SS110 – Primary Source vs Secondary Source
Name: Ian Mar T. Valenzuela
DMD 1-A
Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)
Primary Source
The Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of
Álvarez
Background of Santiago Virata Álvarez
the Author/s • born in Imus, Cavite on July 25,
1872, to General Mariano Alvarez
and Nicolasa Virata
• died on October 30,1930
• A revolutionary general and a
founder and honorary president of
the first directorate of the
Nacionalista Party
• also known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” or
“General Apoy”
• studied in Colegio de San Juan de
Letran where he obtained a
Bachelor of Arts, then took up law
at the Liceo de Manila
• Is celebrated in present-day Cavite
City as the Hero of the Battle of
Dalahican
Date when the • The account was written in the year
Account was 1927
written
Dates • March 25, 1897- The assembly of
Mentioned Tejeros Convened
• March 27,1897- There were
eyewitnesses that reported about
the meeting among the members of
the Magdalo and that it took place
at the Tanza parish house.
Secondary Source
The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Discontent” by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo
Teodoro Andal Agoncillo
• born in Lemery, Batangas on
November 9, 1912, to Pedro
Agoncillo and Feliza Andal, both
from landed families in Batangas
• died on January14, 1985
• considered one of the most
important historians of the
Philippines
• a graduate of Philosophy and Arts
• a literary writer, a poet, an editor,
an essayist, a linguistic assistant
• renowned for promoting adistinctly
nationalist point of view of Filipino
history (nationalist historiography)
• The account was written on
October 1947 to January 1948, and
was published in 1956.
• Early part of November- The
capital was moved to San
Francisco de Malabon and later to
Naik. Governor Blanco then moved
his offensive in Cavite.
• Middle of December 1896:
Andres Bonifacio and his family
visited the Katipunan in Cavite.
• January 2, 1897: After meeting
with the Magdalo group, Bonifacio
wrote a letter to Mariano Alvarez
containing the details of the
convention.
• January 1897: locals of San
Francisco de Malabon heard
gunshots which led to a conflict
between Santiago Alvarez and
Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
• March 22, 1897: Emilio
Aguinaldo celebrated his birthday
while the Tejeros Convention
happened.
• April 1897: Spaniards captured
the town of Malabon
 Places • Friar estate house in Tejeros(San
Mentioned Francisco de Malabon, Cavite) –
where the convention happened,
• Parish house of the Catholic
church in Tanza(Santa Cruz de
Malabon) – where Messrs.
Mariano Trias. Daniel Tirona,
Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo
and others were conculting with
the priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca.
Key • Mr. Diego Mojica – the
Personalities Magdiwang secretary of the
Treasury;
• Mariano C. Trias – won the Vice
president position over Mr.
Mariano Alvarez and the Supremo
Bonifacio
• General Vibora – was elected
Captain over General Apoy
• Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was
elected Secretary of War
• Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer
who Daniel Tirona suggested to
replace Supremo Bonifacio in his
elected position
• Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the
Magdalo President
• Mr. Severino de las Alas –
witness during the oath-taking
ceremony
• Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest who
officiated the oath-taking ceremony
of the elected officials: Emilio
Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and
Artemio Ricart
• Mr. Antonio Montenegro
• Mariano M. Alvarez
• Pascual Alvarez
• Ariston Villanueva
• Santos Nocon
• Luciano San Miguel
• Pablo Mojica
• Santiago Rillo
• Cayetano Topacio
• Nicolas Portilla
• San Francisco de Malabon –
where riffle shots from Captain San
Gabriel’s men interrupted the town
fiesta, which led to a conflict
between Santiago Alvarez and
Captain Mariano San Gabriel
• Estate house of Friars in
Tejeros, San Francisco de
Malabon – a Magdiwang territory;
it is where the convention took
place
• Towns of Kawit, Bakood and
Imus – under the governance of
the Magdalo
• Salitran – a barrio between the
town of Imus and Dasmariñas;
• Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon
where the former summer resort
of the friars, that witnessed the
first important election held under
the auspices of the Katipunan
• Laguna – where Emilio Jacinto is
residing
Magdiwang Government
Administration:
• Mariano Alvarez – President
• Pascual Alvarez – Executive
Secretary
• Emiliano Riego de Dios – Minister
of the Interior (Pagpapaunlad);
elected as as the Director of War
during the Convention
• Mariano Trias – Minister of Grace
and Justice; elected as the Vice
President during the Convention
• Ariston Villanueva - Minister of
War
• Santiago Alvarez – Comander-in-
Chief
• Diego Moxica - Minister of Finance
• Artemio Ricarte – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General; elected as the
Captain General during the
Convention
• General Vibora – was elected
Captain over General Apoy
• Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer
who Daniel Tirona suggested to
replace Supremo Bonifacio in his
elected position
• Mr. Severino de las Alas –
witness during the oath-taking
ceremony
• Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest
who officiated the oath-taking
ceremony of the elected officials:
Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias
and Artemio Ricart

Sequencing of 1. Assembly at Tejeros was
Events convened on March 25, 1897, and
was presided by Secretary
Lumbrejas.
