EC

Enriquez R. Cayaban
NURSING RESEARCH
I. Foundation of Nursing
Research
II. Conceptualizing a
Research Study

Week 3
ENRIQUEZ R. CAYABAN, RN, PLT, MAN
 Foundation of Nursing
EC
Enriquez R. Cayaban
Research
• K e y C o n c e p t s a n d Te r m s i n
Qualitative and Quantitative
Research
• Overview of the Research
Process in Qualitative and
Quantitative Studies
KEY CONCEPTS AND ROLES ON A RESEARCH PROJECT

TERMS IN QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE People who
RESEARCH
do the
SUBJECTS/ STUDY PARTICIPANTS
• They are the people who are being Research
studied.
RESPONDENTS People who
• Subjects who provide information to provides the
researchers by answering questions
directly. information
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KEY CONCEPTS AND ROLES ON A RESEARCH PROJECT

TERMS IN QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE People who
RESEARCH
do the
INFORMANTS/ KEY INFORMANTS
• The individuals cooperating in the study Research
play an active rather than a passive role
in the research. People who
SAMPLES
• Comprises the study participants
provides the
collectively. information
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KEY CONCEPTS AND ROLES ON A RESEARCH PROJECT

TERMS IN QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE People who
RESEARCH
do the
RESEARCHER/ INVESTIGATOR
• The person who undertakes the research.
Research
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH People who
• Involving a team of nurses with both
clinical and methodological expertise is provides the
increasing common in addressing
problems of clinical relevance. information
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 FR

COLLABORATIVE
RESEARCH
PROJECT DIRECTOR/
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

CO- CO-
INVESTIGATOR INVESTIGATOR

CO-
CONSULTANT/S
INVESTIGATOR

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VARIABLES
ARE THE CENTRAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF
Q U A N T I TAT I V E S T U D I E S
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
• VALUES THAT CAN BE REPRESENTED BY
A CONTINUUM
• CAN ASSUME AN INFINITE NUMBER OF
VALUES BETWEEN TWO POINTS
• EXAMPLES: 1.005. 1.7
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DISCREET VARIABLE
• CONTRAST OF CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
• HAS INFINITE NUMBER OF VALUES
BETWEEN TWO ANY POINTS,
REPRESENTING DISCRETE QUANTITIES.
• EXAMPLE: HOW MANY CHILDREN THEY
HAD, THEY MIGHT ANSWER 0, 1, 2, 3
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VARIABLES
ARE THE CENTRAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF
Q U A N T I TAT I V E S T U D I E S

CATEGORICAL VARIABLES DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES

• VARIABLES THAT TAKE ON ONLY A
HANDFUL OF DISCRETE
NONQUANTITATIVE VALUES.
• EXAMPLES: BLOOD TYPES (A,B,AB,O)
• CATEGORICAL VARIABLES TALE ON ONLY
TWO VALUES
• EXAMPLES: PREGNANT/NOT PREGNANT;
HIV POSITIVE/ HIV NEGATIVE;
ALIVE/DEAD.

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VARIABLES
ARE THE CENTRAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF
Q U A N T I TAT I V E S T U D I E S
ACTIVE VARIABLES
• THE RESEARCHER CREATES A VARIABLE
AND WHEN SPECIAL INTERVENTION IS
INTRODUCED.
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ATTRIBUTE VARIABLES
• VARIABLES ARE OFTEN
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
SUBJECTS MEASURES OR OBSERVES
SUCH AS THEIR AGE, HEALTH BELIEFS OR
WEIGHT
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VARIABLES
ARE THE CENTRAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF
Q U A N T I TAT I V E S T U D I E S

DEPENDENT VARIABLES INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

• IS THE BEHAVIOR, CHARACTERISTICS. OR • IS THE PRESUMED CAUSE OF,
THE OUTCOME THE RESEARCHER IS ANTECEDENT TO OR INFLUENCE ON THE
INTERESTED IN UNDERSTANDING, DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
EXPLAINING, PREDICTNG OR AFFECTING

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 CONCEPTS ON DEPENDENT AND FR
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
1 . Va r i a b i l i t y i n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i s p r e s u m e d t o d e p e n d o n
variability in the independent variable.
Example:
EXTENT TO WHICH LUNG CANCER DEPENDS ON SMOKING
E X T E N T T O W H I C H PAT I E N T ’ S P E R C E P T I O N O F PA I N D E P E N D S O N D I F F E R E N T
NURSING ACTION

2. Both variables are used to indicate direction of influence

Example:
T H E B E H A V I O R S O F P E O P L E C A R I N G F O R C O G N I T I V E LY I M PA I R E D E L D E R S A N D
F O U N D T H AT T H E PAT I E N T ’ S A G E A N D T H E C A R E G I V E R S ’ U S E O F S O C I A L T O U C H
W E R E R E L AT E D .

