You are on page 1of 10

 



 

4+/+ KMDI>DKDJN? @ J I OJ Gú B D> J N < KGD> < = G@N<GJN


< P ? DOJM @NDIAJMH ôOD>JN

E,D( mofk`fmflñ ablkqliàdf`lp ^mif`^_ibp ^ ilñ ^rafqlobp ab_bk k```p^of^jl(


bpq^o bk `lkplk^k`f^ `lk ilp abi obpql ab molcbpflk^ibp v bpmb`f^ijbkqb `lk /ñ2 
^nrbiilp`rv^^`qfsfa^amobpbkqbj^vlobp`lk`ljfq^k`f^p`lki^abi^^rafqlof^*or _ 
mloi^`r^i*bkbnrfs^ibk`f^`lkilpmofk`fmflóablkqliàdf`lp^almq^alñmloafcboqlr
`libdflpv^pl`f^`flkbpmolcbpflk^ibpab krbpqolbkqloklpl`fl+`riqro^i*v pfkÄk`olaq
bue^rpqfsfa^a, pb mrbabk fkaf`^o`lj l _Äpf`lp* bk rk loabk jbo^jbkqb ^ic^_cqhlv
^gbkl*mloq^kql*^`r^inrfbomlkabo^`fàka bfjmloq^k`f^*ilppfdrfbkqbp8

4+/+.+K mdi^dkdj_`]`i`ad^dj_`g\p_do\_j

CG^rafqloab_boÄsbo`àj lpbmrbab`lkpbdrfoi^ jÄufj^bcf`^`f^v obkq^_f_J


ab ilp jbaflp fkclojÄqf`lp ab i^ bjmobp^ ^rafq^a^* bpq^kal l_ifd^al ^ mol`l(
ob`ljbka^`flkbp ^`bo`^ abi obclow^j fbkqlabi pfpqbj^ v bi bpqrafl ab i^p plir`u^^
j Äpfaàkb^ppbdäkilpmol_ibj^pabqb`q^alñbkbipfpqbj^fkclojÄqf`labbpq^äiqj ,
pfbjmob v `r^kal i^p plir`flkbp nrb pb ^almqbk kl  sflibk i^ ibv kf ilp mofk`fmf^
Çqf`lpabi^pkloj^pablkqliàdf`^p,

C,k kfkdäk `^pl bpqÄ grpqfcf`^al nrb ob^if`b pr qo^_^gl bi mofpj^ abi cklm`
_bkbcf`fl*pfklnrbmlobi`lkqo^oflpr^`qfsfa^aab_bbpq^obkqlaljljbkqllofbkq^af
^ildo^obijÄufjlmolsb`elabpr`ifbkqb,

@r^inrfbo ^`qfqra nrb ^kqbmlkd^ fkqbobpbp mboplk^ibp abi ^rafqlo ^ ilp aa
^rafq^alab_boÄ`lkpfabo^opb`lj lklÇqf`^*v^nrb ifjfq^oÄkb`bp^of^jbkqbi^^mqfqra
abi mofjbol m^o^ mobpq^o ^i pbdrkal qla^ i^ ^vra^ nrb, ^ qbklo ab pr `^m^`fq^lp*
mrbabvab_b^mloq^oib,

M^o^ d^o^kqfw^o q^kqlbi _bkbcf`flabi ^rafq^al`lj l i^ kb`bp^of^ fkabmbkabb`ä


abi ^rafqlo* bpqb äiqfjl ab_boÄ bsfq^o bpq^o ifd^alb k`r^inrfbo cloj ^* ^ fkqbobpbpab
abqbojfk^a^pj^o`^p*molar`qlpl bnrfmlp`ljm^qf_ibp`lkilpabpr`ifbkqb*ab_fbkqb
birafoe^`bo`ljm^o^`flkbp*bkqobbi pfpqbj^l bnrfmlpabi ^rafq^al`lk ilp ablqol(
c^_of`^kqbp* `r^kal i^p jfpj^p pàil pb ob^if`bk `l^ i^ fkqbk`fàk ab fkcirfo bk Fó
ab`fpflkbp ab pr `ifbkqb v molsl`^ork`^j _fle^`f^bplp lqolp pfpqbj^pl molar`qlp
_fbk mlo fkqbobpbp b`lkàjf`lp m^oqf`ri^obp abi ^rafqlo l  _fbk mlo bi j^vlo
`lkl`fjfbkqlnrbqbkd^abbiilpl abpbbqbkbo,

I^ ^a^mq^`fàk abi ^rafqlo ^i pfpqbj^ abi ^rafq^al ab_b fjmif`^o rk^ `f`or
pfj _flpfp `lk bi jfpjl* ^  cfk ab  ^anrfofo rk `lkl`fj fbkql mlojbklofw^al ab !e
`^o^`qboÑpqf`^pfkqoÑkpb`^p,
 


@ # H AF (BG H 1"1 (76 0 +1==); 5 1 %,;.1:7816/785W:1-7> @OGJ@GIAJFHGI B+:

> m^oqfo ab i^ ^anrfpf`fàk ab af`el `lkl`fjfbkql* v `lk bi do^al ab
fkabmbkabk`f^ fkaf`^al ^kqboflojbkqb, bpq^oÄ bk `lkaf`flkbp ab  fkaf`^o* pf il
`lkpfabo^pb mboqfkbkqbbk cloj^dil_^if-^a^l bk cloj^m^oqf`ri^ofw^a^* i^psbkq^g^pv
abpsbkq^g^'*nrbbipfpqbj ^lcob`bobpmb`ql^lqolppfpqbj^plj^o`^p*ab_fbkall_qbkbo
abaf`e^ `ljm^o^`fàk rk^ pbofb ab `lk`irpflkbp nrb mbojfq^k jbglo^o i^ `^ifa^a v
mobpq^`flkbpabipfpqbj^^rafq^al,

