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Fcqc` >i%AqQLOi>FJLOJ>QF@> EUqJ LNq%cTqò@QHL

4+/+.1+Kmdi^dkdj_`diajmh\^dÇi npad^d`io`

Bpqb mofk`fmfl ab mofj loaf^i Ñkqbobp m^o^ bi ^rafq^al, l_ifd^ ^i ^rafqlo ^  pbo
mibk^jbkqb `lkp`fbkqb ab JF l_ifd^`fàk a b ^mloq^o* bk cloj ^ mlojbklof-gri^jbkqb
`i^o^* mob`fp^ bfkqbifdf_ib mlo^bi^rafq^al* fkcloj^`fàkq^kql pl_obqlalpv `^a^ rkl
ab ilp mrkqlp obi^`flk^alp `lk i^ ^rafqloÑ^ nrb mrba^k qbkbo ^idäk fkqboÇp m^o^ ÇI
`ljl pl_ob i^p `lk`irpflkb(^ i^p nrb e^ iibd^al* ` fdr^ijbkqb fkcloj^oib pl_ob_ 
^`qfsfa^a abp^oolii^a^ aro^kqb i^ jfpj^ nrb e^ pbosfal ab _^pb m^o^ iibd^o ^ a f` q^ 
`lk`irpflkbp,

Af`e^ fkcloj^`fàk ab_boÄ bpq^o `lkpqfqrfa^ mlo ^nrbii^ nrbbi^rafqlo `lkpfabob


`lksbkfbkqb l  _bkbcf`flp^ m^o^ ilp fkqbobpbp l  pbdrofa^a ab pr a fb k qb  v bpq^o bf
`lkplk^k`f^ `lk i^ rqfifa^a nrb mrba^ qbkbo*b k bi mobpbkqb l  bk bi crqrol* m^o^ a
jfpjl, Grkfl^af`e^fkcloj^`fàkab_boÄ ^pfjfpj lc^`fifq^o`r^inrfbolqo^nrbibk Y 
obnrbofa^ mlobi ^rafq^al* ^rknrb i^ `lkpfabob fkqo^kp`bkabkqb l  ml`l pfdkfcf`^qfpf
pfbjmobv`r^kalÇpq^qbkd^rk^obi^`fàkafob`q^vkljbo^jbkqb`fo`rkpq^k`f^i`lka
l_gbqla b i^ ^rafqloÑ^ v kl ^cb`qb^  a^qlp kljfk^qfslp`rvl ab_bo ab pb`obql ibpbó
bufdf_qb,

Bk af`e^p fkcloj^`flkbp ab_boÄ bsfq^o ^mloq^o a^qlp fkqo^p`bkabkqbp m^o^ rf
`ifbkqb&a^qlpnrb pàil^cb`qbk^pr molmf^ fj^dbk`ljbo`f^il molcbpflk^iabi ^rafi`b
+^rqlmolm^d^ka^+* a^ilp `ljbo`f^ibp kl  mboqfkbkqbp* bq`,'* nrb pàil mbopfdgl
fk`objbkq^o bi slirjbk abi fkclojb l  grpqfcf`^o i^ ^rpbk`f^ ab abqbojfk^añó
mob`fpflkbpabpfkdri^ofjmloq^k`f^ jbaÑ^kibi^^mloq^`fàkablqo^pabjbklofkqboÇpgo
abjÄpcÄ`fibi^_lo^`fàkmlo^bi^rafqlo,

Bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ ^pfjfpj l `ljmoljbqbopb `lk prp `lk`irpflkbp* ab_fbkqb


fkaf`^o bk bii^p ilp abcb`qlp l_pbos^alp bk bi pfpqbj ^ fkclojÄqf`l* i^p iÑkb^ó ab
^`qr^`fàk nrb ob`ljfbka^ v i^p ara^p nrb obpmb`ql ^ i^p jfpj^p pb ib mi^kqb^(
fkaf`^kalbkbpqbäiqfjl`^plpf i^`^rp^bu`bm`flk^i nrbi^pmolar`bk]abks^abrr
fkprcf`fbk`f^aba^qlppl_obbi molmflpfpqbj^*abrk^c^iq^ab`lkl`fjfbkqlpqÇ`kf`^
abi molmfl ^rafqlo nrb ib fjmfab ab`fafopb* `lk rk^ jÑkfj^ d^o^kqÑ^ ab cf^_fihifa,
pl_ob i^ `lksbkfbk`f^ ab fk`ifk^opb mobcbobkqbjbkqb mlo ^idrk^ ab bii^p* l  ab rk^
fk``oqfarj_o` pl_ob mlpf_ibp bslir`flkbp ^ jbafl l  i^odl mi^wl ab ilp ^s^k`bp
qb`kliàdf`lp,

