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The Katipunan and the Revolution: The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of
Álvarez Discontent” by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo

Background of Santiago VirataÁlvarez Teodoro Andal Agoncillo

the Author/s  born in Imus, Cavite on July 25,  born in Lemery, Batangas on
1872, to General Mariano Alvarez November 9, 1912, to Pedro
and Nicolasa Virata Agoncillo and Feliza Andal, both
 died on October 30,1930 from landed families in Batangas
 A revolutionary general and a  died on January14, 1985
founder and honorary president of  considered one of the most
the first directorate of the important historians of the
Nacionalista Party Philippines
 also known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” or  a graduate of Philosophy and Arts
“General Apoy”  a literary writer, a poet, an editor,
 studied in Colegio de San Juan de an essayist, a linguistic assistant
Letran where he obtained a  renowned for promoting adistinctly
Bachelor of Arts, then took up law nationalist point of view of Filipino
at the Liceo de Manila history (nationalist historiography)
 a captain general and, commander-
in-chief, of the Magdiwang forces
and valiantly fought the Spaniards
from 1896 to 1897.
 Founder and honorary President of
the first directorate of the
Nacionalista Party
 Is celebrated in present-day Cavite
City as the Hero of the Battle of
Dalahican

• October
Date when the  The account was written in the year
Account was 1927
written

1947 to
January 1948
• It was
published in
1956
• October
1947 to
January 1948
• It was

