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- a )  B\]fla^a[Y[a|fq ^ aje Y \]d:m\algj

B qqb ^smb`ql cloj^i abi fkclojbb pbpbk`f^i q^jl pfbu fkafsfar^i `ljl qf clkqr
m^oqb ab rk^ pl`fba^a ab ^rafqlof^* nrb ab_boÄ `loobpmlkabo ^ rk pl`fl l  p b l ñ 
ibd^ij bkqb^pf`lkpfabo^alñ,

,-) =akljaZm[a|f\ ] dBf^gje]

?fbk bk bi `lkqo^ql* _fbk bk i^ `^oq^ molmrbpq^ abi >rafqlo FkclojÄqf`l, ab_bo
abcfkfopbnrfÇk lnrfÇkbp mlaoÄk e^`bo rplabi Fkclojb*^ pÑ`lj l ilp rplp `lk`obqlp
nrbqbkaoÄ*mrbpilpelklo^oflpab_boÄkdr^oa^oobi^`fàk`lki^obpmlkp^_fifa^a`fsfi,

1+4+>JI >GP NDJI @N

îNrÇ bu bi fkclojb ab ^rafqloÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^ v nrÇ ib afcbobk`f^ ab lqolqfmlab
fkclojbp&`lkpriq^oÑ^*^pbploÑ^*pbosf`flpmolcbpflk^ibp,,,'abfkclojÄqf`^=

Obpriq^ _Äpf`l*^kqbpab oba^`q^obi fkclojbab ^rafqloÑ^*nrbbi ^prkqlbpqÇ jrv


`i^ol* kl pàil mlo i^p bumb`q^qfs^p v^ `fq^a^p* pfkl mlonrb `^a^ qÇojfkl qfbkb rk
`lkqbkfalrpr^i jrv`lk`obql8i^bqfnrbq^^rafqloÑ^bp,bkbpbk`f^*rkgrf`flabs^ilor
lmfkfàk`lkgrpqfcf`^`fàk,

Mlo q^kql* e^_fa^ `rbkq^ nrb qfbkb _^pbl_gbqfs^ +pl_ob qlal`lk fkabmbkabk`f^
bkpbkqfal^j mifl+*b pbjfkbkqbjbkqbrk^lmfkfàkmolcbpflk^ipr_gbqfs^,

>abjÄp*`lj lpb^mif`^k`ofqboflóbk qÇojfklpabmol_^_fifa^a* e^vnrbbsfq^o_


mobafpmlpf`fàk ^^idäkmlpf_ibqfmlab j^kfmri^`fàk*ab_fal^ i^ if_boq^aabbib``fàk
ab morb_^p8 k lpb ab_b bibdfo rk^pbofbabbii^pnrb aÇi^fj^dbk_rp`^a^ &mobgrf`fl'
`ljl`lkpb`rbk`f^abi^^`rjri^`fàkabpbpdlpY \ `g[)

B pq^fkpfpqbk`f^bk`i^ofcf`^ob pnrfwÄ bu`bpfs^* mbol obpriq^ fjmloq^kqb bjfqfobi


Fkclojb ab ^rafqlof^ fkclojÄqf`^ ab ^`rboal `lk i^ ^mif`^`fàk ab i^ >rafqlof^
FkclojÄqf`^`lk`ofqboflpÇqf`^jbkqbmolcbpflk^ibpvabpbuqfj^oflpmol`bafj fbkqlpab
>rafqloÑ^ FkclojÄqf`^ ö`ob^qfs^  ploqb^kal i^ mlpf_ib ö`lkq^jfk^`fàkõ `lk _ 
`lkq^_fifa^aö`ob^qfs^ ,

Bk bi mob`fq^al If_ob S boab ab >rafqloÑ^ Ibd^i ab i^ Rkfàk Brolmb^ v
ob`loa^kal i^ Afob`qfs^ L `q^s^ab  Abob`elab Pl`fba^abp, pb pb>^i^ nrb bi ^rafqlo
ab_b pbo fkabmbkafbkqb* mbol pàil i^ CBB pb>^i^ nrb mrbab pbofl ab rk^ j^kbo^
l_gbqfs^,

