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4+/+.+K mdi^dkdj_`]`i`ad^dj_`g\p_do\_j
C,k kfkdäk `^pl bpqÄ grpqfcf`^al nrb ob^if`b pr qo^_^gl bi mofpj^ abi cklm`
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abi mofjbol m^o^ mobpq^o ^i pbdrkal qla^ i^ ^vra^ nrb, ^ qbklo ab pr `^m^`fq^lp*
mrbabvab_b^mloq^oib,
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pfj _flpfp `lk bi jfpjl* ^ cfk ab ^anrfofo rk `lkl`fj fbkql mlojbklofw^al ab !e
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bu`bpfs^jbkqblkbolplpilp`^j _flp^fkqolar`fom^o^l_qbkbork^prcf`fbkqbcf^_fifa^a
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ab abqbojfk^alp bibjbkqlp l abi molmfl pfpqbj ^ fkclojÄqf`l dil_^ijbkfb
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mofk`fmfl*bpi^ obcbobkqb^c^`fifq^obiabob`ela bi^plod^kfw^`flkbp^rafq^a^p^i^ if_ob
bib``fàkabi ^rafqlo* ilnrb fjmif`^bi ab_bojlo^i abbsfq^o dbkbo^oabmbkabk`f^pab
ilp mofjbolp obpmb`ql ab ilp pbdrkalp* ^rknrb af`el `lkaf`flk^kqb mbografnrb
abqbojfk^a^pbumb`q^qfs^pb`lkàjf`^pabbpqlpäiqfjlp,
4+/+/+ Kmdi^dkdj_`^\gd_\_
4+/+0+Kmdi^dkdj_`^\k\^d_\_
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sbofcf`^oprpob`ljbka^`flkbpvbs^ir^o`loob`q^jbkqbi^ mob`fpfàkabi^pjfpj^p,
E^v nrb qbkbo jrv mobpbkqb nrb bi ^rafqlo* ^i fdr^i `rb lqolp abqbojfk^aló
molcbpflk^ibp &jÇaf`lp* ^_ld^alp* bar`^alobp* bq`,'* mrbab fk`fafo bk i^ qlj^ ab
ab`fpflkbpab i^ j^vloÑ^ab prpa fb k qbp`lk rkbibs^aldo^abab ^rqlkljÑ^*a^a^i^
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abpbnrfif_oflab`lkl`fjfbkqlpqÇ`kf`lpbufpqbkqbpbkqobbi^rafqlovilp^rafq^alp,
Ab_b*mloq^kql*pbomibk^jbkqb`lkp`fbkqbabi^i`^k`babprp`lkl`fjfbkqlpvab
pr `^m^`fa^a v ^mqfqram^o^abp^oolii^o i^ ^rafqlof^ bsfq^kalnrbrk^pl_ob`pqfj^`ål
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`^plp bk nrb af`el fk`rjmifjfbkql kl mrba^ pbo abqba^al 9l o i^p mboplk^p nrbib
`lkqo^qbka^a^pprp`^obk`f^p`ldkfqfs^pqÇ`kf`^p^iobpmb`ql,
@lksfbkb fkaf`^o nrb bk ilp `^plp ab molar`fopb* mlo bi `lkqo^ofl* rk^
pr_bpqfj^`fàk ab pr `^m^`fa^a molcbpflk^i* bpq^ `fo`rkpq^k`f^ mlaoÑ^ ^cb`q^o
kbd^qfs^jbkqb bk i^ `lkcf^kw^ abi ^rafq^al pl_ob bi obpriq^al cfk^i ab i^ ^rafqlof^*
abgÄkalib rk^fkkb`bp^of^ fjmobpfàkab fkpbdrofa^apl_ob i^p molmrbpq^plab`fpflkbp
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Bp abpb^_ib nrb ,pb cloq^ibw`^ i^ `boqfcf`^`fàk molcbpflk^i ab i^ ^mqfqra ab ilp
