Mt 0530 - 0609 lect.

L9
《梅岡城故事》（英語：To Kill a Mockingbird）
Italics 斜體字
(morally) sin N 罪惡(道德上地)
“quote on quote” 引用….人說過的話
Line2 Atticus said, who believed = believing …….
harmless Adj. 無害的
nothing but = only
sing = chirp V. 啼叫/唱
widow N. 鰥夫/寡婦 widow V. 成為鰥夫/寡婦 (Line 14) widowed Adj. 鰥夫/寡婦的
Rt. 88 Root em- : upon ; (pass-) path- : suffering/feeling
empathy N. 同理心 empath N. (能夠)同理心者/共感者
empathize V. 產生同理心 empathetic Adj. (具有)同理心的
empathetically Adv. (具有)同理心地
Ex: He /She is an empath (口語). N. 共情(同理心)者/共感者
[MBTI personality (trait) types]
Rt. 88 Root sym- : all together ; (pass-) path- : suffering/feeling
sympathy N. 同情/憐憫心
sympathize V. sympathetic Adj. sympathetically Adv.
just Adj. 公平的 正義的 justice N. 公平 正義
Line 11 appoint (= assign) sb to –V (sthg) 指派…人做…事
(Active voice 主動) the court (of law) appointed Atticus/sb to defend 防衛(辯護)/sthg Tom Robinson
defend V. 防衛(辯護) defense lawyer 辯護律師
(Passive voice 被動) Atticus/sb be-v was appointed(= assigned) to defend Tom Robinson
(Active voice 主動) accuse sb of sthg (a crime) 控告某人犯罪 (give sthg to sb 授與-V)
(Passive voice 被動) Sb be-v accused of sthg (a crime)
Ex: Tom was accused of a sexual assault crime.
Line 11 A black man (who was) accused of …..crime
PC term : politically correct terms 政治正確用語
✓an African American x a black man
✓physically-disabled 身體失能者 x the crippled/handicapped
Line 12 an assault weapon/rifle 攻擊性武器/步槍
Line 13 …and her father…. = …whose father….
drunkard N. 酒鬼
Line 14 A 180 waste/spend money on commodities/goods/merchandise (alcohol)
alcohol N. 酒(精)
instead of 而不是
hungry = starving 挨餓的
despise V. 鄙視 = disrespect /belittle 輕視；貶低
case N 案件
Line 19 face V. 面對 = confront / deal with
phony Adj. 偽裝的 N. 偽君子
the O. J. Simpson case
Henry Li 李昌鈺 法證科學/微物證據：forensic science
call people names call someone names 是指「罵人」或「侮辱」
“ You Idiot! ” “(mentally) retarded! ” “Bitch! ” “Son Of Bitch” “Bull Shit”
別誤會! “Call him names” 不是「叫他的名字」的意思
✓an African American x a black man x x x nigger (黑鬼)
anger /wrath / fury N.
fly flew flown ABC fly into rage 暴怒
Line 22 SS: …., telling them …. DS = …, who told them… or DS = …, and he told them… A208 R#5
Line 23 stand up for 挺身而出; 捍衛 (for 表原因)
stand up to sb 面對（強權/人）勇敢抵抗，奮起反抗…的不公平對待
B169 regardless of 無視於 = despite (of), in spite of 盡管
Line 24 encourage sb to-V
hold their head up/high 昂首挺胸
fist N. 拳頭
Line 26 trial N. 審判 try V. 嘗試; 審判
the court of law 法院(抽象 N.) courthouse 法院 (實體/存在 N.) steakhouse 牛排屋
market N. 市場 (抽象 N.) marketplace N. 市場 (實體/存在 N.)
packed = crowded
story N. 對某事的描述，敘述; 講法 ; 說法 (Line 30) = version / narrative
version N. 版本 the English/Chinese version of Bible 中/英文譯本聖經
= narrative N. 說法; (作文)敘事文 Adj. 敘事的 narrative = his/ her version of story
narrate V. 講述; 訴說 narrator N. 旁白/敘述者
Line 29 DS: while (he was) there, Tom beat her…. → SS: while there, Tom beat her….
B164 while 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表時間 (while / when / as 當…..時)
While + S. + 狀態-V / be + V-ing
Ex: [IC] (DC) [The doorbell/telephone rang] (while I was taking a shower).
