tubidn,

 pcrfkriid jlbir fctkni.

7.  @ltl lfbusib   ? udtuf jcdnctiauk gcdmi iskdn mk mibij tubidn riaidn mid

 gitu mkmibij siburid nbidmubi sibkvi, jcdnctiauk tcjpit yidn tcpit mirk ifir 

nknk, nknk supcrdujcry, mid nknk kjpifsk.

 

C. Uitl`ks
Uitl`ksklb
klblnk
lnk Lmldtcf
Lmldtcftlj
tljkk

Gcgc
Gcgcri
ripi
pi pc
pcdcb
dcbkt
ktki
kid
d jcdud
jcdudou
ouffi
ffid
d giawi
giawi ni
nidnn
dnnui
uid
d kj
kjpif
pifsk
sk nk
nknk
nk

mkscgigfid lbca fircdi `ihtlr blhib mids skstcjkf. Ifkgit mirk imidyi pcdnirua

 gcgcripi `ihtlr jcdkjgubfid ncoibi-ncoibi scpcrtk nidnnuid siburid hcrdi, sifkt

fcpibi
fcpibi,, tcbkdn
tcbkdnii gcrmcdn
gcrmcdnudn,
udn, sifkt
sifkt bcar,
bcar, rcjitk
rcjitkf,
f, fcdhkd
fcdhkdn
n jidks,
jidks, nidnnuid
nidnnuid

 oidtudn, nidnnuid pimi fubkt, gimid hcpit bcbia. Xchiri tclrk pcdycgig kjpifsk

nknk imibia rcifsk

rcifsk kd`bijisk
kd`bijisk dldkd`cfsk
dldkd`cfsk pimi oirkdnid mkscfktir
mkscfktir nknk (Acrmjid,
(Acrmjid,

7591)

Xiit tcroimk
tcroimk pcjgcdnfifid
pcjgcdnfifid tcrscgut
tcrscgut jcdcfid
jcdcfid pcrsiri`id
pcrsiri`id mkscfktir
mkscfktirdyi
dyi

yidn jcdycgigfid risi dnkbu mid dycrk mkscfktir blfisk tcrscgut. pimi pcdmcrkti

kdk ifid tcroimk fcfijguaid gksi jcdnifkgitfid rcifsk pimi nusk mid oirkdnid

scfktirdyi. Ucjgcdnfifid oirkdnid pimi nknk jlbir yidn tujgua mkmisir nknk

mid
mid tujgu
ujgua
a tkmi
tkmif
f scj
cjpu
purd
rdii jcd
cdni
nifk
fkgi
gitf
tfid
id mcs
mcsifid
ifid kd`
d`bbijis
ijiskk it
itiu
iu

 pcjgcdnfifid tcrscgut bcgka jcdnnidnnu mid jcdcfid pcrsiri`id (Uutrk

Fcdhidi, 7591).

@. Isuaid
Isuaid Fcpcriw
Fcpcriwitid
itid Lmldtcf
Lmldtcftlj
tljkk
i. Ucdnfi
nfiokid
kid

^iwidhiri udtuf jcdmipitfid rkwiyit fcscaitid mcdnid hcrjit faususdyi

jcdncdik?

i. Fcbuaid
Fcbuaid utiji
utiji fbkcd
fbkcd ifid jcdmipitfid
jcdmipitfid dycrk
dycrk mk scfktir
scfktir nknk
nknk ncriaij
ncriaij

 gcbifidn, puskdn, susia jcdnudyia, nknk dnkbu, nusk gcdnfif.

 

 g. Wkwiyit fcscaitid jisi bibu gkisidyi gcraugudnid mcdnid jisibia.

Fcscaitid fbkcd scfiridn.

h. Mkct

m. Fcgk
Fcgkis
isii
iid
d cb
cbkj
kjkd
kdis
isk.
k.

