Assignment 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

José Fernando Valencia Valencia

Group 203058_53
93404957

NATIONAL OPEN AND DISTANCE UNIVERSITY UNAD

School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering
Electromagnetic Theory and Waves
2022 16-01
 Exercise development

Activity Answers: (write in your own words) What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic
waves?
http://rsefalicante.umh.es/TemasLuz/oemSantillana.gif

R/
-Line of sight propagation
-Ground plane reflection propagation
-Atmospheric reflection propagation
-Satellite relay propagation
-Propagation through microwave links
-Multiple reflection propagation
What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
This phenomenon occurs when a wave propagates and when colliding with a material
medium, it returns in the same direction, but in the opposite direction, for example, the
reflection of an image a mirror, or the propagation of sound within a room when the waves
collide with the wall or the objectives and are reflected in the opposite direction to that of
their propagation.

What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

This phenomenon occurs when a wave propagates and when colliding with a material
medium, it returns in the same direction, but in the opposite direction, for example, the
reflection of an image a mirror, or the propagation of sound within a room when the waves
collide with the wall or the objectives and are reflected in the opposite direction to that of

their propagation.

What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of wave propagation?

Snell's law is a simple formula used to calculate the angle of refraction of light as it passes
through the separation surface between two means of light propagation (or any
electromagnetic wave) with distinct refractive index. The name comes from its discoverer,
the Dutch mathematician Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580-1626). They named her "Snell"
because of her last name, but gave her two "l's" by her name Willebrord which carries two
"l".s. It states that the product of the refractive index by the sine of the angle of incidence is
constant for any ray of light hitting the separate surface of two media. Although Snell's law
was formulated to explain the phenomena of refraction of light, it can be applied to all kinds
of waves passing through a separation surface between two media in which the speed of
propagation of the wave varies.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, keep in mind that 53 corresponds to the group
number and the last 3 digits of the identification number957 .
2

1. An electromagnetic wave of and , incident from the air. f =53 M Hz P+¿=100mW

1
/m ¿

2. (η1 =120 π Ω=377 Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance
3. η2=(957+ 10) Ω .
+ ¿. ¿

4. Calculates the reflected power and the power transmitted to the wall P−¿
1
P ¿
2

Figure 1: Propagation of the "normal wave" in infinite medium.

2

Incidence power P+¿=100

1
mW /m ¿

.
Attention, for calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2

Incidence power P+¿=100

1
mW /m ¿

Electromagnetic Frequency f =53 MHz

Intrinsic impedance.η2=(967) Ω

Incidente from the air(η1 =120 π Ω=377 Ω).

−¿ ¿
Calculate the reflected power P1 = ?

Calculate the power transmitted to the wall P+¿=?

2
¿

2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *

 n 2−n 1 967 Ω−120 π 295
Γ= = =
n 2+n 1 967 Ω+120 π 672

Γ =0.4390 Ω reflection coefficient

3. Paste the calculator image into the report.

−¿ ¿
We will find the reflected power P1
2 + ¿¿

P−¿=[
1
Γ] P ¿
1
=[0.439]2 (100 mW /m 2) = 19.2721 mW /m2
 +¿¿
We will find the power transmitted to the wall P2

P+¿¿ ¿ 2 2
2 = P ¿ ¿ = 100 mW /m -19.2721 mW /m = 80.7279 mW /m
2
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the grade of the exercise is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of the value obtained for
P−¿
1
¿ +¿¿
and P2 .

R/ The reflected power will always be less than the transmitted power depending on the obstacle
you have in front of it, which is why it will depend on the medium of transmission

5. An electromagnetic wave of and ., coming from a wave generator located to the wall, which
strikes from the air perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic and thick impedance. The wall is
made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver
2
mW /m 12 cm ( η =120 π Ω=377 Ω) η =(957+10)Ω 20 cm¿
located 20 cm away f =53 MHz P+¿=100
1
1 2
 Figure 2: Propagation of "normal wave" in finite medium.
2

Reflected power P+¿=100

1
mW /m ¿

Frequency = 53 MHz = 53000000 Hz

affects from the air = ( η1 =120 π Ω=377 Ω )

intrinsic impedance=η2=(967) Ω
wall thickness = 20cm
frequency angle w=2 πf
light speed C 0 = 3*108 m/s
ε r= electrical permittivity= 0.3898

η¿=Impedancia deentrada generdor =¿383.1697+ 113.9469 ¿

First, the propagation constants are calculated on the wall that is made of a non-dissipative and
magnetic material.

n=
√ μ0
ε0 εr

η0 2
ε r=( )
η
η0 =η1

η=η2
 η0 2 377 Ω 2
ε r=( )=( ) = 0. 15199
η 967 Ω
ε r= 0. 15199

wall phase constant

w
c0 √ r
β= ε

2 π∗53∗106
β= √ 0.15199 =rad/m
3∗108 m/ s
β=0.4327 rad /m
Input input by the generator

n1+ j n
η¿ =n 2
2tan (βx )

η2+ j n
1 tan (βx )