Dates  March 25, 1897- The assembly at
Mentioned Tejeros Convened
 March 27,1897- The morning when
eyewitnesses reported that a
meeting among the members of the
Magdalo took place at the Tanza
parish house
Places  Friar estate house in Tejeros(San
Mentioned Francisco de Malabon, Cavite) –
where the assembly convened –
Where Magdalo Pres. Baldomero
Aguinaldo, called another meeting
after the day of the convention
published in
1956
• October
1947 to
January 1948
• It was
published in
1956
 The account was written on
October 1947 to January 1948, and
was published in 1956.
 Early part of November-
Governor General Blanco has
begun his offensive in Cavite; the
capital was moved to San
Francisco de Malabon and later to
Naik
 Middle of December 1896:
Andres Bonifacio and his family
left the mountains of Montalban
and Mariquina to visit the
Katipunan in Cavite.
 January 2, 1897: Bonifacio wrote
a letter to Mariano Alvarez after
his encounter with the Magdalo in
Imus.
 January 1897: Riffle shots
interrupted the fiesta of San
Francisco de Malabon which led to
a conflict between Santiago
Alvarez and Captain Mariano San
Gabriel.
 March 22, 1897: Emilio
Aguinaldo celebrated his birthday
with a battle with a battled with
Spanish soldiers in Salitran. At the
same time, the assembly at
Tejeros convened
 April 1897: Spaniards captured
the town of Malabon
 San Francisco de Malabon –
where riffle shots from Captain San
Gabriel’s men interrupted the town
fiesta, which led to a conflict
between Santiago Alvarez and
Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
 (March 26, 1897)
 Parish house of the Catholic
church in Tanza(Santa Cruz de
Malabon) – where that same
night of the assembly, rumor had
it that Messrs. Mariano Trias.
Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios,
Santiago Rillo and others were
conferring with the priest, Fr.
Cenon Villafranca. – where the
rumored meeting between Magdalo
leaders took place the same night
the day after the assembly – held a
gathering wherein those elected
at the Tejeros convention (Emilio
Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and
Artemio Ricarte) took their oath of
office.
Key  Mr. Diego Mojica – the
Personalities Magdiwang secretary of the
Treasury; he warned the
Supremo Bonifacio that many
ballots distributed were already
filled out and that the voters had not
done this themselves.
 Mariano C. Trias – won the Vice
president position over Mr.
Mariano Alvarez and the Supremo
Bonifacio
 General Vibora – was elected
Captain over General Apoy
 Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was
elected Secretary of War, over
Messrs. Santiago V. Alvarez,
Ariston Villanueva, and Daniel
Tirona
 Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer
who Daniel Tirona suggested to
replace Supremo Bonifacio in his
elected position
 Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the
Magdalo President
 Mr. Severino de las Alas –
witness during the oath-taking
 Estate house of Friars in
Tejeros, San Francisco de
Malabon – a Magdiwang territory;
it is where the convention took
place
 Towns of Kawit, Bakood and
Imus – under the governance of
the Magdalo was at that time
threatened by the Spanish army
 Salitran – a barrio between the
town of Imus and Dasmariñas;
where General Emilio Aguinaldo,
leading the Magdalo soldiers faced
the Spaniards
 Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon
– it was this place where the
former summer resort of the
friars, that witnessed the first
important election held under the
auspices of the Katipunan
government.
 Laguna – where Emilio Jacinto,
Bonifacio’s friend who he wrote a
letter to about what happened
during the convention, is staying
Magdiwang Government Administration:
Mariano Alvarez – President
Pascual Alvarez – Executive Secretary
Emiliano Riego de Dios – Minister of the Interior
(Pagpapaunlad); elected as as the Director of
War during the Convention
Mariano Trias – Minister of Grace and Justice;
elected as the Vice President during the
Convention
Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War
Santiago Alvarez – Comander-in-Chief
Diego Moxica - Minister of Finance
 Artemio Ricarte – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General; elected as the
Captain General during the
Convention
 Mr. Diego Mojica – the
Magdiwang secretary of the
Treasury; he warned the
Supremo Bonifacio that many
ballots distributed were already
filled out and that the voters had
not done this themselves.
 Mariano C. Trias – won the
Vice president position over Mr.
Mariano Alvarez and the Supremo
Bonifacio
 General Vibora – was elected
Captain over General Apoy
 Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was
 ceremony elected Secretary of War, over
Messrs. Santiago V. Alvarez,
 Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest who Ariston Villanueva, and Daniel
officiated the oath-taking ceremony Tirona
of the elected officials: Emilio  Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer
Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and who Daniel Tirona suggested to
Artemio Ricart replace Supremo Bonifacio in his
elected position
 Mr. Antonio Montenegro  Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the
 Mariano M. Alvarez Magdalo President
 Pascual Alvarez  Mr. Severino de las Alas –
 Ariston Villanueva witness during the oath-taking
 Santos Nocon ceremony
 Luciano San Miguel  Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest
 Pablo Mojica who officiated the oath-taking
 Santiago Rillo ceremony of the elected officials:
 Cayetano Topacio Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias
 Nicolas Portilla and Artemio Ricart
 Mr. Antonio Montenegro
 Mariano M. Alvarez
 Pascual Alvarez
 Ariston Villanueva
 Santos Nocon
 Luciano San Miguel
 Pablo Mojica
 Santiago Rillo
 Cayetano Topacio
 Nicolas Portilla
 Mariano Reiego de Dios – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
 Supremo Andres Bonifacio –
elected as the Director of Interior
during the Convention
 Jacinto Lumbreras – a Magdiwang
member; the assembly’s presiding
officer
 Teodoro Gonzales – a Magdiwang
member who acted as the
secretary of the assembly
 Severino de las Alas – a
Magdiwang, took the floor and
suggested that the convention
assembled should solve the
problem of whether a new
government should be established
to take the place of the Katipunan
Magdalo Government
Administration:
 Baldomero Aguinaldo – President
 Candido Tirona - Minister of War
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Comander-in-
Chief; lead the Magdalo soldiers
facing the Spaniards in Salitran;
won the Presidency in absentia
over Bonifacio and Trias during
the Convention
 Cayetano Topacio - Minister of
Finance
 Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant
 General
 Vito Belarmino – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
 Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
 Daniel Tirona – he objected when
Bonifacio was proclaimed as the
Director of the Interior
 Antonio Montenegro – had an
argument with Santiago Alvarez
 Jose del Rosario - the lawyer
who Daniel Tirona suggested to
replace Bonifacio in his elected
position
Sequencing of
Events
Sequencing of
Events 1. It started with the assembly at Tejeros
on March 25, 1897, and was presided by
Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras.
2. Jacinto Lumbreras announced the
main topic of discussion: to discuss
how to secure the areas under the
Magdiwang control, but this was
countered by Severino de las Alas who
imposed that the important matter
should be tackled - the form of the
government the Katipunan should have.
3. There was a debate whether to change