@fboq^j bkqb bi ^rafqlo ab_b pbo`lkp`fbkqb ab nrb i^bumZï`fq^`fàk ab prpari^
^cb`q^oÄ^ i^ `lkcf^kw^abi^rafq^al*mbolbk`r^inrfbo`^plbpmobcbof_ibqo^kpjfqfol^
fkcloj^`fàk sbo^w* bkqbkafa^Çpq^`ljli^nrbb pbufdf_i`^ilalerbk molcbpflk^i^ 
bibgbo`f`flabpr^`qfsfa^a^ qbkloab prp`lkl`fjfbkqlp*nrb qo^pjfqfo*`ljllmffrff
bumboq^*rk^fkcloj^`fàkabi^nrbklmrba^d^o^kqfw^omboplk^ij bkqbprbu^`qfqra

/
 


üRñf\\\\\\\ @>oqFSFUE8A@:>%QLqLLRAcU>q%A^LñFTUóJ°QF@U'V@ÄLHLPcbQHU<P ió5

c`p fjmlk^ kqb ^pfj fpjl nrb i^ fkcloj^`fàk qo^pjfqfa^ ^i ^rafral mlkd^ ab
j^kfcfbpql rk^ mkfa`k`f^ v pbk^al ab i^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a* `^o^`qboÑpqf`^p bpq^p nrb
óqr`^ab_bkbpq^óobáfa^p`lkilpmofk`fmflpabprcf`fbk`f^fkcloj^qfs^va bsbo^`fa^a*
ñsfq^kal ob`ob^o ilp ^pmb`qlp kbd^qfslp l  ilp boolobp erj^klpabqb`q^alp nrb ab_bk
nrba^oobcibg^alp`lkrk`fbk lq^`qlmolcbpflk^i,

Bi ^rafqlo ab_b bsfq^o e^`bo o``^`o i^ qlq^ifa^a ab fk^a^mq^`flkbp abi pfpqbj^
qlqbb^idrklpbibjbkqlppfkdri^obp&mboplk^ibpl j^qbof^ibp'*fdklo^kal^nrbiilplqolp
nrb mrafbo^k qbkbo fk`fabk`f^ bk ilp c^iilp l  ^klj^iÑ^p abqb`q^a^p* mlo pfjmib
``botafa^a bk i^ bi^_lo^`fàk ab prp fkclojbp* v  erfo abi ó b ob qfpj l  qk  `r^kql ^ i^
bumqf`ff^`fàkab ilpj Çqlalprqfifw^alppfbkalfk^ajfpf_ibnrbpb^molsb`eb m^o^biil
abi^_rbk^cbabi^rafq^al,

F+^R_lo fkcloj^qfs^abi ^rafqloab_boÄ* mloq^kql*bpq^o_^p^a^bki^prcf`fbk`f^*


ñ`llj c^v jÄufjl^molsb`e^jfbkqlab i^ jfpj^ mlo mlkbab pr `ifbkqb* ab_fbkal
fl$^ogrkql^ prpgrf`flpa b s^ilo* i^ jbqlalildÑ^ nrb ib e^ iibs^al f bpq^_ib`boilp
m^k, ab bpq^ cloj ^* c^`fifq^o bi nrb, b k crqro^p ^rafqlof^p* mrba^k ^mls``e^op` ilp
`lllajhkqlp buqo^Ñalp ab i^ ^pÑ ob^ifw^a^* birafbkal j lklmlifl QÄ`qf`lp v
abmbkabk`f^pdbkbo^a^pmlolp`ro^kqfpj lbki^ qo^pjfpfàkabi^ fkcloj^`fàk,