Bpfirpqo^qfslobpfp^oqbuqr^ijbkqbbimrkql2,7 abic^jlplIf_olSboab8
 


 
@>oqk^u'ñ k ,FKE§HJHAE>RAFQLOF> FLP

Bk ^cqlp ob`fbkqbp, pb e^ j^kfcbpq^al mobl`rm^`fàk ól_ob i^p ^jbk^w^p nrb pb
`fbokbkpl_ob i^fkabmbkabk`f^abilp^rafqlobp, S^of^pbk`rbpq^pfkaf`^kbieb`elab
nrb i^p bjmobp^p bpqÄk `^a^ sbw jÄp mobm^o^a^p ^ abp^cf^o^  ilp ^rafqlobp* `ljmo^o
bk`^glkbp*_rp`^o^pbplo^j fbkqlibd^i pl_obi^plmfkflkbpab ilp^rafqlobpv ^`^j_f^o
ab^rafqlobp, >idrklpfkclojbp`lk`irvbknrb,a^a^pi^pmobpflkbp`ljmbqfqfs^p*pboÑ^
fab^ifpq^ ^prjfo nrb ilalp ilp ^rafqlobp ^`qä^k bk qlal jljbkql pfk mbkp^o b k bi
ofbpdlabmboabo`ifbkqbp, Pbe^kj^kfcbpq^al`ofqf`^pabnrbbi molcbpflk^ifpjlpbe^
afpjfkrfalbkc^sloabrk^^`qfqraj Äpabkbdl`fl

Bk cfk, nrb `ljl fkaf`fl abi bpq^al abi ^ kb, bpqb mÄoo^cl obpriq^ _^pq^kqb
^ib``flk^alo,

K^sbd^kal bkqob abcfkf`flkbp v  abcfkf`flkbp* bk`rbkqol jrv bumif`^qfs^ i^ ab


/P>@C,nrbaf`b^pc8

I^^rafqlof^abpfpqbj^pab fkcloj^`fàk pbabcfkb`ljl`r^inrfbo^rafqlof^nrb


^_^o`^ i^ obsfpfàk v bs^ir^`fàk ab qlalp ilp ^pmb`qlp &l  ^idrk^ pb``fàk-Äob^' ab ilp
pfpqbj^p ^rqlj^qfw^aló ab mol`bp^j fbkql ab i^ fkcloj^`fàk* fk`irvbkal
mo``bafjfbkqlpobi^`flk^alpkl ^rqljÄqf`lpvi^pfor`oobi^`flk`pbkqobbiilp,%%

@obl nrb mob`fp^ il prcf`fbkqb pl_ob bi pfpqbj^ fkclojÄqf`l* bi j^kr^i v prp
`lkbuflkbp m^o^ abifjfq^o ilp l_gbqfslp ab  `l_boqro^ ab rk fkclojb ab ^rafqlof^
fkclojÄqf`^nrb, mlkabo^alp`lk ilpl_gbqfslp@L PL ab i^ >`qfsfa^aabQb`klildÑ^p
ab i^ Fkcloj^`fàk &mi^kb(bpqo^qÇdf`lp* fkcloj^`fàk cf^_ib* ^ab`r^a^ v afpmlkf_ib* v
pfpqbj^p ab fkcloj^`fàk afpmlkf_ibp'* `i^ofcf`^k bk cloj ^ o^wlk^_ib i^p wlk^p
colkqbofw^p`lklqolpibj^p^cfkbp*m lo^elo^,

Bkjflmfkfàk,J^^pqof`eqbpqÄ^`bibo^kalbi^prkql9q^kqlbp^pÑnrbpfJ^^pqof`eq
klbufpqfbo^e^_oÑ^nrb fksbkq^oil*^rknrbbiqÇoj fkl^rafqloÑ^qfbkb`lkklq^`flkbpkl
abpb^_ibp, Bpmbol nrb bi J>O@ &J^^pqof`eq >``lrkqfkd ^ka >rafqfkd Obpb^o`e
@bkqbo' pb^ rk c^`qlo mlpfqfslbk i^ ^rafqloÑ^ab ilp pfpqbj^pab fkcloj^`fàk v, mlo
q^kql*bkilpfkclojbpvprkloj^qfs^F`d^icvolc`pflk^i`loobpmlkafbkqb,

1+5+G@> OP M < N M@>JH @I?<?<N

Bjfiflabi MbplK ^s^ool, Jfdrbi >kdbi O^jlp DlkwÄibw, @^oilp J^krbi CbokÄkabw
PÄk`ebw v J^oÑ^ il pÇ Fdklql >w^rprb, F YfmYd :cb :cÑ`cqÑjñfbÑ v h]jalYb]k
e ^ge \l~pak) > Cl[F Y[l^ ` l l C ] LYfagk'L ): )F p : } ^)