表時間之 while Adv. cl 其主詞與主要子句之主詞相同時, while Adv. cl 之主詞與/含 be-V 可省略
Line 30 AAB beat beat beaten
SS: …., scaring him off… DS: …, who scared him off , DS = …, and he scared him off… A208 R#5
Line 33 just = exactly at exactly/just that moment = exactly/just at that moment
rage N. 暴怒 = wrath / fury / anger N.
yell/shout at someone 對某人大喊大叫(罵)
Line 34 因為 / 基於 [ because of, on account of, as a result of ; due to, owing to , thanks to ]
= out of 基於/出於 out of 耗盡 out of fear 基於/出於恐懼(的原因)
out of love/job/gas 失戀/ 失業/ 燃料耗盡
nine out of ten 十有八九，幾乎總是
Line 36 SS: ((After) hearing…..,) [the sheriff pointed out …..] (DC)[IC]
DS: After he heard….., the sheriff pointed out
1. 當表時間之附連 after Adv. cl 其主詞與主要子句之主詞相同時, after Adv. cl 之主詞可省略
2. 將 after Adv. cl 之一般動詞恢復原型 hear → V-ing = hearing
testimony N. 證詞
sheriff N. 警長
bruise N. 瘀傷
(Line 38) analogy 類比 ; 類推 “upon/on” = “as soon as”
→ “ because of ” = “because”
→ “ despite (of) / in spite of / regardless of 無視於” = “although”
→ “upon/on” = “as soon as”
(Line 38) Ex 1: (A181)
SS: Upon/On hearing the news, she called him by telephone.
DS: As soon as she heard the news, she called him by telephone.
A181 (異)型 + (同)義 “upon/on” versus “as soon as”
Ex1: Upon/On hearing the news, she called him by telephone. (X) as soon as (✓)Upon/On
= [IC](DC) [She called him by telephone] (as soon as she heard the news).
(X) Upon/On (✓)as soon as
A181 (B166) “as soon as” 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表時間 →
“as soon as” 型: 附連 + S + V → as soon as she heard
= (改述/改寫) upon/on + (N /)V-ing
“upon/on” 介片 功能 Adv. 表時間 → 型: Upon/On + N/V-ing → Upon/On hearing the news
B169 (異)型 + (同)義 “because of ” versus “because”
Ex: The game was put off because of the rain. 比賽因下雨而推遲 put off = delay
(X) because / (✓)because of
= [IC](DC) [The game was put off ] (because it was raining).
(X) because of / (✓)because
B169 “because” 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表原因 →“because” 型: 附連 + S + V → because it was
= (改述/改寫) because of + N (/V-ing)
“because of ” 介片 功能 Adv. 表原因 → 型: because of + N → because of the rain
B169 (異)型 + (同)義“despite (of)” versus “although”
Ex: The game continued despite (of) the rain. 盡管下雨比賽繼續進行 (X) although / (✓)despite
= [IC](DC) [The game continued ] (although it was raining). (X) despite / (✓)although
B169 “although” 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表讓步 →”although”型: 附連 + S + V → although it was
= (改述/改寫) despite (of) + N (/V-ing)
“despite (of) ” 介片 功能 Adv. 表讓步 → 型: despite (of) + N → despite (of) the rain
Line 38 (DC)[IC](獨立分詞構句)
Ex 2: (As soon as I arrived home,) [it began to rain]. (我)才剛到家就開始下雨了
X Q: Upon ( ) arriving home, it began to rain. (天)才剛到家(天)就開始下雨了 X
✓Q: Upon my arriving home, it began to rain. (我)才剛到家就開始下雨了✓
Q: Upon (X) its / (✓) my arriving home, it began to rain.
(A165) as soon as = once = the moment/minute/second/instant(剎那) that = upon/on + v-ing
A181(/B166) “as soon as” 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表時間 (才/一…..就…….)
“as soon as” →型: (附連 + S + V ) → as soon as I arrived home
= (A181 改述/改寫) upon + (N /)V-ing
“upon” → 型: upon + V-ing → upon (X) its / (✓) my arriving home
Textbook line 38 SS: Upon/On hearing this (the testimony), the audience realized…….
DS : As soon as they heard this (the testimony), the audience realized…….
