PAPERS

“WORD”

Supporting Lecturer: Ina Daril Hanna, M.Pd

Arranged By:

ANISA (2021050100015)

ABD. RO’UF (2021050100007)

MAHMUDI (2021050100011)

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MADURA

2021/2022

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 PREFACE

The writer wants to thank to Almighty God because of His bless and grace, i can
finish this paper. This paper title “WORD”. The writer wrote it to fulfill the Assignment of
English Subject.

The writer also delivers his gratitude to Mrs. Ina Daril Hanna, M,Pd the supporting
Lecturer of Morphology Material. This English research provides the reader about the word
and kinds of word.

Along with the explanation for each of them. The writer realizes that this paper is far from
perfect in the arrangement or in the content of the paper. The writer hopes that the
suggestions from the reader can be a support to make me better in the next paper project.
Finally, the writer expects that it can be a medium for the reader to deepen the knowledge
about the word and kinds of word.

PAMEKASAN, 23 September 2022

PENULIS

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE..........................................................................................................................ii

TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................iii

CAPTURE 1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1

A. Background Of Study............................................................................................1
B. Problem Formulations..........................................................................................1
C. Purpose ..................................................................................................................1

CAPTURE II DISCUSSION............................................................................................2

A. Preposition..............................................................................................................2
B. Adverb....................................................................................................................4
C. Conjunction............................................................................................................7
D. Opened and Close Word.......................................................................................9

CAPTURE III CLOSING.................................................................................................11

A. Conclussion.............................................................................................................11
B. Recommendation...................................................................................................11

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................12

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Phonology and morphology are typically taught in separate courses in undergraduate

and graduate Linguistics programs. Books on these two topics are shelved separately in
libraries. Theories of one tend to have little to say about the other. Yet any serious study of
either ultimately requires expertise in both, because even if phonology and morphology
are conceptualized as distinct grammatical modules, they are con
Stantly intermingling. It is probably safe to say that in every language, at least some
of the phonological patterns are conditioned by morphological factors (sensitivity to
morpheme boundaries, part of speech, etc.) It is probably also safe to say that in every
language, predicting the form of a morphologically complex word requires knowledge of
the phonological rules and requirements of the language.
If morphology consisted only of affixation that is "canonical," in the sense of
Corbett's (2007) framework of Canonical Typology, then the following statement, adapted
from Spencer and Luis (2013).
In this paper we will discuss about the part of speech which include an important part
that must be learn in morphology, such as Preposition, Adverb, Conjunction, Contents and
Function words. We hope that tis paper can be useful for readers and can increase
knowledge about morphology.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What is the meaning of Preposition, Adverb, Conjunction?

2. What are the different between Opened and Close words?

C. Purpose

1. To know the meaning of Preposition, Adverb, Conjunction.

2. To know the the different between Opened and Close words.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Preposition, Adverb, Conjunction, Opened and Close word

1. Preposition

a. Definition of Preposition

A preposition is a sentence placed before a pronoun, noun or gerund. It shows

the relation with each other. A preposition link pronouns phrases and nouns to other
words in a sentence.

Example:

1. An apple is on the table

2. My dog is under the chair.

3. John is behind the tree.

4. The pen is in the box.

In the above sentences, The words, on, under, behind, and in respectively
which show their relation with other sentences- An apple, my dog. John and The
pen.

b. Type of Prepositions

Of course definition still above confused you. To better understand the use of
prepositions, let's understand through their division.

1). Prepositions of time

Preposition of time is a preposition used to indicate time.
Example:
I've been waiting for you since morning.

The word since is a preposition because it is used to show time.

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 Preposition Used Example
On (Pada Day of the week, days+parts of I always visit my uncle’s
waktu). days, dates, Spesial day home on Tuesday
afternoon.
In (Pada Month, seasons, years, centuries, Andi was born in July
waktu). time of day, longer periods of time
At (Pada cloc’k time, festivals It gets cold at night.
waktu).
After Express an activity or action that I will take my bag after
(Sesudah) occurs after an action has occured. lunch.
During When something happens over a I was so happy during the
(Selama) certain period of time. trip.
Before Describe an action that accure We had met once before
(Sebelum) before another action occurs. we went abroad
For (selama) Refers more to the length of time We waited for the pizza for
something or event occurs. an hour
From Show the time something starts The museum is open from
(Dari/Mulai) 9 to 4.
Since (Sejak) Show something started in the past We have ordered the fried
and still continues noddles since 5:30.
Until (Sampai) Refers to a future time I was waiting for you until
noon.

2). Prepositions of place

Prepositions of place is a prepositions used to indicate place.

Example:
The Ball is on the grass

The word on is a preposition because it is used to show place.