2. Confidential information that Mr.
Tirona was set to undermine the
assembly.
3. While Secretary Jacinto
Lumbreras reveals their plan in
the assembly that is mainly to
discuss how to secure the areas
under the Magdiwang control,
Severino de las Alas imposed
that they should have established
first a government and discuss
what form of the government the
Katipunan should have.
4. Lumbrejas, de las Alas, amongst
others debated whether to change
the state of government the
Katipunan had established or not.
5. Mr. Antonio Montenegro replied
to Bonifacio and spoke in defense
of Mr. Severino de las Alas's
• Mariano Reiego de Dios – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Supremo Andres Bonifacio –
elected as the Director of Interior
during the Convention
• Jacinto Lumbreras – a Magdiwang
member; the assembly’s presiding
officer
• Teodoro Gonzales – a Magdiwang
member who acted as the
secretary of the assembly
Magdalo Government
Administration:
• Baldomero Aguinaldo – President
• Candido Tirona - Minister of War
• Emilio Aguinaldo – Comander-in-
Chief
• Cayetano Topacio - Minister of
Finance
• Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant
General
• Vito Belarmino – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military
Commander with the rank of
Brigadier-General
• Daniel Tirona – he objected when
Bonifacio was proclaimed as the
Director of the Interior
• Antonio Montenegro
• Jose del Rosario - the lawyer
who Daniel Tirona suggested to
replace Bonifacio in his elected
position
1. The Katipunan in Cavite were
divided into two factions:
Magdiwang and Magdalo. Each of
them exercising sovereign power
to different towns.
2. The Magdiwang group chose the
following men to administer the
government. The Magdalo also
elected people to take the reins
of its government. Both factions
agreed to make respective
officers wear the same uniform
for specific positions.
3. The Katipunan called for the
reorganization of their territories
under each Katipunan faction
because both parties not wanting
to be ruled over by the other. The
Magdiwang men invited Supremo
Andres Bonifacio to visit Cavite
and intervene with the rising
conflict, he didn’t come until the
third try.
 stand. He said that if they would
disagree on the kind of
revolutionary government they
were to have, then they would be
no better than a pack of bandits or
wild, mindless animals.
6. General Apoy was hurt by
Montenegro’s words, so he
ordered for his arrest. Trining and
Josephine then stepped in to plead
on Montenegro’s behalf.
7. Mr. Lumbrejas yielded his position
of being chairman to Supremo
Bonifacio.
8. Bonifacio accepted after the
speech, and stressed that the
newly elected officers will be
honored and accepted regardless
of their status in life.
9. Bonifacio appointed Gen. Artemio
Ricarte as Secretary. When the
ballots had been collected and the
votes were ready to be canvassed,
Mr. Diego Mojica, the Magdiwang
secretary of the treasury, warned
the Supremo about the
manipulations in the ballot.
Bonifacio ignored his remark.
10. The elected officials were
announced. Bonifacio was elected
as the Secretary of the Interior
over Mariano Alvarez, which Mr.
Daniel Tirona protested, saying
that Bonifacio should not be in that
position because he he’s not a
lawyer himself, this then humiliated
and pissed Bonifacio.
11. Bonifacio demanded for an
apology, and pulled out his
revolver and aimed. Instead of
replying, Mr. Tirona, perhaps
because of fear, slid away and got
lost in the crowd.
12. The meeting was adjourned,
and Bonifacio pulled his
chairmanship card and declared
everything that had been decided
on as null and void.
13. Baldomero Aguinaldo convinced
the members of the Magdiwang
to reconvene the disrupted
meeting to revalidate the election
proceedings and make amends
with one another.
14. That same night of the Tejeros
Convention, rumor had it that
Mariano Trias, Daniel Tirona,
Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago
Rillo, and others were in the
4. Bonifacio arrived at Imus and
was welcomed by Emilio
Aguinaldo, Candido Tiron and
Edilberto Evangelista- all from
Magdalo group.
5. The Magdalo leaders noticed that
Bonifacio acts as if he was king.