Line 39 courtroom = courthouse injuries = bruises
understand / realize / figure out
Line 39 特定的 “型” 會表達特定的 “義”
must have been caused by → 必定是由…..造成的/對過去事實的推測 (99% 把握)
“must + have + v-ed (過完時式)” 表肯定的猜測/推論過去事實 A111
Line 40 …. Sb (who was) left-handed
A111 “must + 原-V (現簡)” versus “must + have + v-ed (過完時式)”
Ex 1: It must be (一定) raining outside now; I can hear the rain. It’s pouring. pour V. 傾盆大雨
“must +原-V (/be)” 表肯定的猜測/推論現在事實(99% 把握)
Ex 2: It must have rained, for the ground is wet. 剛才一定是下雨了，因為地面濕漉漉的
“must + have + v-ed(/rained) 表肯定的猜測/推論過去事實(99% 把握)
Ex 3: A : Have you heard that Chih-ling asked Roy to be his boyfriend?
B : It mustn’t be true. 這一定不是真的 → 表肯定的猜測/推論現在事實(99% 把握)
Ex 4: A : Had you heard that Chih-ling asked Roy to be his boyfriend?
B : It must not have been true. 這一定不是真的 →表肯定的猜測/推論過去事實
Line 41 ABB mean meant meant
Line 43 meanwhile = in the mean time = simultaneously = at the same time
A163 to sb’s + 表情緒 N. → 句首/尾
to his surprise/disappointment/delight 使他感到驚奇/失望/高興
Line 44 instinct N. 直覺/本能 instinctive Adj. 本能的 instinctively Adv. 本能地
Movie: Basic Instinct 英語：Basic Instinct，台湾译《第六感追緝令》
reputation N. 名聲
Line 46 cf. Ex 3: A : Have you heard that Chih-ling asked Roy/Owen to be his boyfriend?
B : It mustn’t be true. 這一定不是真的 →表肯定的猜測/推論現在事實(99% 把握)
✓ ABD X C
A. It can’t be true./It can be true. 這(不)可能/大概是真的 → 表(肯定)猜測/推論現在事實(50%常態把
握)
B. It couldn’t be true./ It could be true.
Q: A : Did you hear that Chih-ling ask Roy/Owen to be his boyfriend?
B : It couldn’t be true./ It could be true.
這(不)可能是真的 → 1. 表(肯定)猜測/推論過去事實(50% 常態把握)
→ 2. 表(肯定)猜測/推論現在事實 (反現) 該不會是真的
→ (這根本(不)可能是真的/沒有這回事吧 不帶 if 相反於現在事實之假設)
C. It couldn’t have been true.
Q: Ex 3: A : Had you heard that Chih-ling asked Roy/Owen to be his boyfriend? (Last week)
B : It couldn’t have been true. (不帶 if 相反於過去事實之假設)
→ 這根本(不)可能是真的/沒有這回事吧
→ 不帶 if 相反於過去事實之假設
D. It mustn’t be true. → 表肯定的猜測/推論現在事實(99% 把握)
 Line 48 (cf Line 65) 型(異) +義(同) Despite the strong evidence, ………
“despite (of) ” 介片 功能 Adv. 表讓步 → 型: despite (of) + N → Despite the strong evidence
改寫/改述 = Although there was strong evidence, ………
B169 “although” 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表讓步 →”although”型: 附連 + S + V → although there was
Line 48 ｆｏｕｎｄ ｇｕｉｌｔｙ／ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｔ 判有罪／無罪
despair N.絕望 jury N.陪審團 prison = jail
Line 49 SS: (Feeling great despair……,) [Tom tried to…… ] A208 R#2 →
DS: (Because Tom felt great despair……,) [he tried to…… ]
1. 當表原因之 because Adv. cl 其主詞與主要子句之主詞相同時, because Adv. cl 之主詞含連接詞
because 可省略
2. 將 because Adv. cl 之一般動詞恢復原型 feel → V-ing = feeling
ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ Ｎ． 主宰 宰制 把持
ｄｏｍｉｎａｔｅ Ｖ． 主宰 宰制 把持
補充: "A.D." stands for anno domini (Latin for "in the year of the lord"),
anno = year: annual, anniversary
domini = dominator / lord
Line 52 entire = complete/whole
Line 49/63 find guilty/innocent 判有罪／無罪
devastate Vt. (使)蹂躪 摧殘
Ex: The typhoon devastated the islands. 颱風蹂躪(摧殘)了這些島嶼
Line 54 They were devastated. sb be devastated （表情緒）Adj.