¶kf`^jbkqb bk ilp`^plp bk nrb bi ^rafqloabargbpb i^ fjmlpf_fifa^a ab nrb bi
pfrbj^ mrafbo^ ^`ljla^opb ^ i^p bufdbk`f^p molmf^p ab  pr `ljbqfal l  `lkpfabo^pb
bu`bpfs^jbkqblkbolplpilp`^j _flp^fkqolar`fom^o^l_qbkbork^prcf`fbkqbcf^_fifa^a
^`loqlv jbaflmi^wl*Çpqb mlaoÑ^molmlkbork`^j _fl`r^ifq^ffs^jbkqb pfdkfcf`^qfsl
ab abqbojfk^alp bibjbkqlp l abi molmfl pfpqbj ^ fkclojÄqf`l dil_^ijbkfb
lllqbjm f^al,

Rk^ sbw bpqraf^albi pfpqbj^ fkclojÄqf`l^ ^rafq^o* bi ^rafqloab_boÄ bpq^_ib`bo


qbpobnrfpfqlp jÑkfjlp*^`lkpbg^_ibpvàmqfj lpm^o^pr^ab`r^`fàk^ i^cfk^ifa^a m^o^
i^ nrb e^ pfal afpbá^al* abqbojfk^kal bk `^a^ `^pl pr ^a^mq^_fifa^a* cf^_fifa^a*
ifjfq^`flkbp* mlpf_ibp jbglo^p v `lpqbp ab i^p jfpj^p* `lk l_gbql ab mobpbkq^o ^i
^rafq^alrk^pbofbablm`flkbpab^`qr^`fàkbk crk`fàkabaf`elpm^oÄjbqolp^ cfk ab
i p  Çpqb mrba^ s^ilo^o i^p obi^`flkbp `lpqb+bcf`^`f^+`^ifa^a+^a^mq^_fifa^a ab i^p
afcbobkqbp lm`flkbp* c^`fifqÄkalib rk ^_^kf`l ab mlpf_fifa^abp ab bpq^_ib`bo rk^
mliÑqf`^^`loql*jbaflvi^odlmi^wl^`loab`lkprpob`roplpvkb`bpfa^abpob^ibp,

Bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ iàdf`^jbkqb ^_pqbkbopb ab ob`ljbka^o ^`qr^`flkbp fkkb`bp^+


of^jbjb lkbolp^p* a^áfk^p l  nrb dbkbobk ofbpdlp fkgrpqfcf`^alp m^o^ bi ^rafq^al* `
fdr^ijbkqb a b molmlkbo jlafcf`^`flkbp `^obkqbp ab _^pb `fbkqÑcf`^ `lkqo^pq^a^*
ïfkbcf`fbkqbjbkqbmol_^a^p*l abfjmobsfpf_ibcrqrol,

Rk^ ab i^p `rbpqflkbp j Äp `lkqolsboqfa^p* obpmb`ql ab i^ ^mif`^`fàk ab bpqb
mofk`fmfl*bpi^ obcbobkqb^c^`fifq^obiabob`ela bi^plod^kfw^`flkbp^rafq^a^p^i^ if_ob
bib``fàkabi ^rafqlo* ilnrb fjmif`^bi ab_bojlo^i abbsfq^o dbkbo^oabmbkabk`f^pab
ilp mofjbolp obpmb`ql ab ilp pbdrkalp* ^rknrb af`el `lkaf`flk^kqb mbografnrb
abqbojfk^a^pbumb`q^qfs^pb`lkàjf`^pabbpqlpäiqfjlp,

Fdr^ijbkqb* pf bi ^rafq^al ab`fafbo^ bk`ljbka^o mlpqboflobp ^rafqlof^p ^ lqolp


molcbpflk^ibp* Çpqlp ab_boÑ^k mlabo qbkbo ^``bpl ^ ilp fkclojbp ab  ilp qo^_^glp
^kqboflojbkqbob^ifw^alppl_obbipfpqbj^abi^rafq^alpfbjmobv`r^kal`lkbiilklpb
qu_`o^pbl abob`elpa b qbo`bolp molqbdfalp`lk bi pb`obql molcbpflk^i nrb bi ^rafqlo
ab_bbkqlaljljbkqldr^oa^o,
 


 
/3ñ >RAcQLEJFSHEqPq>QF@>8F¢UC,KEU((8Mqq>@QF@L\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ q r ó

4+/+/+ Kmdi^dkdj_`^\gd_\_

EE ^rafqloab_boÄ mobpq^oprppbosf`flp^qbkloabi^pmlpf_fifa^abpab i^`fbk`f^v


jbaflp^  jf ^i`^k`b `lk ^_plirq^ if_boq^aobpmb`ql ^ i^ rqfifw^`fàkab af`elp jbälf
v bkrk^p`lkaf`flkbpqÇ`kf`^p^ab`r^a^pm^o^bifaàkbl`rjmifjfbkqlab,pri^_bb,

B kilp`^plpbk nrbi^mob`^ofba^aab jbaflpmrbpqlp^ prafpmlpf`fàkfjmof^kl


afcf`riqbk pbof^jbkqb i^ ob^ifw^`fàk ab i^ ^rafqlof^* ab_boÄ kbd^opb ^ ob^ifw^oi^q^q^
nrbpbibd^o^kqf`brk jÑkfjlab`lkaf`flkbpqÇ`kf`^pnrbkl`ljmoljbq^ki^`^ifa^a
a bJFPpbosf`flpl af`qÄjbkbp,

@r^kalaro^kqb i^bgb`r`fàkab i^ ^rafqlof^* bi ^rafqlo`lkpfabo^pb `lksbkñ(


ob`^_^obi fkclojbablqolpqÇ`kf`lpjÄp`r^ifcf`^alppl_ob^igäk^pmb`qllfk`fabk`f^
nrb prmbo^pb pr `^m^`fq^`fàk molcbpflk^i m^o^ ^k^ifw^oil bp faàkb^p `lkaf`flkl*
ab_boÄ obj fqfo bi jfpjl ^ rk bpmb`f^ifpq^ bk i^ j^qbof^ l  ob8^_^o J¢af`q^jbk m^k
obclow^oi^`^ifa^av cf^_fifa^adil_^iabi^^rafqloÑ^,