4+/+.2+Kmdi^dkdj_` dio`bmd_\_hjm\g

Bpqbmofk`fmfl*fkebobkqbjbkqbifd^al^i^afdkfa^aabmboplk^*l_id^^i^rafqlo^
pboelkbpql* ib^i v afifdbkqb bkbiabpbjmbálab  pr jfpfàk* ^  ^grpq^opb ^ i^p kloj^p
jlo^ibp*abgrpqf`f^ v mol_fa^a* v ^bsfq^o m^kf`fmlo, slirkq^oÑ^l  fk`lkp`fbkqbjbkqb*
bk`r^ibpnrfbo^^`qlpab`loorm`fàkmboplk^il abqbo`bo^pmboplk^p,

Bi ^rafqlo klab_boÄ* _^gl kfkdrk^`fo`rkpq^k`f^* ^molsb`e^o ilp`lkl`fjfbkqlp


^anrfofalparo^kqb i^ ^rafqloÑ^ mlo^ rqfifw^oilp bk `lkqo^ abi ^rafq^al l ab qbo`bo^p
mboplk^pobi^`flk^a^p` lkbijfpjl,

Alo^kqb i^ ob^ifw^`fàk ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^* bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ bjmib^o i^ jÄufj^
afifdbk`f^*abaf`^`fàkvmob`fpfàk*rqfifw^kalm^o^biilqlalprp^_bov`óqbkabo,

4+/+.3+Kmdi^dkdj_`g`b\gd_\_

Bk qlal jljbkql bi ^rafqlo ab_boÄ bsfq^o rqfifw^o prp `lkl9fjfbkqlp m^o^
_^ifq^o*^ilp^rafq^alpl ^qbo`bo^pmboplk^p*i^`lkqo^sbk`fàkabi^ibd^ifa^asfdbkqb,

Bl kfkdäk `^pl `lkpbkqfoÄ kf `li^_lo^oÄ bk i^ abp^`qfs^`fàk l bifjfk^`fàk ab
îñmlpfqfslpabpbdrofa^akffkqbkq^oÄl_qbkboilp`àafdlpl `i^sbpab^``bpl^ pb`qlobp
ob^ofkdfalp ab fkcloj^`fàk dbkbo^alp m^o^ molqbdbo ilp abob`elp* l_ifd^`flkbp l
ïJbobpbp ab qbo`bolp &abob`el ^  i^ fkqfjfa^a* pb`obql molcbpflk^i* molmfba^a
fJbh`qr^i,bq`,',
 


ftó >RAFQLO¢> fpHuj>%k@>8RK BKCLNqqEq°`k`l\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]me

Ab fdr^i cloj^ ilp ^rafqlobp ab_boÄk ^_pqbkbopb ab fkqbosbkfo ifk`^p ab
`ljrkf`^`fàk l  `lkqoli^o ^`qfsfa^abp nrb mrba^k dbkbo^o srikbo^`fàk ab abob`el'
mboplk^ibplbjmobp^of^ibpafdklpabmolqb``fàk,

I^ mofj^`Ñ^ ab bpq^ l_ifd^`fàk bufdb abi ^rafqlo rk`ljmloq^jfbkql ^`rplab
lmlpf`fàk ^  qlal fkqbkql* mlo m^oqb abi ^rafq^al l  ab qbo`bo^p mboplk^p* qbkabbñf
fkcofkdfo`r^inrfbomob`bmqlfkqbdo^albkbiabob`elmlpfqfsl,

4+/+.4+ Kmdi^dkdj_`gd]m`^jhk`o`i^d\

I^^`qr^i b`lkljÑ^ab jbo`^albufdbnrbbi bgbo`f`flab i^ molcbpfàk pb ob^i^


bk  bi j^o`l a b i^ if_ob `ljmbqbk`f^* pfbkal ob`e^w^_ibp* u fo q^kql* i^p moc`qhó
`lirplof^pqbkabkqbp^fj mbafolifj fq^oi^ ibdÑqfj ^`ljmbqbk`f^ablqolpmolcbpflk^ió
v i^pmoÄ`qf`^p^_rpfs^p `lkpfpqbkqbp bkbi ^molsb`e^jfbkqlb^ _bkbcf`flmolmfl*vb^
`lkqo^abilpfkqbobpbpabilp^rafq^alp*abmlpf`flkbpmobaljfk^kqbp,