他們身心(倍受摧殘)交瘁的；極為震驚的（身心蹂躪的）
in-justice N. 不公正 in- = not
fate / destiny / fortune N. 命運
Grand English slogan: Grand English makes English make sense.
英文常用語 make sense 有好幾種意思，包括「講得通」或「有意義」或「合乎情理」合理
Ex. The campus is huge. It makes sense to ride a bike. 校園很大。騎自行車是有道理的。
Line55 most people make sensible decisions. 大多數人做出合乎情理的決定
most people make moral decisions. 大多數人做出符合道德的決定
textbook: “most people make sensible and moral decisions”.
大多數人做出合乎情理符合道德的決定
Line56 when (the issue of) race is involved (捲入其中)
tend to + 原 V tend to be 傾向於 sway V. 搖擺 = influence/impact/affect
Line 58 DS: who turns…. SS = turning…..
Line 58 recognize Vt. (使)辨識 認出 un-recognizable Adj. = unknown
Ex. I may not recognize that you guys were once my students in ten years,
running into each other on the street.
十年後我可能認不出你們曾經是我的學生, 在街上偶遇對方時
Line 59 however/nevertheless/nonetheless
glimmer. N. 微光 = slight 輕微 remain = stay
VP. A 180 spend time (in) v-ing verdict. N. 判決(書)
Line 60 The jury had spent hours deliberating the verdict. 陪審團花了幾個小時審議判決。
 deliberate Adj. (常指坏事)有意的，故意的，蓄意的；慢吞吞的, 小心谨慎的
deliberately Adv. 故意地
deliberate V. 仔細考慮，深思熟慮，權宜輕重；商榷 (Libra 天秤座) = weigh V. 考/思量
The jury had spent hours weighing the verdict.
陪審團花了幾個小時權衡(思量)判決。
I am weighing on my mind. 我在心裡掂量(思量)著。「考慮」或「掛念」某事
weigh V. 稱重 How much do you weigh? 你體重有多重？
weight N. 重量 What’s your weight? 你的體重是多少？
Line 65 (cf Line 48) really = necessarily
Although the guilty verdict could not be considered a victory,……
B169 型(異) +義(同)“despite (of)” versus “although”
B169 “although” 附連 引出 Adv. cl 表讓步 →”although”型: 附連 + S + V →
Although the guilty verdict could not really (necessarily) be considered a victory,……
改寫/改述 Despite the guilty verdict not necessarily being considered a victory,……
“despite (of) ” 介片 功能 Adv. 表讓步 → 型: despite (of) + N →
Despite the guilty verdict……..
Line 67 definitely Adv. 明確地；明顯地，清楚地；肯定地
= surely/certainly/undoubtedly/obviously
represent Vt. 象徵 代表 = symbolize / be symbolic of / stand for
Ex: ROC represents the Republic of China.
representative Adj. 代表的 N.代表 sales/class representative 銷售/班級代表
Ex: Yang, as the class representative, represents the class (xxx) to participate in the meeting of YM
Student Union. 楊,身為班級代表,代表(xxx)參加 YM 學生會會議
be caught red-handed 被當場抓獲
“Was Tom Robinson caught red-handed?”
Line 66 型(異) +義(同)
consider V. 認為, 把(某人、某事)看作(把 A 視為 B)… verbal pattern: consider A B
B198 see/view/regard/think of/refer to A as B 把 A 視為 B
Ex.1 We viewed our class leader as a genius. 我們視班長為天才。
Ex.2 We see Helen as a pretty woman. 我們認為海倫是一個漂亮的女人。
Ex.3 We considered our class leader a genius. 我們視班長為天才。
Ex.4 We consider Helen a pretty woman. 我們認為海倫是一個漂亮的女人。
Q1: We _______ (consider) the Chinese culture the greatest in the world.
我們認為中國文化是世界上最偉大的
Q2: We _______ (see) the Chinese culture as the greatest in the world.
我們認為中國文化是世界上最偉大的
(Line 66) 將 consider A B (把 A 視為 B) 改被動 → A be considered B (A 被視為 B)
Active voice(主動式) :
We could not really (necessarily) consider the guilty verdict/A a victory/B,…….
Passive voice(被動式):
….. the guilty verdict/A could not really (necessarily) be considered a victory/B,……