4+/+0+Kmdi^dkdj_`^\k\^d_\_

k f ^rafqlo ab_b bpq^o mibk^jbkqb `^m^`fq^al m^o^ E^ ob^ f-^`fà k ab i^^rafqloÑ^
bk`ljbka^a^* jÄufjb qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ nrb, bk i^ j^vloÑ^ ab ilp`^plp*a^a^k 
bpm``f^ifw^`fàk,^ilp^rafq^alpbk^idrklp`^plp ibpmrbabpbobuqobj^a^jbkqbafcÑ`fi
sbofcf`^oprpob`ljbka^`flkbpvbs^ir^o`loob`q^jbkqbi^ mob`fpfàkabi^pjfpj^p,

E^v nrb qbkbo jrv mobpbkqb nrb bi ^rafqlo* ^i fdr^i `rb lqolp abqbojfk^aló
molcbpflk^ibp &jÇaf`lp* ^_ld^alp* bar`^alobp* bq`,'* mrbab fk`fafo bk i^ qlj^ ab
ab`fpflkbpab i^ j^vloÑ^ab prpa fb k qbp`lk rkbibs^aldo^abab ^rqlkljÑ^*a^a^i^
afcf`riq^a moÄ`qf`^ a b ilp jfpjlp ab `lkqo^pq^o pr `^m^`fa^a molcbpflk^i v a
abpbnrfif_oflab`lkl`fjfbkqlpqÇ`kf`lpbufpqbkqbpbkqobbi^rafqlovilp^rafq^alp,

Ab_b*mloq^kql*pbomibk^jbkqb`lkp`fbkqbabi^i`^k`babprp`lkl`fjfbkqlpvab
pr `^m^`fa^a v ^mqfqram^o^abp^oolii^o i^ ^rafqlof^ bsfq^kalnrbrk^pl_ob`pqfj^`ål
mboplk^i mrafbo^ molsl`^o bi fk`rjmifjfbkql m^o`f^i l  qlq^i a 8 i^ jfpj^* ^rk bk ilp
`^plp bk nrb af`el fk`rjmifjfbkql kl mrba^ pbo abqba^al 9l o i^p mboplk^p nrbib
`lkqo^qbka^a^pprp`^obk`f^p`ldkfqfs^pqÇ`kf`^p^iobpmb`ql,

@lksfbkb fkaf`^o nrb bk ilp `^plp ab molar`fopb* mlo bi `lkqo^ofl* rk^
pr_bpqfj^`fàk ab pr `^m^`fa^a molcbpflk^i* bpq^ `fo`rkpq^k`f^ mlaoÑ^ ^cb`q^o
kbd^qfs^jbkqb bk i^ `lkcf^kw^ abi ^rafq^al pl_ob bi obpriq^al cfk^i ab i^ ^rafqlof^*
abgÄkalib rk^fkkb`bp^of^ fjmobpfàkab fkpbdrofa^apl_ob i^p molmrbpq^plab`fpflkbp



@>ccQSq+LQ8AF¢LSQLFgLDFAqI>i%JQLHFJLUJ°Q/@LV@•@EDLP@R@LP FT

> bcb`qló ñPb d^o^kqfw^o* bk i^ jbafa^ ab il mlpf_ib* i^ mboqfkbk`f^ ab JF(
``ll`fqkf`fHlp, bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ mol`ro^o nrb Çpqlp bslir`flkbk* ^i rkfplkl `lk bi
ablooliilab i^p qb`klildÑ^pab i^fkcloj^`fàk*bkrk^ cloj^afkÄjf`^*bsfq^kalrk^
m`jf`flp^bJ^qf`fa^aqÇ`kf`l+fkqbib`qr^inrb,bkbpqb`^j mlab i^`fbk`f^*lofdfk^qfk^
a$ qh^ obar``fàk ab i^p d^o^kqÑ^p ab pbdrofa^a v rk^ l_plibp`bk`f^ ab jÇqlalp v
qÇ`kf`^pnrbmrbabkfke^_fifq^oibm^o^bibgbo`f`flabprmolcbpfàk,

@lksfbkbmloäiqfjlii^j^oi^^qbk`fàkpl_obi^ `^prÑpqf`^a bi^^`obafq^`fàkabi^


`^m^`fq^`fàkabilp^rafqlobp`lk i^m obdrkr`iÄpf`^*^a^mq^a^^i^p`fo`rkpq^k`f^pab
^q^ molcbpfàk*a bînrfÇk^raff^^ ilp^rafqlobp=

Bp abpb^_ib nrb ,pb cloq^ibw`^ i^ `boqfcf`^`fàk molcbpflk^i ab i^ ^mqfqra ab ilp
^`afru`pm^o^ob^ifw^orklpqo^_^glpabÑkalibq^k`ljmibg^,

Bpq^`boqfcf`^`fàknrbab_boÄqbkborkmi^wlabs^ifabw^`loab`lki^bslir`fàkab
ir krbs^p qb`klildÑ^p ab i^ fkcloj^`fàk* ab_boÑ^ bpq^o ^s^i^a^ v d^o^kqfw^a^ mlo i^
jbqlalildÑ^bjmib^a^ m^o^ ^`obafq^o af`e^ bpm``f^ifw^`fàk, i^ fkabmbkabk`f^ ab i^p
bkqfa^abp`boqfcf`^alo^p* v i^ plisbk`f^ molcbpflk^i* l_gbqfs^jbkqb`lkqo^pq^a^* ab ilp
cog^klp, kb`bp^of^jbkqb`libdf^alp* nrb bk i^p jfpj^ppb `obbk `lk i^ cfk^ifa^a ab
&mob`f^oi^cloj ^`fàkvjlifcf`^`fàkmolcbpflk^iabilpplif`fq^kqbpabi^jfpj^,

ÎĤÈĦÈ Kmdi^dkdj_`^\po`g\

Bi ^rafqlo ab_b bk qlal jljbkql pbo `lkp`fbkqb ab nrb prp ob`ljbka^`flkbp
abqbk bpq^o _^p^a^p bk i^ bumbofbk`f^ `lkqo^pq^a^ nrb pb ib prmlkb qfbkb ^anrfofa(*
bsuruil nrb, mlo rk bu`bpl ab s^kfa^a* bi ^rafq^al pb bj_^onrb bk molvb`qlp ab
crqrolcrka^jbkq^alpbk pfj mibpfkqrf`flkbp pl_ob i^mlpf_ibbslir`fàk ab i^pkrbs^p
qb`klildÑ^pabi^fkcloj^`fàk,

