Chapter 3 Matter and Atomic Structure Name__________

Answer the following questions from your book on the pages indicated
p. 53
Section 3.1: What are elements?

1. Matter is anything that has _________________ and ______________.

2. A ________________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by

physical or chemical means.

3. ___________ elements occur naturally on Earth and in the stars.

4. The one-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation that represents each element is known as a
___________________ ___________________.

p. 54
5. What are the chemical symbols for the following elements? (You need to learn these.)

a. Hydrogen---H f. nitrogen---
b. Aluminum--- g. sulfur---
c. Helium--- h. oxygen---
d. Sodium--- i. chlorine---
e. Carbon--- j. silicon---
k. iron---

6. An _____________ is the smallest particle of an element that has all the characteristics of that
element.

7. The center of an atom is called the ____________________.

8. The center of the atom is made up of _________________ and _____________.

9. A _______________ (p+) is a tiny particle that has mass and a positive electrical charge.

10. A _________________ (no) is a particle with about the same mass as the positive charge, but it is
electrically neutral (no electrical charge).

11. All atomic nuclei have a _________________ charge because they are made up of particles with
positive charges and particles with no charge.

12. An atom’s atomic number is ______________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

13. An atom’s mass number is _______________________________________

p. 55
14. Elements are arranged in the Periodic Table according to ______________
___________________________________________.

15. Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are smaller particles called ______________.
These particles have little mass and a ___________________ charge that is exactly the same
magnitude as the positive charge of a proton.
16. An atom has an _____________ number of protons and electrons. Therefore an atom has
____________________________ charge.

17. An _________________ ________________ represents the area in an atom where an electron is

most likely to be found.

!!!!!!!p. 57 ISOTOPES (circle) or underline one of the answers in parentheses!!!!!!!

18. All atoms of an element have [the same, different] number(s) of protons.

19. The number of neutrons in the nuclei of an element’s atoms

[is always the same, may vary—be different]
p. 57-58
20. When atoms of the same element have different mass numbers, they are known as
[isotopes, molecules]

21. The atomic mass of an element is a decimal number rather than a whole number because it is an
______________________ of the mass numbers of the isotopes.

22. The number of [ protons, neutrons ] identifies an element.

23. The two most abundant (plentiful) elements in the universe are _______________ and
______________________.
p. 59
24. 98.5% of the Earth’s crust is made up of only [ 6, 8, 10 ] elements.

25. The two most common elements in Earth’s crust are ________________ and ________________ .

Section 3.2: How Atoms Combine

p. 60
26. A _____________________ is a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different
elements that are chemically combined.

27. Two examples of a compound are ____________________ and _____________

28. A state of stability is achieved by some elements through ____________________

______________ which are the forces that hold the elements together in a compound.

29. The attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons that holds the atoms together is called a
_________________ ______________.
p. 61
30. A ______________________ is composed of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
They have no overall electrical charge because the total number of electrons equals the total number of
____________________.
p. 62
31. Not all atoms bond by sharing electrons. An atom that gains or loses an electron is a charged
particle called an ___________.
p. 63
32. Positive and negative ions attract each other. The attractive force between them is known as an
_________________ ______________.
p. 64
33. The change of one or more substances into other substances is called a _________________
_____________________. These are described by chemical equations.
p. 65
34. A ___________________ is a combination of two or more components that retain (keep) their
identities.

35. A [ heterogeneous, homogeneous ] mixture is one in which the components are easily recognized.
An example of this type of mixture is ______________.

36. A [ heterogeneous, homogeneous ] mixture is one in which the component particles cannot be
identified. An example of this type of mixture is __________________

37. Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a ______________________.

38. Two liquid solutions are ______________________ and __________________.

39. A gaseous solution would be __________.

40. Two solid solutions/solid homogeneous mixtures are ________________ and ________________
which are metal alloys.

41. A solution containing a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water is an _______
p. 66
42. ________________ produce hydroxide ions in solution.

43. The pH scale measures the hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solutions.
a. A pH of ____ is neutral.
b. A pH of less than neutral is [acidic , basic]
c. A pH of more than neutral is [ acidic, basic]

44. Name two common substances that are acidic.

45. Name two common substances that are basic.

NOTES:
1. In the nucleus of the atom: _______________(+ charge), _____________(no charge )

Outside the nucleus: __________________(- charge)

2. Usually the # of protons _______________ the # of electrons.

The atom is electrically ______________.

3. Mass number = # of ________________ + # of ________________

4. Atomic number = ____________________ (also # of electrons)

5. All atoms of a specific element have the same number of ________________. If the number of
protons are changed the element (changes, remains the same).

6. The # of _________________- can be changed without changing the element. The

____________________ changes and an isotope is formed.
7. Reading the periodic table:
17
# of neutrons = _______________ minus____________
(p+n) -- (p) Cl
Chlorine
35.453
8. Compounds may be formed by atoms:
a. ______________________________, forming molecules

b. Forming ions which attract oppositely charged atoms.

9. New substance, new chemical properties---- _______________________-

10. If an atom gains electrons, it has more electrons (-) than protons (+) and has a ___________
charge.

11. If an atom loses electrons, it has more protons (+) than electrons (-) and has a
____________________ charge.

12. Oppositely charged _________ attract to form electrically neutral compounds.

Example
13. A _____________________- is a mixture where one substance is dissolved in another. The
molecules are evenly distributed.

14. Ways to separate a mixture

a.

b.

c.

d.

Element Symbol Atomic Mass number # of # of # of

Number (round off) protons electrons neutrons

Boron B

Neon Ne

Carbon C

Potassium K

Platinum Pt