^`afru`pm^o^ob^ifw^orklpqo^_^glpabÑkalibq^k`ljmibg^,
Bpq^`boqfcf`^`fàknrbab_boÄqbkborkmi^wlabs^ifabw^`loab`lki^bslir`fàkab
ir krbs^p qb`klildÑ^p ab i^ fkcloj^`fàk* ab_boÑ^ bpq^o ^s^i^a^ v d^o^kqfw^a^ mlo i^
jbqlalildÑ^bjmib^a^ m^o^ ^`obafq^o af`e^ bpm``f^ifw^`fàk, i^ fkabmbkabk`f^ ab i^p
bkqfa^abp`boqfcf`^alo^p* v i^ plisbk`f^ molcbpflk^i* l_gbqfs^jbkqb`lkqo^pq^a^* ab ilp
cog^klp, kb`bp^of^jbkqb`libdf^alp* nrb bk i^p jfpj^ppb `obbk `lk i^ cfk^ifa^a ab
&mob`f^oi^cloj ^`fàkvjlifcf`^`fàkmolcbpflk^iabilpplif`fq^kqbpabi^jfpj^,
ÎĤÈĦÈ Kmdi^dkdj_`^\po`g\
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abqbk bpq^o _^p^a^p bk i^ bumbofbk`f^ `lkqo^pq^a^ nrb pb ib prmlkb qfbkb ^anrfofa(*
bsuruil nrb, mlo rk bu`bpl ab s^kfa^a* bi ^rafq^al pb bj_^onrb bk molvb`qlp ab
crqrolcrka^jbkq^alpbk pfj mibpfkqrf`flkbp pl_ob i^mlpf_ibbslir`fàk ab i^pkrbs^p
qb`klildÑ^pabi^fkcloj^`fàk,
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qb`klildÑ^pabi^fkcloj^`fàk`fkcloj^o^i^rafq^alabpr mobsfpf_ibbslir`fàk*klbp
jbklp`fboqlnrb ab_b bsfq^o i^ qbkq^`fàkab `obbonrb, do^`f^p^ u^p`lkl`fjfbkqlp*
mfbab ^sbkqro^o* `lk rk `^pf ^_plirql do^al ab `boqbw^* ilp crqrolp ^s^k`bp
q``^lPàdf`lp v qo^kpjfqfo* `ljl jbafl ab abjlpqo^o pr `r^ifcf`^a^ bpm``f^ifw^`fàk,
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fkcobpfàkabbpq^o^i`loofbkqbabrk^ fkcloj^`fàkmofsfibdf^a^pl_obbibpq^alob^iab
q<bslir`fàk ab ilp molvb`qlp pl_ob krbs^p qb`klildÑ^p v mlkabo^o i^p ara^pnrb ib
ñ g f k bk bi qo^kp`ropl ab i^ ^rafqlof^ ^ cfk ab mlkbo ab j^kfcfbpql q^p afcbobkqbp
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4+/+2+Kmdi^dkdj_`^jhkjmo\hd`iojkmja`ndji\g
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ab_boÄ* bk qlaljljbkql* ^`qr^o `lkclojb ^ i^p kloj^p* fjmiÑ`fq^p l bumiÑ`fq^p*ab
afdkfa^aabi^molcbpfàkvab`loob``fàkbkbiqo^qlmboplk^i,
M^o^biilab_boÄ`rfa^o i^jlabo^`fàkbki^bumlpf`fàkabnpngrf`flprlmfkfj^
bsfq^kal `^bo bk bu^dbo^`flkbpl ^qbjlofw^`flkbp fkkb`bp^of^p mol`ro^kal* bkqlal
jljbkql* qo^kpjfqfo rk^ fj^dbk ab mob`fpfàk v bu^`qfqra bk prp `ljbkq^oflpnfb
^s^ibk op`ljmloq^jfbkqlmolcbpflk^i b fkcrka^krk^j^vlopbdrofa^a v` l k cr p^ f
npn`ifbkqbp,
Bi `ljmloq^jfbkql molcbpflk^i bufdb abi ^rafqlo rk^ pbdrofa^a bk :r
`lkl`fjfbkqlp qÇ`kf`lp v rk^`i^o^ mbo`bm`fàk ab pr( `^obk`f^p* ab_fbkal birafoFóF