Pf _fbk bp `fboql nrb bi ^rafqlo ab_b bpq^o ^i `loofbkqbabi abp^ooliil ab af`e^p
qb`klildÑ^pabi^fkcloj^`fàk`fkcloj^o^i^rafq^alabpr mobsfpf_ibbslir`fàk*klbp
jbklp`fboqlnrb ab_b bsfq^o i^ qbkq^`fàkab `obbonrb, do^`f^p^  u^p`lkl`fjfbkqlp*
mfbab ^sbkqro^o* `lk rk  `^pf ^_plirql do^al ab `boqbw^* ilp crqrolp ^s^k`bp
q``^lPàdf`lp v qo^kpjfqfo* `ljl jbafl ab abjlpqo^o pr `r^ifcf`^a^ bpm``f^ifw^`fàk,
Äaf^pmobsfpflkbp`ljleb`elp fk`lkqbpq^_ibpfk`fq^kal^i^rafq^al^fkf`f^ofirploflp
`_prcf`f`k`bjbkq`d^o^kqfw^alpmolvb`qlpabcrqrol,

Ab_b*mloq^jl*bi^rafqlo^`qr^o`lkrk`fbk ldo^alaberjfia^a*bsfq^kala^oi^
fkcobpfàkabbpq^o^i`loofbkqbabrk^ fkcloj^`fàkmofsfibdf^a^pl_obbibpq^alob^iab
q<bslir`fàk ab ilp molvb`qlp pl_ob krbs^p qb`klildÑ^p v mlkabo^o i^p ara^pnrb ib
ñ g f k  bk bi qo^kp`ropl ab i^ ^rafqlof^ ^ cfk ab mlkbo ab j^kfcfbpql q^p afcbobkqbp
 


XJF >RAFQLOF>FPH<OJ°QH>8FFKFi,KFlnf%c`MO>@QF@L

mlpf_ibp iÑkb^p ab^`qr^`fàkbk crk`fàk ab mobsfpflkbp ob^ibp v  mlo`bkq^gb( aboflm


`^i`ri^al(a bi^pjfpj^p*ab_fa^jbkqbcrka^jbkq^a^(,

4+/+2+Kmdi^dkdj_`^jhkjmo\hd`iojkmja`ndji\g

EE ^rafqlo* q^kql bkprp obi^`flkbp`lk bi ^rafq^al `lj l`lk qbo`bo^p mbosu(
ab_boÄ* bk qlaljljbkql* ^`qr^o `lkclojb ^ i^p kloj^p* fjmiÑ`fq^p l  bumiÑ`fq^p*ab
afdkfa^aabi^molcbpfàkvab`loob``fàkbkbiqo^qlmboplk^i,

M^o^biilab_boÄ`rfa^o i^jlabo^`fàkbki^bumlpf`fàkabnpngrf`flprlmfkfj^
bsfq^kal `^bo bk bu^dbo^`flkbpl  ^qbjlofw^`flkbp fkkb`bp^of^p mol`ro^kal* bkqlal
jljbkql* qo^kpjfqfo rk^ fj^dbk ab mob`fpfàk v  bu^`qfqra bk prp `ljbkq^oflpnfb
^s^ibk op`ljmloq^jfbkqlmolcbpflk^i b fkcrka^krk^j^vlopbdrofa^a v` l k cr p^ f
npn`ifbkqbp,

Bi `ljmloq^jfbkql molcbpflk^i bufdb abi ^rafqlo rk^ pbdrofa^a bk :r
`lkl`fjfbkqlp qÇ`kf`lp v rk^`i^o^ mbo`bm`fàk ab pr( `^obk`f^p* ab_fbkal birafoFóF
fkgbobk`f^pklplif`fq^a^pmloÇi,abmolcbpflk^ibpablqo^pÄob^p*bkibj^po`i^`florakF
l  nrb mrba^k fk`fafo bk bi obpriq^al ab i^ ^rafqlof^ v, `r^kal mob`fp^pb a a %
^pbplo^j fbkqlablqolpbumboqlp*^`rafo^ biilp*abg^kalbkaf`elprmrbpql`lkr^^afF
abbp^`fo`rkpq^k`f^vobcibg^kalb kcloj^afcbobk`f^a^*bkprpfkclojbpvaf`qfj`^l*ï
i^plmfkflkbpv`lk`irpflkbpmolmf^pvi^pbjfqfa^pmloilpjfpjlp,

Bi ^rafqlo ab_b ^pfj fpjl dr^oa^o rk bp`ormrilpl obpmbql mlo i^ mliql^
bjmobp^of^i abi ^rafq^al* ^rknrb Çpq^ afcfbo^ lpqbkpf_ibjbkqb ab i^p abi obpql aa
pb`qlo bk i^p nrb abp^oolii^ pr ^`qfsfa^a* bsfq^o`ljbkq^oflp buqbjmloÄkblp pl_ob_
jfpj^ bk q^kql kl bpqÇk obi^`flk^alp l  ^cb`qbk ^i l_gbql ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^ v ^k^iq r 
mlojbklkw^a^jbkqb i^(fkkls^`flkbp `lk`obq^p mrbpq^pbk j^o`e^ mlobi ^raÑq^ilf
cfkababqbojfk^oprpbpmb`fcf`^psbkq^g^pvofbpdlp*birafbkalbs^ir^oi^päkf`^jbbq`f
qbkloabilpbpqÄka^obpjbaflpabiobpqlabbjmobp^pabprpb`qlo,

Fdr^ij bkqb ab_b bsfq^o ob^ifw^o ^`qlp nrb pfj ribk ^mif`^`flkbp ab qo^q^jfbkql
cf`qf`flp*bk`r_o^k`ljmloq^jfbkqlpklmolcbpflk^ibpl abkmr_if`fa^a^jbqlalGlgÄp
molmf^pl ^gbk^pfkprcf`fbkqbjbkqb`lkqo^pq^a^pvd^o^kqfw^a^p,