g. Mkind
Mkindlsk
lskss Fcp
Fcpcr
criw
iwiti
itid
d

9. Dycrk
Dycrk ifut
ifut g.m
g.m mcdnid
mcdnid incds
incds hcmcri
hcmcri `ksk
`kskf 
f 

7. Fctkmifsck
Fctkmifsckjgidnid
jgidnid dutrksk
dutrksk furidn
furidn mirk
mirk fcgutuaid
fcgutuaid tugua
tugua g.m
g.m

fctkmifjijpuid jifid

8. Kdtcrv
Kdtcrvcd
cdsk
sk Fcpc
Fcpcri
riwit
witid
id

Mkinldsi ]uouid mid Frktcrki Kdtcrvcdsk

Fcpcriwitid Aiskb
 Dycrk ifut g.m incd Xctcbia mkbifufid isuaid 9. Fio
Fiokk tk
tkdn
dnfit
fit dy
dycr
crk,
k,
hcmcri `kskf  fcpcriwitid scbiji … x blfisk midfiristcrkstkf 
7= oij mkairipfid dycrk.
jisibia fcpcriwitid 7. Oc
Ocbi
bisf
sfid
id pi
pimi
mi pi
pisk
skcd
cd
dycrk ifut mipit tcritisk tcdtidn pcdycgig
mcdnid frktcrki aiskb ? dycrk
9. Jijp
Jijpu
u jcd
jcdnl
nldt
dtrl
rlbb 8. Io
Ioir
irfid
fid tc
tcadk
adkf
f udt
udtuf
uf
dycrk  pcrdi`isid
7. Jcbi
Jcbipl
plrf
rfid
id gi
giaw
awii mki`rinjitkf bijgit/
dycrk gcrfuridn dipis mibij
8. ]idm
]idmii vkt
vktib
ib mi
mibi
bij
j =. Gc
Gcrk
rkfi
fid
d iftkv
iftkvkt
ktis
is
 gitis dlrjib akgurid(dnlgrlb
=. Jijp
Jijpu
u tkm
tkmur
ur/k
/kst
stkr
kriai
iaitt mcdnid idnnlti
fcbuirni)

3. Lg
Lgsc
scrv
rvis
iskk ttidm
idmi-
i-ti
tidm
dmii
 

vktib
0. Fl
Flbi
bigl
glri
risk
sk mcd
mcdni
nid
d
tkj jcmks mibij
 pcjgcrkid idibnctkf 

Fctkmifsckjgidnid Xctcbia mkbifufid isuaid Jidiocjcd nidnnuid

dutrksk furidn mirk fcpcriwitid scbiji … x jifid
fcgutuaid tugua 7= oij mkairipfid 9. Jl
Jldk
dktl
tlrr is
isup
upid
id
 g.m jisibia fcpcriwitid jifid
fctkmifjijpuid Fctkmifsckjgidnid 7. ]k
]kjg
jgid
idn
n gcri
gcritt gimi
gimid
d
jifid dutrksk furidn mirk fbkcd scgcbuj
fcgutuaid tugua mipit jcbifufid tkdmifid
tcritisk mcdnid frktcrki lpcritk` 
aiskb ? 8. Fl
Flbi
bigl
glri
risk
sk mcd
mcdni
nid
d
Xtitus jcdcbid tkj jcmks bikd udtuf
9. Fcjijpu
puiid rcdhidi pcriwitid
jcdnudyia =. Jl
Jldk
dktl
tlrr ti
tidmi
dmi-t
-tid
idmi
mi
7. Jcjp
Jcjpcr
crti
tiai
aidf
dfid
id vktib
jifidid mk jubut 3. Gcr
crkk m
muf
ufud
udni
nid
d
8. Uc
Ucjg
jgcd
cdtu
tufi
fid
d glbus
glbus (tcripk rcbifsisk)
scsuik pimi 0. Flbiglr
lriisk
wiftudyi  pcjgcrkid mkct budif 

=. Muri
Murisk
sk jifi
jifidd
mcdnid rcspcf pimi
 oujbia yidn
mkfldsujsk
3. Fcji
Fcjijp
jpui
uid
d ud
udtu
tuf
f
jcjgcrskafid
rldnni jubut
 

=. Cvibuisk

i. Jcdnkm
Jcdnkmcdt
cdtk`k
k`kfisk
fisk frkt
frktcrk
crkii mid stidmir
stidmir cvibuis
cvibuiskk

 g. Jcdnujpubfid miti udtuf jcdcdtufid ipifia frktcrki mid stidmir tcbia

tcrpcduak

h. Jcdnkd
Jcdnkdtcr
tcrprc
prctis
tiskk mid
mid jcrkd
jcrkdnfis
nfis miti
miti

m. Jcdmlfujcdti
Jcdmlfujcdtiskfid
skfid tcjuid
tcjuid mid sctkip
sctkip pcrtkj
pcrtkjgidnid
gidnid fbkdks
fbkdks

c. Jcdnacdtkfid
Jcdnacdtkfid,, jcdcrusf
jcdcrusfid,
id, itiu
itiu jcrcvk
jcrcvksk
sk rcdhidi
rcdhidi pcriwitid
pcriwitid
 

GIG KKK

UCDS]SU

I. Fcsk
Fcskjp
jpub
ubid
id

Nknk kjpifsk jcrupifid nknk yidn ninib crupsk scpcduadyi fc mibij

rldnni jubut mid gcrsk`it pitlblnks scakdnni jcjcrbufid pcriwitid. Nknk

kjpifsk pibkdn scrkdn tcroimk pimi nknk jlbir fctkni yidn jcdnifkgitfid

nidnnuid `udnsk pcdnudyiaid mid mipit jcdkjgubfid fljpbkfisk.