>drpqÑk Iàmbw @^prpl,G gje Ya \] :m\algjzY5 <|e g Bfl]jhj]lYjzYk hYjY km
:hacg[a|f) Bafqlof^iF>@G@B,J^aofa, /773,
 


.-ë <g%?oOJoog<DIAJMHôOD><PIFSFSS@Rô>OD>JZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ^i+H+

IrfpJrcil(P^_^qb Mx[fa[YIjgZYlgjaY5>klm\agkgZj]dY l=a^a[mdlY\]k\]dYIjm]ZY


]f] dIjg[]kg) Bafqlof^i Mo^ufp,P,>, ?^o`bilk^, /771,2(baf`fàk,

J^o<ù @, ?olj^hb Egk af^gje]k \] Ym\algjaY q l m  lx[fa[Y \] j]\Y[[a|f) Bafqlof^i
Abrpql,P,> ,?fi_^l, /767,

K]naklY LB<) L]_mja\Y\ ]f Bf^gje vla[Y s <gemfa[Y[agf]k) Baf`flkbp @la^, P,I
J^aofa,

1+6+ >P @N ODJ I @N  ?@ M@K<NJ

/, îNrÇafcbobk`f^bufpqbbkqobbsfabk`f^prcf`fbkqbvbsfabk`f^^ab`r^a^=

0, îNrÇafcbobk`f^bufpqbbkqobmorb_^ab`rjmifjfbkqlvmorb_^prpq^kqfsl=

1, îI^pkloj^pFM>@plksfk`ri^kqbpbkBpm^cq^=

2, îI^pkloj^pFP> @Cplksfk`ri^kqbpbkBpm^á^=

3, îNrÇafcbobk`f^bufpqbbkqoblmfkfàkabpc^slo^_ibvlm kfàkabkbd^a^=

4, îNrÇpfdkfcf`^fjmloq^k`f^obi^qfs^=*îv j^qbof^ifa^a=

5, îNrÇpfdkfcf`^alqfbkbi^obpmlkp^_fifa^a`fsfiabi^rafqlofkclojÄqf`^bjfplo
abifkclojbab^rafqlof^fkclojÄqf`^v cfoj^kqbabijf^ál=

6, î@rÄi bp i^ rqfifa^a abi al`rjbkql abkljfk^al Ab`i^o^`flkbp ab R
Afob``fàk=

7, îNrÇafcbobk`f^bufpqbbkqobbumboqlfkclojÄqf`^v^rafqlofkclojÄqf`l=

/., îNrÇafcbobk`f^bufpqbbkqob^rafqlofkqboklv ^rafqlobuqbokl=





 

@ > M¢QR IL 3

L O D > K FW > @ F• K A BIA BM > O Q > J B K Q L 


A B> R A FQL O ¢>  FK CL O J ° QF@ >

K Y ^Y ] dK m Y f g = a]r

2+.+< I O@ >@ ? @I O@ N
C,F`lk`bmqlab^rafq^oÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^e^ bpq^alpfbjmobifd^al^iab^rafqloÑ^bk
x`loo^i v ^i ab ^rafqloÑ^ fkqbok^ bk m^oqf`ri^o* vÇ fq` e^ bpq^al rkfal abpab qfbjmlñ
efpqàof`lp^iab`lkq^_fifa^a*`lkqoli* sbo^`fa^aablmbo^`flkbp*bib, Bkqfbjmlab ilp
bdfm`flñ v^ pb e^_i^_^ ab `lkq^_fifa^a v  ab `lkqoli ab ilp obdfpqol( v ab i^p
ñ^bo^`flkbp, >rk ^idrklp efpqlof^alobp cfg^k bi k^`fjfbkql ab i^ bp`ofqro^ `ljl
`lkpb`rbk`f^ ab i^ kb`bpfa^a ab obdfpqo^o v `lkqoli^olmbo^`flkbp &A^ib i+ibpebo, LH
R]Yjlg ^I jg _ j] e  E^dlbpq^ obcbobk`f^efpqàof`^^cfkabbumif`^oi^bslir`fàkab i^
`loq^mbol fkqbkp^ efpqlof^ab i^^rafqloÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^* v m^o^nrb mlpqboflojbkqb klp
qfk ^  ab obcbobk`f^ ^i l_gbql ab bkqbkabo i^pafcbobkqbp qbkabk`f^p nrb bufpqbk bk i^
^`qr^ifa^a,