4+/+3+Kmdi^dkdj_`^ji^`iom\^dÇi`i`gom\]\ej

BkpriÑkb^ab^`qr^`fàk*bi^rafqloab_boÄbsfq^onrbrkbu`bplabqo^_^glpÑjbqb
prp mlpf_fifa^abp ab `lk`bkqo^`fàk v  mob`fpfàk bk `^a^ rk^ ab i^p q^ob^p ^ a
bk`ljbka^a^p*v^nrbi^p^qro^`fàkvafpmbopfàkabqo^_^glpprbib^jbkral*pfklbpqÄ
 


op ë+ZZZZZZZ><KaagCJ ;7oo=JQOJoeJBo<KPG<P?DOJMDSKJFHSOD>JT>úJDBJNyOD>JN .(.

abfäi^j`lf` `lkqoli^a^* molsl`^o i^ `lk`irpfàk ab ilp jfpjlp pfk i^p ab_fa^p
mkbqÑ^pabpbdrofa^a,

> @%qb bcb`ql* bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ plmbp^o i^p mlpf_ibp `lkpb`rbk`f^p ab rk^
ñ`rjri^`fàk bu`bpfs^ ab qo^_^glp ^ cfk ab kl^prjfo ^nrbiilpnrb l_gbqfs^jbkqb kl
lg^)Ñ qfbjml ab ob^ifw^o `lk i^p ab_fa^p d^o^kqÑ^p ab `^ifa^a* ab_fbkal ob`e^w^o l 
mlpmlkboilpnrbbkaf`e^p`fo`rkpq^k`f^ppbiblcob-`^k,

>pfjfpjlab_boÄbsfq^o i^abp^`lkpbg^_ibmoÄ`qf`^ab ^eloolabbpcrbowlp_^p^a^


bki^ obmolar``fàk ab m^oqbp pfdkfcf`^qfs^p ab qo^_^glp l `lk`irpflkbpl_qbkfa^p ab
qo^_^glpmobsflpbklqolpmlpqboflobpbi^_lo^alp`lj l`lilcàkabkrbs^p^rafqloÑ^p,

Mlobi `lkqo^oÑl* pÑ bp^ajfpf_ib bi nrb, rk^ sbw ^k^ifw^alpb k molcrkafa^a ilp
^pmb`qlp^qbkbobk`rbkq^vl_qbkfa^pi^p`loobpmlkafbkqbp`lk`irpflkbp*pb`lkqo^pqbk
i^pojrk^p ^qbklo ab i^bumbofbk`f^^anrfofa^v  obcibg^a^bk ^kqboflobpfkclojbp*v^
nrbbpqbjlalab ^`qr^ombojfqb abqb`q^omlpf_ibpljfpflkbpbkbi bpqrafl* `ljmibq^o
ibpqo^_^glp pl_ob bi l_gbql ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^ fk`ljmibq^jbkqbbgb`rq^aló v  `r_ofo i^p
ñmobsfpflkbpabqb`q^a^pmlojbaflabbpq^`ljm^o^`fàk,

Bpqb `ljmloq^jfbkql molcbpflk^i mbojfqfoÄ ^i ^rafqlo abaf`^o ^ pr `ifbkqb i^
qq^vlo m^oqb ab il( ob`roplp mlpf_ibp l_qbkfalpab prp `lkl`fjfbkqlp v bumbofbk`f^p
mobsr(`lkrk^`ljmibq^^qbk`fàkaro^kqb i^bgb`r`fàkab i^^rafqloÑ^ák  fkgbobk`f^p
la bqbk `fl k bplofdfk^a^pmlomobpq^`flkbp^gbk^p^ i^jfpj^,

ÎĤÈÎÈKmdi^dkdj_`^jiad\iu\

Bi^rafqloab_boÄ c^`fifq^o` fk`objbkq^oi^`lkcf^kw^abi ^rafq^albk _^pb^ rk^


^`qr^`fàkab qo^kpm^obk`f^ bk pr ^`qfsfa^a molcbpflk^i pfk ^i^oabp`ïbk8ccf`l+qÇ`kf`lp
nlb,mlo pr fk`ljmobkpfàk* mrba^kobpq^o`obaf_fifa^a ^ ilp obpriq^alpl_qbkfalp v^
i^óafob`qof`bp^`lkpbg^a^pab^`qr^`fàk,

Bñbmofk`fmflobnrfbob^pfjfpjl*mlom^fqbabi^rafqlo*bij^kqbkbork^`lkcf^kw^
b^i^pfkaf`^`flkbpabi ^rafq^al^`bmqÄkali^ppfk obpbos^p`ljlsÄifa ^p^klpbonrb
l_pbosb a^qlp nrb i^( `lkqo^afd^k v mobsf^ `lkcfoj^`fàk mboplk^i ab i^ fkbnrÑsl`^
sbo^`fa^aabil(jfpjlp,

M^o^cloq^ib`bobp^`lkcf^kw^jrqr^pb obnrfbob mlo^j_^pm^oqbprk^afpmlpf`fàk


abaffilgl pj ^j_fdåba^abp nrb mbojfq^ ^`i^o^o i^p ara^p nrb, ^ #)g i^odl ab i^
^rafqloÑ^* mbafbo^k prodfo pl_ob `r^ibpnrfbo^ ^pmb`ql( nrb mrafbo^k obpriq^o
ñblcif`qfsl(, qlal biil `lk i^ d^o^kqÑ^ abi pb`obql molcbpflk^i nrb ab_b obdfo bk pr



Da^E H?CJFg<DIC R H <D F <  PI @WOJ L > @ KMô>DFJ

Bi ^rafqloab_boÄ* bk`lkplk^k`f^ `lkbpq^cloj^ab^`qr^o*^ab`r^opr ibkdrfgb


^i kfsbia b `ljmobkpfàk abi ^rafq^al*abp`bkafbkalvabq^ii^kal`r^kqle^d^ c^iq^`(
JF bumif`^`fàk ab_fbkal plif`fq^o* `r^kal il `lkpfabob kb`bp^ofl* i^ mobpbk`f^ ab
^idrkl ab ilp `li^_lo^alobp ab `lkcf^kw^ ab pr `ifbkqb nrb mrafbo^ ^moqbf(
abqbojfk^alp ^pmb`qlp qÇ`kf`lp `r^kal mob`fpb fkcloj^oib pl_ob `rbpqflkb( ab `j
bpmb`f^i`ljmibgfa^a`fbkqÑcf`^,