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l nrb mrba^k fk`fafo bk bi obpriq^al ab i^ ^rafqlof^ v, `r^kal mob`fp^pb a a %
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bjmobp^of^i abi ^rafq^al* ^rknrb Çpq^ afcfbo^ lpqbkpf_ibjbkqb ab i^p abi obpql aa
pb`qlo bk i^p nrb abp^oolii^ pr ^`qfsfa^a* bsfq^o`ljbkq^oflp buqbjmloÄkblp pl_ob_
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mlojbklkw^a^jbkqb i^(fkkls^`flkbp `lk`obq^p mrbpq^pbk j^o`e^ mlobi ^raÑq^ilf
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qbkloabilpbpqÄka^obpjbaflpabiobpqlabbjmobp^pabprpb`qlo,
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cf`qf`flp*bk`r_o^k`ljmloq^jfbkqlpklmolcbpflk^ibpl abkmr_if`fa^a^jbqlalGlgÄp
molmf^pl ^gbk^pfkprcf`fbkqbjbkqb`lkqo^pq^a^pvd^o^kqfw^a^p,
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prp mlpf_fifa^abp ab `lk`bkqo^`fàk v mob`fpfàk bk `^a^ rk^ ab i^p q^ob^p ^ a
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mkbqÑ^pabpbdrofa^a,
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ñ`rjri^`fàk bu`bpfs^ ab qo^_^glp ^ cfk ab kl^prjfo ^nrbiilpnrb l_gbqfs^jbkqb kl
lg^)Ñ qfbjml ab ob^ifw^o `lk i^p ab_fa^p d^o^kqÑ^p ab `^ifa^a* ab_fbkal ob`e^w^o l
mlpmlkboilpnrbbkaf`e^p`fo`rkpq^k`f^ppbiblcob-`^k,
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^pmb`qlp^qbkbobk`rbkq^vl_qbkfa^pi^p`loobpmlkafbkqbp`lk`irpflkbp*pb`lkqo^pqbk
i^pojrk^p ^qbklo ab i^bumbofbk`f^^anrfofa^v obcibg^a^bk ^kqboflobpfkclojbp*v^
nrbbpqbjlalab ^`qr^ombojfqb abqb`q^omlpf_ibpljfpflkbpbkbi bpqrafl* `ljmibq^o
ibpqo^_^glp pl_ob bi l_gbql ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^ fk`ljmibq^jbkqbbgb`rq^aló v `r_ofo i^p
ñmobsfpflkbpabqb`q^a^pmlojbaflabbpq^`ljm^o^`fàk,
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qq^vlo m^oqb ab il( ob`roplp mlpf_ibp l_qbkfalpab prp `lkl`fjfbkqlp v bumbofbk`f^p
mobsr(`lkrk^`ljmibq^^qbk`fàkaro^kqb i^bgb`r`fàkab i^^rafqloÑ^ák fkgbobk`f^p
la bqbk `fl k bplofdfk^a^pmlomobpq^`flkbp^gbk^p^ i^jfpj^,
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b^i^pfkaf`^`flkbpabi ^rafq^al^`bmqÄkali^ppfk obpbos^p`ljlsÄifa ^p^klpbonrb
l_pbosb a^qlp nrb i^( `lkqo^afd^k v mobsf^ `lkcfoj^`fàk mboplk^i ab i^ fkbnrÑsl`^
sbo^`fa^aabil(jfpjlp,
4+/+5+Kmdi^dkdj_`^mdo`mdj kmjkdj
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pl_ob ^pmb`qlp mrkqr^ibp ab pr qo^_^gl* ab_boÄ obcibg^o af`e^p afsbodbk`f^p abg^pàó