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 CONCEPTS ON DEPENDENT AND FR
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
3. It is common to design studies with multiple independent and
dependent variables
Example:
FA C T O R S T H AT I N F L U E N C E P E O P L E ’ S W E I G H T.
C O N S I D E R : H E I G H T; P H Y S I C A L A C T I V I T Y; A N D D I E T ( I N D E P E N D E N T V A R I A B L E S )
Example:
C O M PA R I N G T H E E F F E C T I V E N E S S O F T W O M E T H O D S O F N U R S I N G C A R E F O R
CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS.
C O N S I D E R : L E N G T H O F H O S P I TA L S TAY; P R E S E N C E O F C O U G H , N U M B E R O F
R E C U R R E N T R E S P I R AT O R Y I N F E C T I O N S

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 CONCEPTS ON DEPENDENT AND FR
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
4 . Va r i a b l e s a r e n o t i n h e r e n t l y d e p e n d e n t o r i n d e p e n d e n t .

Example:
T H E E F F E C T S O F N U R S E S ’ C O N T R A C E P T I V E C O U N S E L I N G ( I n d e p e n d e n t Va r i a b l e )
O N U N WA N T E D B I R T H S ( D e p e n d e n t Va r i a b l e )

Example:
T H E E F F E C T O F U N WA N T E D B I R T H S ( I n d e p e n d e n t Va r i a b l e ) O N T H E I N C I D E N C E
O F C H I L D A B U S E ( D e p e n d e n t Va r i a b l e )

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 FR
TEST PRACTICE!

• Effects of the Timing of an initial bath on temperature on newborns.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE?
DEPENDENT VARIABLE?

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DEFINITION of TERMS
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
• The abstract or the theoretical meaning of
the concepts being studied.
• Based on theoretical formulations, on a firm
understanding of relevant literature, or on
researchers’ clinical experience
• EXAMPLE: Post Partum Depression,
mother’s loss of control over her thoughts
processes leaves her frightened that she
mat be losing mind.
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
• Specifies the operations that researchers
must perform to collect required
information.
• Corresponds to the conceptual definitions
• EXAMPLE: The Post Partum Depression
Screening Scale captured this dimension by
having women indicate their level of
agreement with such statements as “I could
not stop the thoughts that kept racing in my
mind.”
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 DATA FR
Is the information collected during the course of a study.
QUALITATIVE (Form of narrative information)
QUANTITATIVE (Numeric Values)

RELATIONSHIP
Is a bond or connection (or pattern of association)
between two phenomena. Qualitative Researchers
focus on the relationship between the independent and
the dependent variables.
Example: Relationship between Cigarette smoking to Lung Cancer
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT (CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP- when the FUNCTIONAL/ ASSOCIATIVE
independent variable causes or affects the dependent RELATIONSHIP- variables are
variable. related in noncausal way
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CAUSE-AND-EFFECT (CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP)- when the independent variable causes or
affects the dependent variable.

Example: Regimen of Walking Caused Reductions on Cardiovascular Risk

Factors, such as Obesity and High Blood Lipids, in Mexican- American Women.

Example: Relationship between a Caloric Intake and Weight: Consuming more

Calories cause Weight Gain.

FUNCTIONAL/ ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONSHIP- variables are related in noncausal way

Example: There is a relationship between a person’s pulmonary artery and

tympanic temperatures

Researchers face numerous conceptual, practical ethical and methodological challenges. The major
methodological challenge is designing studies that are reliable and valid or trustworthy.
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RELIABILITY- refers to the accuracy and consistency of information obtained in a study.

Often associated with the methods used to measure research variables.
Example: If the thermometer measured Bob’s temperature as 98.1 F one
minute and as 102.5 F the next minute, the reliability of the thermometer
would be highly suspect
VALIDITY- is a more complex concept that broadly concerns the soundness of the
study’s evidence- that is whether the findings are cogent, convincing and well
grounded.
TRUSTWORTHINESS- encompasses several different dimensions- credibility (confidence
in the truth of data), transferability, conformability (is similar to objectivity), and
dependability (evidence that is consistent and stable.
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Validity

Triangulation

Realiability Trustworthiness
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 BIAS FR
Major concern in designing a study because it
t h r e a t e n t h e s t u d y ’s v a l i d i t y a n d t r u s t w o r t h i n e s s

Study Participants’ Subjectivity of the

Candor Research

Sample Faulty Methods of

Characteristics Data Collection

Faulty Study
Design
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 FR
Systemic Bias
Results when the bias is consistent and uniform.

Example: if a spring scale consistently measured people’s weight as being 2

pounds heavier than their true weight.