4+/+5+Kmdi^dkdj_`^mdo`mdj kmjkdj

Bi ^rafqloaro^kqb i^bgb`r`fàkab Fó^rafqloÑ^ab_boÄ^`qr^o`lk`ofqboflmolmàlgo


kl mbojfqfonrb Çpqb bpqÇ pr_loafk^al ^i ab lqolp molcbpflk^ibp* ^rk ab ob`lkl`fal
mobpqfdfl*nrbkl`lfk`fa^k`lkbijfpjl,

Bk ilp `^plp bk nrb ^mob`fb afsbodbk`f^p ab `ofqbofl `lk af`elp molcbpflk^ió
pl_ob ^pmb`qlp mrkqr^ibp ab pr qo^_^gl* ab_boÄ obcibg^o af`e^p afsbodbk`f^p abg^pàó
mibk^jbkqba bj^kfcfbpqlprmolmfl`ofqboflbfkaf`^kal*`r^kal^nrÇibpqÇprpqbkq^al
bk jbqlalildÑ^p l  bumbofbk`f^p nrb afcfbo^k ab q^p `loofbkqbp molcbpflk^ió
j^vlofq^oÑ^j`qfq`^prjfa^p*af`e^`fo`rkpq^k`f^,

Ilabcbkp^ ^  riqo^kw^ abi molmfl `ofqbofl kl bp à_f`b m^o^ obpmbq^o i^p `ofqf`^ó
^asbop^pab qbo`bolp*^rknrbbi ^rafqloab_bbsfq^onrb,pfrk^sbw,^k^ifw^a^p`lk`fkq^
afp`obm^kal ab q^p jfpj^p* Çpq^p mrba^k pbdrfo fkcirvbkal bk pr qo^_^gl* v^ nrbif
if_boq^aab`ofqboflfjmlkb^i^rafqloi^l_ifd^`fàkÇqf`^ab^`qr^obkqlaljljbkqlbp
i^cloj^nrbÇi`lkpfabobmboplk^ij bkqbjÄp_bkbcf`flp^m^o^b i^rafq^al*^rk`r^kà'
qbo`bo^pmboplk^pibfk`fqbk^abp^oolii^oifkb^pafcbobkqbpab^`qr^`fàk,

Bpqb mofk`fmfl bufdb ^pfjfpj l abi ^rafqlo rk^ ^`qfqra `r^pf_`ifd`o^kqb bk hó
`^plp bk nrb iibdrb ^i `lksbk`fjfbkql ab nrb i^ ^`qfsfa^a nrb pb ib plif`fq^*
mobprkq^jbkqb m^o^ bs^ir^o v  jbglo^o rk pfpqbj^ fkclojÄqf`l* qfbkb lqo^ cfk^ifa^a
^gbk^ ^ i^ ^rafqloÑ^*bk`rvl`^plab_boÄkbd^opb^ mobpq^o pr ^pfpqbk`f^ mlkfbkalab
j ^kfcfbpqlbimlonrÇabaf`e^kbd^qfs^,

Ab fdr^i cloj^`r^kalbi ^rafqlol_pbosbnrb,ab cloj ^obfqbo^a^*bi ^rafq^al(


kfbd^* pfk grpqfcf`^`fàk ^idrk^* ^ ^almq^o prp molmrbpq^p* ab_boÄ mi^kqb^opb R
`lkqfkrfa^aa b prppbosf`flpbk crk`fàkab i^p o^wlkbp v`^rp^pnrb`lkpfabobmrbaf^
grpqfcf`^oaf`elmol`babo,

4+/+6+Kmdi^dkdj_`_dn^m`^dÇi

Bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ bk qlal jljbkql j^kqbkbo rk^ `fboq^ afp`ob`fàk bk _ 
afsrid^`fàk ab a^qlp* ^m^obkqbjbkqb fkl`rlp* nrb pb ib e^v^k mrbpql ab j^kfcfbpql
aro^kqbi^bgb`r`fàkabi^^rafqloÑ^,
 


 
@>mj,kr= AqlsjquHfi>jr,> qroolñFKQLHJ>QHQóS@•LFGLP cbkllp FJ

Bpqb `rfa^al ab_boÄ buqobj^opb `r^kal i^ afsrid^`fàkab af`elpa fql p mrafbo^
^cb`q^o Y abob`elp obi^`flk^alp `ll i^ fkqfjfa^a l molcbpflk^ifa^a ab i^p mboplk^p
ññ`bára^pmloilpjfpjlpl^fkqbobpbpbjmobp^of^ibp*v  j^kqbkboqb qfkqlaro^kqbi^
ob^ifw^`fàkñibi^^rafqlof^`ljlqo^pprcfk^ifw^`fàk,

4+/+.-+Kmdi^dkdj_``^jijhÄ\

Bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ molqbdbo* bk i^ jbafa^ ab prp `lkl`fjfbkqlñ* qlp abob`elp
ñbJqcjcló ab' ^raff^al bsfq^kalîbkbo^o d^pqlp fkkb`bp^oflpbk bi bgbo`f`fl ab pr
^`qfsfa^a,

Bk`rjmifjfbkqlabbpqb mofk`fmflab_boÄ mol`ro^obsfq^oa fi^`fàkófkkb`bp^of^p


bk i^ ob^ifw^`fàk ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^, B pq^ b`lkljÑ^ ab qfbj mlp mbojfqfoÄ ^i ^rafq^al
obar`foilp mi^wlpab ^`qr^`fàk qbkabkqbp ^plisbkq^o ilp mol_ibj^pabqb`q^alpl ^  i^
^ab`r^`fàk^ilpkrbslpjÇqlalpmolmrbpqlp^mloq^kalrkabqbojfk^al s^ilo^á^afal
f'qo^_^glabi^rafqlo,

Ab fdr^i cloj ^* bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ qbkbo bk `rbkq^ i^ b`lkljÑ^ ab  jbaflp
prqboÑ^ibplerj^klp*birafbkalrqfifw^o^nrbiilpnrbklk]mob`fpbk,h<nrb obarka^oÄ
^ obar``flkbpabd^pqlpklgrpqfcf`^alp,