Preposition Example
In (di dalam) I live in Bandung
On (di atas I put my glass on the table
permukaan)
At (di) He left her book at home
Under (Di bawah) The cat is sleeping under the tree
Below (di bawah) The example is below the text.
Above (di atas) We are sitting above the roof.
In front of (di Mr. Bimo asked us to stand up in front of the class.
depan)
Near (di dekat) The boy near you is my brother.
Next to (di sebelah) The mall is next to the hotel.
Beside (di samping) The restaurant beside the bakery is very popular.
Behind (di My sister hid behind the car.
belakang)

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 Between (di antara) She stood between two trees.
Among (diantara) There is a singer among us.
Inside (di dalam) I felt like I was inside a cave.

3). Prepositions of movement

Prepositions of movement is a prepositions used to indicate movement.

Example : She goes into library.

The word into is a preposition because it is used to show movement.

Preposition Example
Arround (Mengelilingi) The teacher told us to run arround the field.
Away to (menuju ke) She is away to fitness center
Past (Melewati) Sherin waved at me as she was cycling past my house.
Through (Melewati) Stepping boldly through the doorway
Across The ship sails across the ocean.
(Menyebrangi/melintasi
)

2. Adverb

a. Definition of Adverb

Adverb are a word that describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence
and that is often used to show time, manner, place, degree ect.

1). Adverb of Time

Adverb of Time is an adverb that states the time of occurrence of an activity or

event. This adverb is used to answer the question 'When?'.

Example sentences are as follows:

 I've been quite busy today.

 I woke up this morning.
 They had breakfast at 6 AM.
 She was window shopping for hours.

In addition, you can also use the word last or next followed by a word that
describes the time, for example last week, last night, next month, or next Sunday.

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 Can also use the Adverb of Time to explain the time of events before or after the
occurrence of other events, such as:

 I learned about adverbs before going to bed.

 She drank the tea after it cooled down.

2.) Adverb of Place

Adverb of Place is an adverb that states the place where an activity or event
occurs. This adverb is used to answer the question 'Where?' . Adverb of Place has
several functions, namely:

a.) Indicates the location or place where an event occurs. Example: here, there,
outside, inside, somewhere, nowhere, and anywhere.

Example: let’s go there

b.) Indicates the distance from a location. Example: nearby, close, apart, and away.

Example: My mother in law lives nearby

3.) Adverb of Frequency

Adverb of Frequency is a type of adverb used to express how often an event

occurs.

There are two types of Adverb of Frequency, namely definite and indefinite. The
definite type describes the frequency with which an event occurs more specifically
than the indefinite type.

Definite type Adverbs of Frequency, examples include once, twice, three times,
every day, daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. Usually, the definite type of Adverb of
Frequency is placed at the end of the sentence.

Example sentences are as follows:

 He goes to work every day.
 I wash my hands twice.
 We paid the rent yearly.

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 As for the indefinite type, examples are always, usually, often, sometimes,
occasionally, seldom, rarely, and never. Usually, the indefinite type of Adverb of
Frequency is placed in the middle of the sentence.

Example sentences are as follows:

 I usually run over the hill.

 I always wash my hands.
 She never forgets to study.

4.) Adverb of Manner

Adverb of Manner is an adverb that describes how an event occurs or is done.

This adverb answers the question 'How?' . Usually, Adverbs of Manner end in -ly.

Examples include:

 Tasya sings the song beautifully

 Hendra sings the song terribly.
 Selena loudly sings

Adverb of Manner is quite flexible. It can be placed at the beginning, middle, or

end of a sentence.However, the words fast, hard, well, and badly can only be placed at
the end of the sentence.

5.) Adverb of Degree

Adverb of Degree is an adverb used to express how far the level or intensity of an
event or activity is. Examples are as follows:

Adverb of Degree Meaning Example

Almost Hampir I has almost get the gold
Barely Hampir tidak I barely hear your voice
Enough Cukup Do you have enough money to me?
Too Terlalu My dress is too small
Entirely Sepenuhnya Your parents will entirely support
your dream.
Highly Sangat He spoke to me highly
Quite Lumayan I am quite tired
Slightly Agak atau Sedikit He never makes me event slightly

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 sick
Totally Sepenuhnya He is totally right
Utterly Sama sekali

6.) Adverb of Purpose

Adverb of Purpose is an adverb that explains the purpose or reason for doing an
activity or event. This adverb answers the question 'Why?' or ‘What for’.

Examples of Adverbs of Purpose include to, for, because, so that, and therefore.
Like the following sentence:

To I will go to Bandung to visit my family

Because Rina didn’t come to scholl today, because she was sick
So that Laila studied hard so that she could pass the test
For He went to sidney for a business conference
Therefore I have spent to much money, therefore I need to save more
from now on.