Research Control
Involves holding constant other influences on the dependent variable so
that the true relationship between the independent and dependent
variable can be understood

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 MAJOR CLASSES OF QUANTITATIVE FR
AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

E X P E R I M E N TA L A N D N O N - E X P E R I M E N TA L S T U D I E S I N Q U A N T I TAT I V E R E S E A R C H

E X P E R I M E N TA L RESEARCHERS ACTIVELY INTRODUCE AN INTERVENTION OR

TREATMENT

N O N - E X P E R I M E N TA L RESEARCHERS COLLECT DATA WITHOUT MAKING CHANGES OR

INTRODUCING TREATMENT

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RESEARCH TRADITIONS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH FR
• Seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological
and structural processes that occur in a social setting.
GROUNDED THEORY • Example: Maternal Process of Managing late stages of
breastfeeding and weaning the child from the breast

• Is an approach to thinking about what life experiences of people are

like and what they mean.
PHENOMENOLOGICAL • Example: Lived Experience of care providers who were highly skilled
communicators in their relationships with patients with stroke or
aphasia.

• Is the primary research tradition within anthropology, and provides a

framework for studying the meanings, patterns and experience of a defined
cultural group in holistic fashion.
ETHOGRAPHY • Example: Ethnographic analysis of nursing home residence, focusing on the
ethical issues of daily living affecting nursing home residents with dementia.

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 MAJOR STEPS IN A QUANTITATIVE STUDY FR

PHASE 1. THE PHASE 2. THE DESIGN AND PHASE 3. PHASE 4. THE PHASE 5. THE
CONCEPTUAL PHASE PLANNING PHASE
• FORMULATING AND • SELECTING THE RESEARCH
EMPERICAL ANALITICAL DISSEMINATION
DELIMITING THE DESIGN PHASE PHASE PHASE
PROBLEM • DEVELOPING PROTOCOLS
FOR THE INTERVENTION • COLLECTING THE • ANALYZING THE • COMMUNICATING
• REVIEWING OF THE • IDENTIFYING THE
RELATED LITERATURE DATA DATA THE FINDINGS
POPULATION TO BE STUDIED
• UNDERTAKING CLINICAL • DESIGNING THE SAMPLE • PREPARING THE • INTERPRETING THE • UTILIZING THE
FIELDWORK PLAN DATA ANALYSIS RESULTS FINDINGS IN
• DEFINING THE • SPECIFYING THE METHODS PRACTICE
FRAMEWORK AND TO MESURE THE RESEARCH
VARIABLES
DEVELOPING
• DEVELOPING METHODS FOR
CONCEPTUAL SAFEGUARDING HUMANS/
DEFINITIONS ANIMAL RIGHTS
• FORMULATING • FINALIZING AND REVIEWING
HYPOTHESIS THE RESEARCH PLAN

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 ACTIVITIES IN QUALITATIVE STUDY FR
• IDENTIFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
CONCEPTUALIZING • DOING LITERATURE REVIEWS
• SELECTING AND GAINING ENTRÉE INTO RESEARCH SITES
AND PLANNING A • RESEARCH DESIGN IN QUALITATIVE STUDIES
QUANTITATIVE STUDY • ADDRESSING ETHICAL ISSUES

• DISCUSSIONS
• OBSERVATION
CONDUCTING • ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
QUALITATIVE STUDY

• COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS

DISSEMINATING • UTILIZING THE FINDINGS IN PRACTICE
QUALITATIVE
FINDINGS

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 Conceptualizing a
EC
Enriquez R. Cayaban
Research Study
• Research Problems,
• Research Questions, and
• Hypotheses

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 BASIC TERMINOLOGY FR

TOPIC A PHENOMENA ON WHICH TO FOCUS.

RESEARCH PROBLEM IS AN ENIGMATIC, PERFLEXING, TROUBLING CONDITION.
PROBLEM STATEMENT ARTICULATES THE PROBLEM TO BE ADDRESSED AND INDICATES THE
NEED FOR A STUDY.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS ARE SPECIFIC QUERIES RESEARCHERS WANT TO ANSWER IN

ADDRESSING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM.

HYPOTHESES RESEARCHERS WHO MAKE SPECIFIC PREDICTIONS REGARDING THE

RESEARCH QUESTION POSE TO BE TESTED EMPERICALLY.

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE RESEARCHER’S SUMMARY OF THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE STUDY

OBJECTIVES/ RESEARCH AIM THE SPECIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS THE RESEARCHER HOPES TO
ACHIEVE BY CONDUCTING THE STUDY.