He was then brought to the
house of Juan Castañeda in
Imus, where he was visited by the
many from the Magdalo faction.
6. Seeing Vicente Fernandez and
remembering what he had done
angered Bonifacio and ordered his
immediate arrest. The Magdalo,
however, sided with Fernandez.
Realizing that he has no influence
over the people of Magdalo,
Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano
Alvarez, explaining to him what
happened at this encounter, and
asking for an explanation about
Magdalo group.
7. Esteban San Juan invited
Bonifacio to attend the
demonstration of the Magdiwang
rebels in Noveleta and was
welcomed by the people
immediately.
8. Katipunan lost to Polavieja
because the factions couldn’t put
aside their pride and differences,
which called for a convention in
Imus, hoping to resolve the issue.
9. There were a lot of jealousy and
suspiciousness within the rebels
and even among the members
of the same faction.
10. Gunshots in a fiesta led to a
conflict between Santiago Alvarez
and Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
Immediately after that, The
Magdiwang leaders called for
another convention in the estate-
house of Tejeros, which happened
on March 22, 1897.
11. Jacinto Lumbreras took the
Chairmanship of the meeting
started talking about creating
defense strategies to protect
Cavite but Severino de las Alas
said that the Katipunan needs to
agree first on what type of
government they must have.
12. There was verbal fight between
Santiago Alvarez and Antonio
Montenegro then Lumbreras
requested to transfer the
chairmanship of the meeting to
Andres Bonifacio.
13. Bonifacio agreed to the petition
for a new form of government,
 parish house of the Catholic stressing that the majority's
Church at Tanza and that they decision must always be
were conferring with the priest, respected. He also stresses that
Fr. Cenon Villafranca. whoever gets most of the votes
15. The next day, Magdalo Pres. shall be honored and respected,
Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a regardless of his state in life.
14. After Bonifacio won the Director of
meeting at the same friar estate
Interior position, Tirona made it
house in Tejeros. The Magdalo obvious how opposed he was to
members did not come to the the decision of the majority.
reconciliation meeting, and was Bonifacio angrily whipped out
rumored that the Magdalo leaders his pistol to fire at Tirona, but
were currently holding their own Ricarte thankfully stopped him.
meeting in the parish house in 15. Bonifacio declared the results of
Tanza the meeting null and void.
16. The following day, 27 March 16. Bonifacio sent a letter to
1897, eyewitnesses who had Mariano Alvarez expressing his
spied on the proceeding the despair for not getting the
other night revealed that a Presidency.
meeting had taken place at the
Tanza parish house and that
the Supremo's decisions
regarding the election at the friar
estate house were not respected.
17. At the gathering in the Tanza
parish house, those elected at
the Tejeros convention knelt
before a crucifix.
18. At the gathering in the Tanza
parish house, those elected at
the Tejeros convention knelt
before a crucifix, and had solemnly
took their office without those
elected from the Magdiwang. The
Magdalo posted troops to guard
the Tanza parish house for their
oath-taking ceremonies.

Tejeros Convention (1897)

Independent Activity
Difference between the information in the primary source and secondary source
Primary Source
The Katipunan and the Revolution:
Memoirs of a General by Santiago
Virata Álvarez
• The narration was immediately
started off with the convention
itself.
• According to Santiago Alvarez,
the Tejeros Convention
convened on March 25, 1897
• The events and details that is
focused the most as to what
happened during the election day
in Tejeros.
• Alvarez also failed to mention
any event that had happened
before that led to the assembly
and election.
• The source was brief and had
recalled conversations from the
actual convention and explained
based on his memoirs and actual
experience.
• Alvarez forgot to mention that
Emilio Aguinaldo was actually
not present in the convention.
• Some people that were present
in Agoncillo’s account did not put
in an appearance
Secondary Source
The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of
Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of
Discontent” by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo
• The narration started with
providing sufficient details about
the division of Katipunans in
Cavite, the Magdiwang and
Magdalo to understand better the
Bonifacio’s sentiments as well as
the events that it will lead on.
• Stated that the Tejeros
Convention convened on March
22, 1897
• Teodoro Agoncillo stressed
profusely the misunderstanding
between the Magdiwang and
Magdalo groups that led to the
said assembly
• He gave enough information for
the readers to understand the
actions of Bonifacio and his
reactions to said events.
• Presents the complete names of
officers from each group, and
had mentioned all the names that
was not put in the primary source
• Also mentioned that there are
other Katipunans who went to
the assembly uninvited
• It was vivid the way Agoncillo
described the setting, and had
used enough adjectives for the
readers to visualize the scenes