Bk i^ `ljbo`f^ifw^`fàk ab ilp pbosf`fló ab ^rafqloÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^ ab_bk bsfrkb
r k ql  ilp`ljmloq^jfbkqlpm^o^pfq^oflp`ljl ilp jbo^jbkqbabpib^ibp* bkqbkafalpil:
mofjbolp `lj l ^molsb`e^jfbkqlp fkab_falp abi qo^_^gl v  obmrq^`fàk ab lqolp^ 
_bkbcf`fl molmfl* v ilp pbdrkalp ` l k ó  fkqbkqlp ab `lkcrkafo^  ilp abj^ka^kqbpab
af`elp pbosf`flp jbaf^kqb ^j_fdåba^abp* fkpfkr^`flkbp l  mrJr^ifw^`flk`p nrbpà_
qbkd^kmlol_gbqfslbkj^p`^o^oi^`^ifa^av cf^_fifa^aabi^lcboq^,

4+/+.5+ Kmdi^dkdj_`ij_dn^mdhdi\^dÇi

Bi^rafqlobkpr ^`qr^`fàkmobsf^*aro^kqbvmlpqboflo^i^^rafqloÑ^*ab_boÄbsfq^o
fkar`fo* m^oqf`fm^o l ^`bmq^o pfqr^`flkbp afp`ofjfk^qlof^p ab kfkdäk qfml* abcb`^al
bgbo`bopr^`qfsfa^amolcbpflk^ipfkmobgrf`flpabkfkdrk^`i^pbv`lkfkabmbkabk`f^ab
i^p`^o^`qboÑpqf`^pmboplk^ibp*pl`f^ibpl b`lkàjf`^pabprpa fb qqb p,

Ab_boÄbsfq^o`r^inrfbo qfml ab `lkaf`flk^kqbp mboplk^ifw^alp v ^`qr^obkilat


i^p `^plp `lk pfj fi^o afifdbk`f^`lk fkabmbkabk`f^ ab  ilp _bkbcf`f^p l_qbkfalp abi
^rafq^al* ab i^p pfj m^qÑ^p mboplk^ibp nrb qbkd^ e^`f^ Çpqb l  ab `r^inrfbo lqk
`fo`rkpq^k`f^,

Pr ^`qr^`fàk ab_boÄ^pfj fpjl j^kqbkbork^fdr^ia^aab o^qlmolcbpflk^ib`lif


qlq^ifa^a ab mboplk^p`lk i^pnrb bk sfoqra ab pr qo^_^gl qbkd^ nrb obi^`flk^opbbsl
fkabmbkabk`f^ab`^qbdloÑ^*bpr qr pbjmobp^of^il molcbpflk^i*bq`,

F



 
FU'58LqLKQLILLq>A@I>iAqQLOFKCLOJ>QF@LV@LMLLPF@QF@LP qT

4+/+.6+Kmdi^dkdj_`ijdie`m`i^d\

Bi ^rafqlo* a^a^ i^ fk`fabk`f^ nrb mrbab abofs^oqb ab pr q^o`^ ab_boÄ bsfq^o
ïdbobk`f^p bk ilp qo^_^glp ab lqolp molcbpflk^ibp* obpmbq^o pr i^_lo v birafo e^`bo
`ljÇkq^klpnrb mrafbo^k fkqbomobq^opb `lj labpmob`f^qfslp ab i^j fñ k^l  molsl`^o
l^`fbklabpmobpqfdflabpr`r^ifcf`^`fàkmolcbpflk^i*^klpbonrb,mlokb`bpfa^abpab
i^^rafqloÑ^* qrsfbo^nrb bumif`fq^oabqbojfk^a^p ïkfalkbfa^abpnrb mräbo^k ^cb`q^o^
i^p`lk`irpflkbpl biobpriq^alabpraf`q^jbk,