the state of government the Katipunan
had established or not.
4. Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in
defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's
stand. He argued that if they would
disagree on the kind of revolutionary
government they were to have, then
they would be no better than a pack of
bandits or wild, mindless animals.
5. A conflict between General Apoy and
Antonio Montenegro, as General Apoy
ordered the arrest of Mr. Montenegro.
Because of this, disorder occupied the
assembly.Conflict was immediately
resolved and Jacinto Lumbreras, the
presider of the meeting, yielded the
chairmanship to Supremo Andres
Bonifacio.
6. Bonifacio accepted and spoke before
the election began stressing that the
person who gets most of the votes must
be declared and respected as the winner,
regardless of his state in life.
7. Bonifacio proceeded with the election
and appointed Gen. Artemio Ricarte as
Secretary. Then, with the help of Mr.
Daniel Tirona, he distributed pieces of
paper to serve as ballots.
8. When the ballots had been collected
and the votes were ready to be
canvassed, Mr. Diego Mojica, the
Magdiwang secretary of the treasury,
warned the Supremo about the
manipulations in the ballot.
9. The elected officials were announced.
Bonifacio was elected as the Secretary of
the Interior over Mariano Alvarez, which
Mr. Daniel Tirona protested, saying that
Bonifacio should not be in that position
because he lacks the proper credentials;
this humiliated Bonifacio.
10. Bonifacio, hot and angry, pulled
out his revolver and aimed. Instead of
replying, Mr. Tirona, perhaps because of
fear, slid away and got lost in the crowd.
11. The meeting was adjourned, and
Bonifacio declared the election be
nulled and void.
12. Baldomero Aguinaldo convinced
It started by stating that the Katipunan in
Cavite were divided into two factions:
Magdiwang and Magdalo.
2. The Magdiwang, proceeding with its
election independently of the Magdalo,
chose the following men to administer
the government. The Magdalo also
elected people to take the reins of its
government.
3. Both factions agreed to make
respective officers wear the same
uniform for specific positions.
4. The Katipunan called for the
reorganization of their territories under
each Katipunan faction. However, the
Magdiwang 4 PHE, LIS and Magdalo
had been silently fighting over Cavite,
both parties not wanting to be ruled over
by the other.
5. The Magdiwang men invited
Supremo Andres Bonifacio to visit
Cavite and intervene with the rising
conflict. 6. There were three invitations
sent to Bonifacio, and only on the
third invitation did he approve the
request.
7. Bonifacio arrived at Imus and was
welcomed by Emilio Aguinaldo,
Candido Tiron and Edilberto
Evangelista of the Magdalo faction
8. The Magdalo leaders saw Bonifacio’s
gestures as if he was acting
superior.bunny betweet dude, 9.
Bonifacio was then brought to the
house of Juan Castañeda in Imus,
where he was visited by the many from
the Magdalo faction
10. Seeing Vicente Fernandez angered
Bonifacio and ordered his immediate
arrest. The Magdalo, however, did not
allow the arrest of Fernandez.
11. Realizing that he has no influence
over the people of Magdalo, Bonifacio
sent a letter to Mariano Alvarez,
explaining to him what happened at
this encounter. 12. Esteban San Juan
invited Bonifacio to attend the
demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels
in Noveleta. He was heartily welcomed
by the people with a parade as he
entered the cities. 13. Katipunan lost to
Polavieja because of the existing rivalry
between the two factions, which called
for a convention in Imus. This
assembly, however, yielded no results
as there were no agreements made
as to what kind of government they
must be organized in the country and if
there is a need for a new election. 14.
Suspicious and jealousies continued to
plague the rebels' ranks and even
members of the Magdiwang to
reconvene the disrupted meeting to
revalidate the election proceedings and
make amends with one another.
13. That same night of the Tejeros
Convention, rumor had it that Mariano
Trias, Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios,
Santiago Rillo, and others were in the
parish house of the Catholic Church at
Tanza and that they were conferring
with the priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca.
14. The next day, Magdalo Pres.
Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a meeting
at the same friar estate house in Tejeros.
15. The Magdalo members did not come
to the reconciliation meeting.
16. That same night of the supposed
meeting, it was rumored that the
Magdalo leaders were currentlyholding
their own meeting in the parish house
in Tanza.
17. The following day, 27 March 1897,
eyewitnesses who had spied on the
proceeding the other night revealed
that a meeting had taken place at the
Tanza parish house and that the
Supremo's decisions regarding the
election at the friar estate house were not
respected.
18. At the gathering in the Tanza
parish house, those elected at the
Tejeros convention knelt before a crucifix.
19. The officials elected during the
Tejeros Convention (Emilio Aguinaldo,
Mariano C. Trias, and Artemio Ricarte)
solemnly took their office without those
elected from the Magdiwang. The
Magdalo posted troops to guard the
Tanza parish house for their oath-taking
ceremonies.
among the members of the same
faction. Thus, San Francisco de
Malbon's town fiesta held in January
1897 was disrupted by the riffle shots
from the men of Captain Mariano San
Gabriel, a Magdiwang man. This led to a
conflict between Santiago Alvarez and
Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
15. The Magdiwang leaders called for
another convention in the estate-house of
Tejeros, which happened on March 22,
1897.
It was also Aquinaldo's birthday, when
simultaneously the battle in Salitran led
by Aguinaldo raged and the assembly
convened in Tejeros. 17. Jacinto
Lumbreras took the Chairmanship of
the meeting and opened the
discussion about creating defense
strategies to protect Cavite. 18. Severino
de las Alas pointed out that the
Katipunan needs to agree on what type
of government must be implemented
first before proceeding with the other
agenda.
19. There was a debate whether to
change the form of government the
Katipunan has established or not.
Sensing that the situation was getting
more out of hand without a fruitful result
20. Tension aroused when Santiago
Alvarez took his anger on Antonio
Montenegro. Because of this,
Lumbreras called for the meeting's
recess.
21. The assembly resumed after an
hour with Lumbreras transferring the
chairmanship of the meeting to Andres
Bonifacio.
22. Bonifacio granted the petition for a
new form of government, stressing that
the majority's decision must always be
respected. An election was held to
select the new officials who will
govern the recently instituted Republic
of the Philippines. Bonifacio remarked
whoever gets most of the votes must
be declared and respected as the winner,
regardless of his state in life.
23. A conflict between Andres Bonifacio
and Daniel Tirona was formed after
Bonifacio won the Director of Interior
position 24. Bonifacio angrily whipped
out his pistol to fire at Tirona, but
Ricarte grabbed his hand and prevented
what might have been a tragic affair. 25.
As people try to leave, Bonifacio
declared the results of the meeting null
and void, which ended the Tejeros
Convention. 26. Bonifacio sent a letter
to Mariano Alvarez expressing his
despair for not getting the Presidency
which, for him, must be given to him as
the initiator of the revolution. He also
shared his sentiments with his friend,
Emilio Jacinto.