mibk^jbkqba bj^kfcfbpqlprmolmfl`ofqboflbfkaf`^kal*`r^kal^nrÇibpqÇprpqbkq^al
bk jbqlalildÑ^p l bumbofbk`f^p nrb afcfbo^k ab q^p `loofbkqbp molcbpflk^ió
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^asbop^pab qbo`bolp*^rknrbbi ^rafqloab_bbsfq^onrb,pfrk^sbw,^k^ifw^a^p`lk`fkq^
afp`obm^kal ab q^p jfpj^p* Çpq^p mrba^k pbdrfo fkcirvbkal bk pr qo^_^gl* v^ nrbif
if_boq^aab`ofqboflfjmlkb^i^rafqloi^l_ifd^`fàkÇqf`^ab^`qr^obkqlaljljbkqlbp
i^cloj^nrbÇi`lkpfabobmboplk^ij bkqbjÄp_bkbcf`flp^m^o^b i^rafq^al*^rk`r^kà'
qbo`bo^pmboplk^pibfk`fqbk^abp^oolii^oifkb^pafcbobkqbpab^`qr^`fàk,
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`^plp bk nrb iibdrb ^i `lksbk`fjfbkql ab nrb i^ ^`qfsfa^a nrb pb ib plif`fq^*
mobprkq^jbkqb m^o^ bs^ir^o v jbglo^o rk pfpqbj^ fkclojÄqf`l* qfbkb lqo^ cfk^ifa^a
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4+/+6+Kmdi^dkdj_`_dn^m`^dÇi
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afsrid^`fàk ab a^qlp* ^m^obkqbjbkqb fkl`rlp* nrb pb ib e^v^k mrbpql ab j^kfcfbpql
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^cb`q^o Y abob`elp obi^`flk^alp `ll i^ fkqfjfa^a l molcbpflk^ifa^a ab i^p mboplk^p
ññ`bára^pmloilpjfpjlpl^fkqbobpbpbjmobp^of^ibp*v j^kqbkboqb qfkqlaro^kqbi^
ob^ifw^`fàkñibi^^rafqlof^`ljlqo^pprcfk^ifw^`fàk,
4+/+.-+Kmdi^dkdj_``^jijhÄ\
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ñbJqcjcló ab' ^raff^al bsfq^kalîbkbo^o d^pqlp fkkb`bp^oflpbk bi bgbo`f`fl ab pr
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prqboÑ^ibplerj^klp*birafbkalrqfifw^o^nrbiilpnrbklk]mob`fpbk,h<nrb obarka^oÄ
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4+/+..+ Kmdi^dkdj_`ajmh\^dÇi^jiodip\_\
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`blqfkr^ bslir`fàk ab i^p qb`klildÑ^p ab i^ fkcloj^`fàk v i^+* jbqlalildÑ^p
obi^`flk^a^p`lk i^p jfpj^p* fjmlkb ^ qlp^rafqlobpbi ab_bov i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a ab
FJ JqRQLcqRFSHFcqSRE@> i%KF,J:UGii kq>@Qi@L
I^ moldobpfs^ bpmb`f^ifw^`fàk ab prp `ifbkqbp bufdb ^pfjfpjl ab h ó ^quqb`k[
m^o^ mlabo j^kqbkbobi do^alab`lkcÑ^k-^nrbpb mob`fq^m ^ k abg^obkprpj^oqb(a
^kÄifpfp ab i^p mobpq^`flkbp ab ilp pfpqbj^p fkclojÄqf`lp* rk `lkqfkrl mf^o aq
cloj ^`fàkmboplk^inrbfjmifnrbrkpbdrfjfbkqlabiabp^ooliilvlmloqrkfa^abpabi^
krbs^pqb`klildÑ^pab i^ fkcloj^`fàk m^o^ mlabo fk`lomlo^oaf`e^p fkkls^`flkbp*RJ
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