Ab_boÄ fdr^ijbkqb bsfq^o ^molsb`e^o ilp a^qlp l_qbkfalp ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^ m^o^
bkqo^obk`ljmbqbk`f^ abpib^i `lk molcbpflk^ibpobi^`flk^alp`lkbii^ab lño^p Äob^p
abi`lkl`fjfbkql, Bp^fkgbobk`f^bpj^vlojbkqbobmol_^_ibbk ilp`^p`^bk ilpnrbk]
fo`fa^ bk ^nrbiilp `^jmlp ab ^`qfsfa^a m^o^ ilp nrb bi ^rafqlo kl pb  bk`rbkqob
mibk^jbkqb`^m^`fq^al,

4+/+/-+Kmdi^dkdj_`km`^dndÇi

Bpqb mofk`fmfl bpqob`e^jbkqb obi^`flk^al `lk bi mofk`fmfl ab `^ia^a bufdb abi
^rafqlo i^ kl `lk`irpfàk ab pr qo^_^gl e^pq^ bpq^o `lksbk`fal* bk i^ jbafa^ ab il
mlä_ib,ab i^ sf^_fifa^a ab prp molmrbpq^p* ab_fbkal ^jmif^obi bpqrafl abi pfpqbj^
fkclojÄqf`l`r^kql`lkpfabobkb`bp^ofl*pfk^dl_flpabmi^wlp&`l^ i^bu`bm`fàkabil
v^fkaf`^al^kqboflojbkqb obpmb`ql ^i mofk`fmfl ab b`lkljÑ^' pfbjmobnrbpb`rbkqb
lll R^nrfbp`bk`f^abi^rafq^al*e^pq^l_qbkboaf`el`lksbk`fjfbkql,

Bk i^ bumlpf`fàk ab prp `lk`irpflkbp ab_boÄ pbo prcf`fbkqbjbkqb `oÑqf`l* kl
bcbafbkalmlkboabj^kfcfbpql^nrbiilp^pmb`qlp`lk`obqlpnrb`lfqpfa`^bmrba^kqbkbo
ro^ `fboq^ fk`fabk`f^ bk i^ `^ifa^a v cf^_fifa^a ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^* kf nrbaÄkalpb bk
&qlk^ifa^abp l fkabcfkf`flkbp nrb mlo pr ^jmifqra l  ^j_fdåba^a pàil mobqbka^k
`r_ofo ^i ^rafqlo ab ilp ofbpdlp abofs^alp ab qla^ `lk`ob`fàk bk abqofjbkql ab ilp
abob`elpbfkqbobpbpabi^rafq^al,

Bubufdf_ib^pfjfpj labi^rafqlonrbfkafnrb`lj lbs^ir^aläkf`^jbkqb^nrbiil


ï nlbafob`q^jbkqb*l mlojbaflabprp`li^_lo^alobp*e^v^`ljmol_^alrl_pbos^alab
f cbkk^bue^rpqfs^* birafbkal fkaf`^o `ljl molmf^p v `lkqo^pq^a^p i^pl_pbos^`flkbp
 m^o`f^ibplfk`ljmibq^pl i^pob`^_^a^pabqbo`bo^pmboplk^p,

4/+/.+Kmdi^dkdj_`kp]gd^d_\_\_`^p\_\

I^ lcboq^ v moljl`fàk ab ilp pbosf`flp a b ^rafqloÑ^ ab_boÄk bk flal jljbkql
^glq^opb^ i^p`^o^`qboÑpqf`^p*`lkaf`flkbpv  cfk^ifa^a mbopbdrfa^p, pfb^al`lkqo^oÑ^ ^
 


 
Dë  <P?DOJMD<DIAJMHôOD>< PIggSCSaogoKMô>OD>JZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ :Hë

R bqf`^molcbpflk^i i^afcrpfàkabmr_if`fa^ac^ip^l bkd^álp^nrbqbkd^`ljll_g`Çsl


`lkcrkafo^ilpmlqbk`f^ibprpr^oflpab af`elppbosf`flp,

E,^ abcbkp^ abi mobpqfdfl ab i^ molcbpfàk l_ifd^ ^pfjfpj l ^ ilp ^jfklol
fkclojÄqf`lp ^ bsfq^o i^p `^jm^á^p mr_if`fq^of^p nrb* mlo pr `lkqbkfal* mrba^
abpsfoqr^o i^ ob^ifa^a ab prp pbosf`flp* bkj^p`^obk ilp ifj fqbp ab ilp jfp^a*
lp`robw`^kprpl_gbqfslplmoljbq^kobpriq^alpabfjmobsfpf_ib*`r^kalklfjm`l^c`ib*
`lkpb`r`fàk,