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 SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM FR

EXPERIENCE
NURSING
AND CLINICAL SOCIAL ISSUES
LITERATURE
FIELDWORK

IDEAS FROM
THEORY EXTERNAL
SOURCES
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 DEVELOPING AND REFINEMENT OF FR
RESEARCH PROBLEMS
1. SELECT A TOPIC
2. NARROWING THE TOPIC
3 . E V A L U AT I N G T H E R E S E A R C H P R O B L E M
1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM
2. RESEARCHABILITY OF THE PROBLEM
3. FEASIBILITY OF ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM
1. TIME AND TIMING
2. AVAILABILITY OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS
3. COOPERATION OF OTHERS
4. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
5. MONEY
6. EXPERIENCE OF THE RESEARCHER
7. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
4. INTEREST OF THE RESEARCHER

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 COMMUNICATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS FR
PROBLEM STATEMENT
I S A N E X P R E S S I O N O F T H E D I L E M M A O R D I S T U R B I N G S I T U AT I O N T H AT
N E E D S I N V E S T I G AT I O N F O R T H E P U R P O S E S O F P R O V I D I N G
U N D E R S TA N D I N G A N D D I R E C T I O N

QUANTITATIVE STUDY QUALITATIVE STUDY

• The purpose of this report is to describe
the development of infants of mothers
with HIV and to determine the extent to
which child characteristics, parental
caregiver characteristics, family
characteristics and parenting quality
influence development.
• To promote healing among clients
from minority cultural communities, it
is important for nurses to understand
the phenomenon of receiving care in
an unfamiliar culture.

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 COMMUNICATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS FR
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
U S U A L LY I N O N E O R T W O C L E A R S E N T E N C E S - T H E E S S E N C E O F T H E
S T U D Y. T H E G E N E R A L D I R E C T I O N O F I N Q U I R Y.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY QUALITATIVE STUDY

• The purpose of the study was to
determine whether viewing a video of
an actual paediatric inhalation
induction would reduce the level of
parental anxiety.
• To gain the family caregivers’
perspective of dealing with UI (Urinary
Incontinence) for the care recipient
who lives in a home setting and to
gain care recipients’ perspective on
the IU care given by family caregivers
in the home setting.

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 COMMUNICATING RESEARCH PROBLEMS FR
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
D I R E C T R E W O R D I N G S O F S TAT E M E N T S O F P U R P O S E , P H A S E
I N T E R R O G AT I V E LY R AT H E R T H A N D E C L A R AT I V E LY

Statement of the Problems Research Question

The purpose of the study 1. Are nonepidural methods of pain relief associated
was to explore the with augmentation during the first stage of labour?
relationship between 2. Is the length of second stage labour associated
methods of pain with epidural and non-epidural methods of pain
management during labour relief?
and specific labour and birth
3. Are newborn APRGAR scores as 1 minute and 5
outcomes.
minutes associated with method of pain relief?
4. Does epidural anesthesia affect maternal
temperature?
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 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS FR
I S A P R E D I C T I O N A B O U T T H E R E L AT I O N S H I P B E T W E E N T W O O R M O R E
VA R I A B L E S

FUNCTION OF HYPOTHESES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Proposed Solutions or answers to these queries.

2. Follows directly form a theoretical framework.
3. Not all hypotheses are derives from theory
4. Induces critical thinking and facilitates understanding and interpretation of data.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TESTABLE HYPOTHESES
1. State expected relationships between the independent variable and the dependent
variable within population.
2. When a prediction does not express an anticipated relationship, it cannot be tested.
3. Should be based on sound, justifiable rationales.
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 WORDING OF HYPOTHESIS FR
A G O O D H Y P O T H E S I S I S W O R D E D I N S I M P LW, C L E A R A N D C O N C I S E
LANGUAGE.

EXAMPLES
SIMPLE A patient receiving a warmed solution for body cavity irrigation during surgical procedures will
maintain a higher core body temperature than receiving a room temperature solution.
COMPLEX Among breast cancer survivors, emotional well being influenced by the women’s self-esteem,
their resourcefulness, and their degree of social support.
DIRECTIONAL Older patients are more at risk of experiencing a fall than younger patients
The older the patient, the greater the risk that she or will fall
Younger patients tend to be less at risk of a fall than older patients
The risk of falling increases with the age of the patient
NON-DIRECTIONAL There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling
Older patient differ from younger ones with respect to their risk of falling.
RESEARCH Poor physical and functional health status will be associated with emotional distress in both men
and women.
NULL There is no relationship between….

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 FR
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
A R E F O R M A L LY T E S T E D T H R O U G H S TAT I S T I C A L P R O C E D U R E S

TIP!
If a researcher uses any statistical tests, it means that there are
underlying hypotheses-regardless of whether the researcher
explicitly states- because statistical tests are designed to test
hypotheses. In planning a quantitative study of your own, do not be
afraid to make a prediction, that is to state a HYPOTHESES.

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THANK YOU!