@lksfbkb*b ksfoqraabbpqb mofk`fmfl*abifjfq^obk i^cloj^j fp `lk`obq^mlpf_ib


YZNza^m% bi ^i`^k`b q  iÑj fqbp ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^ ^  bcb`qlp ab bsfq^o qbkbo nrb ob^ifw^o
bpqraflppl_ob^pmb`qlp`li^qbo^ibpklpfdkfcf`^qfslp*nrbabqo^bkqfbjmlqjbaflpm^o^
t ^kÄifpfp* v  bjfqfo fkclojbp pl_ob qbj^p `fo`rkpq^k`f^ibp l  ^gbkló ^ i^ cfk^ifa^a
mbopbdrfa(,

Bi^rafqloab_boÄob`e^w^oi^p^jmif^`flkbpabi qo^_^glbk j ^o`e^^rk^ mbqf`fàk


abiñbafq^al*pl_ob^prkqlpklafob`q^jbkqbobi^`flk^alp`lk i^^rafqloÑ^*abg^kalnrb
ab biilp pb bk`^odrbk ilp molcbpflk^ibp Y \  `g[) q  bsfq^oÄ bkqo^o 8k afp`rpflkbp*
`ljbkq^oflp* sfpfq^pa b`loqbpÑ^p*bq`,nrb klbpqÇkgrpqfcf`^a^p`lk i^bgb`r`fàk ab i^

Bk i^p ob`ljbka^`flkbp v `lk`irpflkbp ob^ifw^a^p bk _^pb ^ prqo^_^gl ab_boÄ


^pjäfkl birafo* fk`fq^o l molmlkbo ^`qr^`flkbp nrb mrba^k dbkbo^o d^pqlp
ïfk```p^klplabpmolmlo`flk^alp,

4+/+..+ Kmdi^dkdj_`ajmh\^dÇi^jiodip\_\

Bpqb mofk`fmfl* fkqfj^jbkqb ifd^al ^i mofk`fmfl ab `^m^`fa^a v  sfk`ri^al ^ i^
`blqfkr^ bslir`fàk ab i^p qb`klildÑ^p ab i^ fkcloj^`fàk v  i^+* jbqlalildÑ^p
obi^`flk^a^p`lk i^p jfpj^p* fjmlkb ^ qlp^rafqlobpbi ab_bov i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a ab



FJ JqRQLcqRFSHFcqSRE@> i%KF,J:UGii kq>@Qi@L

j^kqbkbo rk^ mboj^kbkqb ^`qr^ifw^`fàk ñGb prp `lkl`fjfbkqlp v jÇqlalñ ^ c b  aq


^ab`r^oilp^ i^pkb`bpfa^abpñibi^abj^ka^v ^ I^pbufdbk`f^pñib i^`ljmbqbk`f^abe
lcboq^,

I^ moldobpfs^ bpmb`f^ifw^`fàk ab prp `ifbkqbp bufdb ^pfjfpjl ab h ó  ^quqb`k[
m^o^ mlabo j^kqbkbobi do^alab`lkcÑ^k-^nrbpb mob`fq^m ^ k abg^obkprpj^oqb(a
^kÄifpfp ab i^p mobpq^`flkbp ab ilp pfpqbj^p fkclojÄqf`lp* rk `lkqfkrl mf^o aq
cloj ^`fàkmboplk^inrbfjmifnrbrkpbdrfjfbkqlabiabp^ooliilvlmloqrkfa^abpabi^
krbs^pqb`klildÑ^pab i^ fkcloj^`fàk m^o^ mlabo fk`lomlo^oaf`e^p fkkls^`flkbp*RJ
sbw `lkplifa^a^p* ^ ilp pfpqbj^p ñib prp `ifbkqbp* bsfq^kal ab bpq^ cloj^ ^ 
l_plibp`bk`f^,

4+/+./+ Kmdi^dkdj_`ajmo\g`^dhd`iojtm`nk`oj_`g\ kmja`ndÇi

i+G abcbkp^ ab ilp ^rafq^alp m^p^ mlo bi cloq^ib`fj fbkqlab i^ molcbpfàk ab_ 
^rafqlobp fkclojÄqf`lp* il nrb bufdb rk obpmbql mlo bi bgbo`f`fl, dil_gGjbqqb
`lkpfabo^al,ñGbi^^`qfsfa^aabp^oolii^a^mloilpjfpjlpvrk`ljmloq^jfbkql^`:(Äb
`lk ilp obnrfpfqlp bufdf_ibp m^o^ bi faàkbl `rjmifjfbkql ab i^ cfk^ifa^a ab c^f
^rafqloÑ^p,

Bk`lkplk^k`f^`lkb imofk`fmflababcbkp^ab i^molc`pfàfabilp^rafqlobp*lg Y 


ab_boÄk `rfa^oabi ob`lkl`fjfbkqlabis^iloab prqo^_^glvab i^`loob`q^ s^ilk^a(
ñibi^ fjmloq^k`f^abilpobpriq^alpl_qbkfalp`lkbi jfpjl,

Bk `r^kql ^ i^ objrkbo^`fàk mlo pr ^`qfsfa^a molcbpflk^i Çpq^ ab_boÑ^ bpq^
^`loab`lki^mobm^o^`fàkabi^rafqlov `lkbis^ilo^á^afaln r 9^mloq^^i^rafq^al`^ 
pr qo^_^gl* pfbkal ob`e^w^_ib bi bpq^_ib`fjfbkql ab ^`i boalp nrb fjmifnrbp
objrkbo^`flkbp ^i ^rafqlo j^kfcfbpq^jbkqbabpmolmlo`flk^a^( q^kql mlo fkprcf`fbkqb
`ljlmlo^_rpfs^p*v^nrb^ i^odlmi^wl*q^kqli^prk^p`lj lifplqo^pobarka^kb(q^
ab_fifq^jfbkqlabiob`lkl`fjfbkqlv^mob`flab i^ molcbpfàk,

Bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ* mlo q^kql* bk mobpqfdfl ab pr molcbpfàk* bsfq^o `ljmbqfo
abpib^ij bkqb `lk prp `ljm^ábolp ob_^g^kal prp mob`flp ^ iÑj fqbp fjmolmflp aa
qo^_^gl^ ob^ifw^o`lk i^ cfk^ifa^aab bifjfk^o`ljmbqfalobpvobar`fo i^`ljmbqbk`f^
molcbpflk^i* b fdr^ij bkqb bsfq^o ^_rp^o ab pr bpmb`f^ifw^`,àk m^o^ fjmllbo rk
objrkbo^`fàk `lj l `lkqo^m^oqfa^ ^ pr ^`qfsfa^a molcbpfàk[ nrb j^kfcfbpq^jbkqb
bu`ba^abis^ilol_gbqfslabprqo^_^gl,

@lj lfkqbdo^kqbab rkdormlmolcbpflk^i*ab_boÄmoljlsbobi obpmbqljrqrlv_


kl`lkcolkq^`fàkbkqob`ljm^ábolp, Bpqb obpmbqlklbpqÄ oboqfÄl, pfk bj_^odl*`l^_
abkrk`f^ a b `ljmloq^jfbkqlp fkab_falp* m^o^pfq^oflp l alilp,ó bk ilp `^plp bknpo
Çpqlp ib e^v^k nrba^al m^qbkqbp* v^ nrb bpq^p abkrk`f^p abebk `lkqbjmi^opb bla
j^o`labi^abcbkp^ñqbi^molmf^molcbpfàk`ljlcloj^abbibs^oprob`lkl`fjfbkql



 
ó©ññ\\\\\\\ @>ERFL5,qEU>QLILM¢>M@F+>qiAQQL(FULcqJ>QHLV<H=DQDBQF@L( F

Bk prp obi^`flkbp molcbpflk^ibpab_boÄ bufdfo ^pfj fpjl R J  ob`fmol`fa^a bk bi
bl`kmurjf`kql î&f`l ab prp `libd^p v c^`fifq^o _ r  obi^`flkbp ab `lkco^qbokfa^a v
©^kl ^mlvl `r^kal ^pf pb il plif`fqbk, Bpqb jrqrl ^mlvl kl ab_b bkqbkabo(ñ bk
ff^däk `^pl `ljl`lkr^mobpq^`fàk do^qrfq^ ab ^pbplo^jfbkql* pfkl `lj l `^r`b ab
ñbi^_lo^`fàk bk qbj^p mrkqr^ibp nrb mob`fpbk ab rk^ `fboq^ bpmb`f^ifw^`fàk l
`l^`o^q^`fàlablmfkflkbp,

4+/+.0+Kmdi^dkdj _`di_`k`i_`i^d\

Bpqb mofk`fmfl* jrv obi^`flk^al `lk b i mofk`fmfl ab `ofqbofl molmfl* l_ifd^ ^i
^aqc``*q^kqlpf^`qä^`lj lmolcbpflk^ibuqbokll `lkabmbkabk`f^i^_lo^i obpmb`ql^
_  bjmobp^ bk i^ nrb ab_^ ob^ifw^o i^ ^rafqlof^ fkclojÄqf`^* ^  bufdfo rk^ qlq^i
ñqblbk+,f^ b fkabmbkabk`f^ bk pr qo^_^gl* `lkaf`fàk Çpq^ fjmobp`fkaf_ib m^o^
mbojÑqbqb^a r ^oif_objbkqbpbdäkprib^ip^_bovbkqbkabo,

I^ fkabmbkabk`f^ abi ^rafqlo `lkpqfqrvb* bk pr bpbk`f^* i^ d^o^kqÑ^ ab nrb ilp
©èbobpbpabi ^rafq^al pboÄk ^prjfalp `lk l_gbqfsfa^a9 bk `lkpb`rbk`f^ bi `loob`ql
lïbo`fàlmolcbpflk^i ab ilp^rafqlobpb p^kq^dàkf`l`lk i^ob^ifw^`fàkab pr ^`qfsfa^a
qbgl`r^ibpnrfbo^`lkaf`flkbñnrbklmbojfq^kd^o^kqfw^oi^,

Bpq^fkabmbkabk`f^ fjmif`^^pfjfpj lbi ob`e^wlab`ofqboflp`lkilpnrbklbpqÇ


mq^^jboqb ab ^`rboal* ab_fbkal obcibg^o bk pr fkclojb cfk^i q^k pàil ^nrbiilp nrb
@JJa`obmboqfkbkqbp*bsfq^kalfk`irfobkbijfpjl^nrbiilplqolp`lkilpnrbafpfbkq^
èlnrbpb^fjmbifal^biil,

Bi^rafqlofdr^ijbkqb ab_boÄ mobpbos^o jfabob`elv l_ifd^`fàkabab`fovmlkbo


abj^kfcfbpql qlal ^nrbiil nrb pbdäk pr `fbk`f^ v `lk`fbk`f^`lkpfabob kb`bp^ofl* v
f_ l qb k ñ  ab ^almq^o jÇqlalp l ob`ljbka^o iÑkb^p ab ^`qr^`fàk nrb, pbdäk pr
]l]lla]a)mrafbo^kmolar`fombfgrf`flp^i^rafq^al*^rknrbÇpqb^pfpbilplif`fqb,

>bcb`qlp ab p^is^dr^oa^o pr fkabmbkabk`f^ crk`flk^i* ab_boÄ birafo bpq^_ib`bo


abmbkabk`f^p`lk cfoj^pnrbi^ifj fqbk^ cfkabbsfq^onrb, ^rkpr_gbqfs^jbkqb* mrba^
cj e`fkbrk^obar``fàkabprif_boq^aab^`qr^`fàkmolcbpflk^i,

@lksfbkb* pfk bj_^odl* afcbobk`f^o bpq^ fkabmbkabk`f^ bk pr qo^_^gl ab i^
lfdbfHr ab rqfifw^o bi obpriq^al abi jfpjl* il nrb l_sf^jbkqb bkqo^ bk bi `^jml
lljmbqbk`f^iabi^mlqbpq^aab ^`qr^`fàkabi^rafq^al*bi`r^i mrbab pbdrfolfdklo^o*
mlo i^p o^wlkb( nrb bpqfjb `lksbkfbkqbp* prp fkclojbp* ob`ljbka^`flkbp*
^ofbqq^`hlqp l `lkpbglp pfknrb biilprmlkd^ jboj^ ^idrk^bk i^ fkabmbkabk`f^ abi

You might also like