Lmldtcftljk jcrupifid lpcrisk pcdnidnfitid nknk yidn tkmif crupsk

itiu kjpifsk yidn mkscrtik mcdnid pcdnuridnid tubidn yidn jcdutupk nknk,

fctkfi lpcrisk kdk nknk yidn sumia mk idnfit tkmif ifid gksi tujgua itiu nknk

 gcrtujgua aidyi scginkid sioi.

G. Xirid

Nknkk kjpifs
Nkn kjpifskk ipigkb
ipigkbii mkgkir
mkgkirfid
fid tcr
tcrus
us jcdcru
jcdcruss mipit
mipit jcdycgi
jcdycgigfi
gfid
d

tkjg
tkjgud
udid
id jifid
jifidid
id pimi
pimi oi
oirk
rkdn
dnid
id sc
scfk
fkti
tirr nk
nknk
nk sc
scak
akdnn
dnnii jcdyc
jcdycgi
gigf
gfid
id

kd`bijisk
kd`bijisk,, igscs scrti pcjgcdtufid
pcjgcdtufid fksti mid tujlr.
tujlr. Nknk kjpifsk yidn ouni

bctifdyi tkmif dlrjib jcdycgigfid imidyi hcbia mkidtiri nknk scgcbiadyi

yidn gksi jcdoimk tcjpit tcrscbkpdyi jifidid itiu giftcrk, scakdnni subkt

udtuf mkgcrskafid mid sksi jifidid tcrscgut ifid jcdycgigfid risi sifkt

mid firkcs pimi nknk jlbir fcmui.

Xi
Xibi
bia
a si
situ
tu pc
pcri
riwi
witi
tid
d nknk
nknk kj
kjpi
pifs
fskk yidn
yidn mipit
mipit mk
mkbi
bifuf
fufid
id yi
yikt
ktu
u

lmldtcftljk, mkjidi mcdnid imidyi pcdnidnfitid kdk nknk yidn sumia tkmif 
 

crupsk itiu kjpifsk yidn mkscrtik

mkscrtik mcdnid pcdnuridnid
pcdnuridnid tubidn yidn jcdutupk

nknk
nknk.. Spiy
Spiyii pc
pcdh
dhcn
cnia
iaid
id yi
yidn
dn mi
mipi
pitt mk
mkbi
bifu
fufi
fid
d yi
yikt
ktu
u jcdk
jcdkdn
dnfi
fitf
tfid
id

 pcdnctiauid jcdncdik nknk kjpifsk mid tkdmifid pcriwitid tcraimip nknk

kjpifsk.
 

MI@]IW USX]IFI

@itkjia,
@itkjia, F., Aifsiokwl,
Aifsiokwl, P., & Oudkirby,
Oudkirby, I. (7591).  Ucrgidmkdnid Ucdnirua Pkmcl

 Cmufisk Urigcmia Idkjisk Mid Dld-Idkjisk ]craimip ]kdnfit Fchcjisid

 Uiskcd Lmldtcftljk.
Lmldtcftljk. Xrkwkoiyi Sdkvcrskty.

Acrmjid,
Acrmjid, ]. A. (7591).
(7591). DIDMI-K
DIDMI-K Mkindlsks
Mkindlsks Fcpcriwitid
Fcpcriwitid Mc`kdksk
Mc`kdksk mid Fbisk`kfis
Fbisk`kfiskk

7591-7575. Olurdib
7591-7575.  Olurdib Fcscaitid,
Fcscaitid, KKK (9),
(9), 9 Oudc.

Uutrk Fcdhidi, N. (7591). ]kdnfit Fcpuisid Uiskcd ]craimip Ucdhigutid Nknk Lbca

Jiaiskswi Url`csk Mk Fbkdkf Gcmia Jubut Wsnj Sdkvcrsktis Ocjgcr.  Olurdib 

 Cmuhitkld,, KKK (Jiy
 Cmuhitkld (Jiy 7591), ;3‘95=.

Wiaiyu, X. (7591). Lmldtcftljk, titibifsidi nknk gudnsu kjpifsk. C-Olurdib

kjpifsk.  C-Olurdib ^kmyi

Bkdnfudnid, 9(7), 19‘1;.

 Fcscaitid Mid Bkdnfudnid,

Xctkb
Xctkbki,
ki, J. @., & Aifsio
Aifsiokwl
kwl,, P. (7575).
(7575).  Ucdnirua Mknktib Xtlry ]cbbkdn ]craimip

]kdnfitt Ucdnctiauid
]kdnfi Ucdnctiauid Lmldtcftljk
Lmldtcftljk Jlbir Fctkni
Fctkni Jiaisk
Jiaiskswi
swi @f SdsrK  (pp.
  (pp. 9‘ 

;3). Xrkwkoiyi Sdkvcrskty.