4+/+//+Kmdi^dkdj_`m`nkjin\]dgd_\_

Bi^rafqloab_boÄ*`lkqlbibjbkqlfkqoÑkpb`lab qlal`ljmloq^jfbkqlmolc`Elori,
obpmlkp^_fifw^opbabilnrbe^d^*afd^l ^`lkpbgb*pfosfbkalbpq^cloj^ab^`qr^o```kl
`loq^mfp^abfkgbobk`f^p`uqo^molcb^lk^ibp,

Pf _fbk bpqb mofk`fmfl ^m^obkqbjbkqb mrbab obpriq^o bpmb`f^ijbkqb do^slpl^ 


^rafqloÑ^p a b do^k `ljmibgfa^a* nrb mlo lqo^ m^oqb plk i^p e ^ _ fqr ^ ió ñ 
bk`ljbka^a^p^ ilp^rafq^obp fkclojÄqf`lp*bpmob`fplqbkboilmobpbkqb^cfkabmlqb
d^o^kqfw^oprobpmlkp^_fifa^abkilp`^pl(b knrb,ab_fal^boolobperj^klparo^kqb_
bgb`r`fàk ab i^ ^ r a fql oÑ^ pb molarw`^k a^álp ^  pr `ifbkqb nrb ib mrafbo^k plo
fjmrq^alp,

Mlo biil b p `lksbkfbkqb fjmrip^o i^ Ñloj^ifw^`fàk v  prp`ofm`fàk ab pbdroló*f


^a^mq^alp ^  i^p mb`rif^obp `^o^`qboÑpqf`^p ab pr ^`qfsfa^a* nrb `r_orf e
obpmlkp^_fifa^a`fsfiab ilp^rafqlobp`lk rk^prcf`fbkqb`l_boqro^^ cfkab^`ob`bññ
i^`lkcf^kw^vplisbk`f^abpr^`qr^`fàkmolcbpflk^i,

L_sf^jbkqbi^p`ljm^áÑ^p^pbdro^alo^pmlaoÄkfkqolar`foabqbojfk^alpjTrq^
`loob`qlobp abi `lpqb ab prp`ofm`fàk ab i^p `loobpmlkafbkqbp màifw^p ^  qbklo abF?
d^o^kqÑ^p nrb ilp ^rafqlobp mrba^k ^mloq^o &`boqfcf`^`flkbp molcbpflk^ibp* ^álp ab
bumbofbk`f^*bq`,'*ilnrb^s^i^oÑ^rk^jÄpo^`flk^ibpqor`qro^`fàkabi^ lcboq^

I^ obpmlkp^_fifa^a abi ^rafqlo `lkiibs^ i^ l_ifd^`fàk ab  obp^o`fjfbkql ab/ñ


a^álp l  mbogrf`flp nrbmrafbo^k abofs^opb ab rk^ ^`qr^`fàk kbdifdbkqb l `rimlp^a 
_fbkab_boÑ^mol_^opb i^`lkbufàk`^rp^+bcb`qllofdfk^of^abia^ál*pfbkal^`l k pb gÇ 
bpqfmri^oY hjagja rk qlmb jÄufjlabobpmlkp^_fifa^a pl_ob ilp mlpf_ibpa^álp^``bab
`lki^objrkbo^`fàk^`loa^a^`ljl`lkqo^mobpq^`fàkmloi^ob^ifw^`fàkabi^^rafqlofq

4+/+/0+Kmdi^dkdj_`n`^m`ojkmja`ndji\g

I^`lkcfabk`f^vi^`lkcf^kw^plk`^o^`qboÑpqf`^pbpbk`f^ibpabi^pobi^`fàkbpbñ
bi ^rafqlo vbi ^rafq^al` fjmlkbk ^i mofjbol i^l_ifd^`fàkabdr^oa^obk pb`obqài^

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