377 Ω+ j 967
η¿ =967 Ω
tan (0.4327∗0.2)

967 Ω+ j 377 Ω tan (0.4327∗0.2)

η¿ =379.4035+ j71.060981
 a. Calculate the reflection and transmission coefficient seen by the generator. Ґτ

n¿ −n 1 (379.4035+ j 71.060981)Ω−120 π
Γ= = =¿0.0119102 + j0.0928280
n¿ + n 1 (379.4035+ j71.060981) Ω+120 π

Γ =¿reflection coefficient
τ =1+ (0.0119102+j0.0928280) =1.0119102+j0.0922828τ =¿ 5.24138°

b. Determine in [%] and .the power that is transmitted to the receiver[mW / m2 ] Pt

P1= 1-|Γ|2
2
P1= 1-|0.0119102|

P1=0.999
The power transmitted to the wall 99.9%
n1 +n2
Γ 2=
n1−n 2

(120 π )+ 967 Ω
Γ 2= =-2.277916
(120 π)−967 Ω
Reflection coefficient towards the -2 receptor. 277916mW /m2

2
P2=1−|Γ 2|
2
P2=1−|−2.277916 Ω|

P2=−mW /m2

Transmission power in the receiver P2=−4.188901 mW /m 2

 +¿¿
Pt= P1*P2* P1

Pt=99.9%*−4.188901*100 mW /m2

Pt= -414.701199 mW /m2

Attention, for calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the grade of the exercise is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the value obtained for ,
and Ґ τ Pt .
Ґ The coefficient of reflection results with which the wave travels after colliding with an obstacle
and returns back to its medium.
τ The transmission coefficient is the force with which the wave travels through different media
which have constants
Pt It is the sum of transmission powers from a transmitter to a receiver

6. An electromagnetic wave propagates through various media as shown in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of "oblique wave" in finite media.

Initially, the beam travels through the ice sheet hitting the air layer at point B, forming an angle of .
Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave to determine the value of "d".
Note that each layer is thick.θ a=50 °(967) mm

Angle = θ a=50 °
Each= 967mm
¿Total trajectory in d with horizontal direction =???
Using Snell's Law
N1= ice
N2= air
 N3= glass

We calculate the incident angle

θa - θa' = 90°=> θa' = 90° - 50° = 40°

According to the Snell Act

The relationship of the incident angle and angle of refraction
n1 sin θa=n2 sin θ b

n1 sin 40 ° a=n2 sin θ b

1,31∗sen 40° a =1.00029∗sin θ b

1,31∗sen 40 ° a 1.00029∗sin θb
=
1.00029 1.00029
0.8418076445=sin θb
−1
sen ∗0.8418076445=θ b
θb =57.33149757 °
 Distance between layers
d BC=h*tanθb
d BC=(967mm)(tan 57.33149757 ° ¿
d BC=1508.080267 mm

To find the angle c

 θc =90°−θ b

θc =90°−57.33149757 °
θc =¿32.66850243°

n2 sin θb =n3 sinθ c

1.00029 sen (57.33°)b=(1.6) sen θc

1,00029∗sen 57.33° b 1.6∗sinθ b
=
1.6 1.6
0.5262 82355442=sin θc

sen−1∗0.526282355442=θc
θc =31.7546109721131°
 We find the distance between C and D
d CD=h*tanθC

d CD=967mm*tan (31.7546109721131° )
d CD= 598.3977571 mm
 We found total distance
dt= dBC+ dCD
dt= 1508.080267+ 598.3977571
dt=2106.478024 mm

Attention, for calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the grade of the exercise is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

Application example

Example: Communication via microwave. Basically a microwave link consists of three

fundamental components: the transmitter, the receiver and the air channel. The transmitter is
responsible for modulating a digital signal to the frequency used to transmit, the air channel
represents an open path between the transmitter and the receiver, and as expected the receiver is
responsible for capturing the transmitted signal and taking it back to digital signal.
The limiting factor of the propagation of the signal in microwave links is the distance that must be
covered between the transmitter and the receiver, in addition this distance must be free of obstacles.
Another aspect that should be noted is that, in these links, the path between the receiver and the
transmitter must have a minimum height above the obstacles on the road, to compensate for this
effect towers are used to adjust these heights.

Video link

URL: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VcwQweWgCWXznjYkvw1eYhbr_7U9T3NX/view

References
 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to Free and
Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. Nova
Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-
60). https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp. 513-
519). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://
 search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live
The following videos explain the concepts and the method to characterize
electromagnetic waves when they propagate in open media.
 Gutierrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
 Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic waves in open
media. [Video]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/30439
 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press, (pp. 519-
524). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live
The following video explains concepts about Snell's Law.
 Gutierrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140
 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp. 525-
551). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/
login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525
 Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line Circuits.
Artech House, (pp. 23-68).  http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
 Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Artech House, Inc. Chapter 6, 7,
11. http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
 Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave Communication
Circuits. (pp. 146-188). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14528229&lang=es&site=eds-live
Gutierrez, W. (2017). The Smith Chart basics [Video]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13141