3. Conjunction

A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrase, and clause (both dependent and
independent) together. There are three types of conjunctions -- coordinating,
subordinating, and correlative.

a. Coordinating Conjunction

A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two elements of equal

grammatical rank and syntactic importance. They can join two verbs, two nouns, two
adjectives, two phrases, or two independent clauses. The seven coordinating
conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

For Karena I can’t go out this weekend for my motorcycle is

broken.
And Dan Wina and Miko are studying
Nor Tidak juga He didn’t answer my call, nor did he respon to
any of my texts.
But Tetapi We ran after him, but he escaped.
Or Atau Do you like chocolate or vanilla?
Yet Meskipun demikian Devan is clumsy, yet he is great at sport
So Sehingga I’m feeling sleepy, so, I want to go home now.

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b. Correlative conjunction

Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that generally have pairs. This type of
conjunction is used to connect sentence elements between words with words, phrases
with phrases, clauses with clauses.

not only … but also tidak hanya … tetapi juga

both … and baik … maupun
between … and di antara … dan
neither … nor tidak … tidak juga
not … but tidak … tetapi
either … or baik … atau
the more … the less semakin banyak … semakin sedikit
Examples:
 Neither me nor Raffi speaks French. (saya dan Raffi tidak berbahasa Prancis.)
 She likes both flowers and chocolate. (dia menyukai bunga dan cokelat.)
 My cousin is not only good at speaking English but also speaking Spanish.
(sepupuku tidak hanya dapat berbahasa Inggris, tapi juga dapat berbahasa
Spanyol.)
c. Subordinating Conjuction

A Subordinating Conjunctions is words or word phrases that connect an

independent clause to a dependent clause, creating a complex sentence. 

Dependent clauses add details to the independent clause and emphasize the idea in the
independent clause. They also cannot stand alone, because they don’t convey a
complete thought – they depend on the independent clause. Subordinating
conjunction canindicate cause/effect, concession/contrasting, and conditional
relationships as well as transitions in time or place.

There are 2 ways to use a subordinating conjunction, namely:

1.) The subordinating conjunction is at the beginning of the sentence and don't forget
to add a comma (,) before the independent clause. As an example:
Before she went to Jakarta, she got her flowers watered.

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 Explanation:
"Before" is a subordinating conjunction
"She went to Jakarta" is a dependent clause followed by a comma (,) then "she got
her flowers" is an independent clause.
2.) Subordinating conjunctions between dependent and independent sentences without
adding a comma (,) in the sentence. See the example below:
His phone kept ringing while he was sleeping.
Explanation:
"His phone kept ringing" is an independent clause combined with the word "while"
which is a subordinating conjunction, and "he was sleeping" is a dependent clause.

4. Opened Words and Close Words (Function word & content word)

a. Opened Words (Contents Words)

Contents word is words that possess semantic content and contribute to the
meaning of the sentence in which they occur. In a traditional approach, nouns were said
to name objects and other entities, lexical verbs to indicate actions, adjectives to refer to
attributes of entities, and adverbs to attributes of actions.

Examples: House (Noun), Handsome (Adjective), study (Verb), slow (Tomorrow).

b. Closed Words (Function words)

Function word is a word that expresses a grammatical or structural relationship

with other words in a sentence.

In contrast to a content word, a function word has little or no meaningful content.

Nonetheless, as Ammon Shea points out, "the fact that a word does not have a readily
identifiable meaning does not mean that it serves no purpose."

Function words are also known as:

 structure words
 grammatical words
 grammatical functors
 grammatical morphemes
 function morphemes
 form words

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  empty words
According to James Pennebaker, "function words account for less than one-tenth of
1 percent of your vocabulary but make up almost 60 percent of the words you use."

Function words include determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns,

auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words. 

Examples:

I go scholl by bus

Take my book first

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

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A. Conclusion

A preposition is a sentence placed before a pronoun, noun or gerund. It shows the

relation with each other. A preposition link pronouns phrases and nouns to other words in
a sentence. There are 3 type of preposition, they are preposition of time, preposition of
place and preposition of movement.

Adverb are a word that describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence
and there are 6 type of adverb, they are adverb of time, place, degree, purpose, manner and
frequency.

A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrase, and clause (both dependent and
independent) together. There are three types of conjunctions -- coordinating,
subordinating, and correlative.

Contents word is words that possess semantic content and contribute to the meaning
of the sentence in which they occur and Function words is a word that expresses a
grammatical or structural relationship with other words in a sentence.

B. Recommendations

Similarly, we can describe the material that is the subject of this proposal, of course,
there are still many shortcomings and weaknesses, because it lacks of the knowledge and
the reference. Author much hope dear readers, providing constructive criticism and
suggestions for the perfect proposal to the author in the writing of the proposal in the next
opportunities. Hopefully this paper is useful for writers in particular are also dear readers
in general. Such review this time, may be useful for you and also inspire.

REFERENCES

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Cleary, B. P. (2014). Audisee e Books With Audio. Lerner Publishing Group.

Rianti, R. (2020). Article, Preposition, and Conjunction. Alprin.

https://randyzn0208.blogspot.com

https://www.suara.com

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