Pf ^k^ifw^jlpbi k^`fj fbkql v i^bufpqbk`f^ab i^ ^rafqloÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^abpab rk


mb^ql ab sfpq^ bjmobp^of^i* qbkaobjlp nrb bjmbw^o ^k^ifw^kal bi `lkqbuql lod^kf+
w^qfslv^j_fbkq^ibkbinrbpbjrbsb,

Bjmbw^objlp af`fbkal nrb q^kql abkqol abi `lkqbuql bpqo^qÇdf`l `ljl abi
lmbo^qfslabi^plod^kfw^`flkbp^`qr^ibp* ilppfpqbj^pabfkcloj^`fàkv i^^onrfqb`qro^
f=rb ilp plmloq^ abpbjmbá^k rk fjmloq^kqb m^mbi `ljl rkl ab ilp plmloqbp _Äpf`lp
mb^i^dbpqfàk v bi `lkqoliabi kbdl`fl* pfbkal^pÑrklab ilp obnrbofjfbkqlp_Äpf`lp
ab `r^inrfbo lod^kfw^`fàk, B pql a^ ird^o ^ ilp pfpqbj^p ab fkcloj^`fàk ab rk^
^d^kfw^`fàk,

Bpbsfabkqbnrb mlo^nrbaf`elp pfpqbj^p`rjmi^kprpl_gbqfslpab_bbufpqfork^


qrf`fàk ab dbpqfàk ab af`elp pfpqbj^p* ab ilp ob`roplp nrb ilp j^kbg^k v ab i^p
 


ñ? >RJFLOJFJFTJ,JH,P <KFKHUUF%FE°:óH/<

js`cJll`pnrbpbmlkbk^afpmlpf`fàkabaf`elpob`roplpm^o^nrbbi crk`flk^jfbkql
v  ilp obpriq^alp pb^k ilp bpmbo^alp, Bpqlb p il nrb ii^j^jlp bi Abm^oq^jbkqlab
Pfpqbj^pabFkcloj^`fàk,

Cfk^ijbkqb* v bk crk`fàk ab il ^kqboflo* ^rknrb kl `ljl ^idl klbkqbo^jbkqb
^`bmq^al^äk, ab_bbufpqfo rk^crk`fàkab`lkqoli ab i^ dbpqfàkab ilp,pfpqbj^p vaa
abm^oq^jbkql ab pfpqbj^p ab  fkcloj^`fàk, > bpq^ crk`fàk i^ ii^j^jlp ^rafqlof^
fkclojÄqf`^,

Bi `lk`bmql ab i^ crk`fàk ab ^rafqlof^ fkclojÄqf`^* bk ^idrklp `^plp ii^j^a^
crk`fàk ab `lkqoli fkclojÄqf`l v  b k ilp jbklp* ii^j^a^ v `lkl`fa^ mlo ^j_lp
qÇojfklp*^oo^k`^bkpr`loq^efpqlof^*`r^kalb kilp^-ilp`fk`rbkq^i^plod^kfw^`flkbp
bjmbw^olk ^ abp^oolii^o ^mif`^`flkbp fkclojÄqf`^p, Bk bpb jljbkql, I^ ^rafqlof^
qo^q^_^`lkpfpqbj^pj^kr^ibp, Mlpqboflojbkqb*bk crk`fàkabnrbi^plod^kfw^`flkbp
bjmbw^olk `lk pfpqbj^p `^a^ sbw jÄp `ljmibglp* pb efwl kb`bp^ofl nrb m^kb abi
qo^_^gl a b ^rafqlof^ bjmbw^o^ ^ qo^q^o `lk pfpqbj^p nrb rqfifw^_^k pfpqbj^p
fkclojÄqf`lp,

Bk bpb jljbkql* ilp bnrfmlp ab ^rafqlof^* q^kql buqbj lp `ljl fkqboklp*
bjmbw^olk ^ pbo jfuqlp* `lk fkslir`o^`fàk ab ^rafqlobp fkclojÄqf`lp grkql `l^
^rafqlobpcfk^k`fbolp, Bkbpb jljbkqlpb`ljbkw^olk^ rqfifw^oalpqfmlpabbkclnrb
afcbobkqbpnrbbk^idrklp`^plp`lksbodÑ^k8

è Qo^_^glp bk ilp nrb bi bnrfml ab ^rafqloÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^ qo^_^g^_^ _^gl r^
moldo^j^ ab qo^_^gl molmfl* ^rknrb bkqolk`^kal prpl_gbqfslp `lkilpab i^
^rafqloÑ^ cfk^k`fbo^9 Çpqb bo^ bi `^pl ab qo^_^glp bk ilp nrb pb obsfp^_^p
`lkqolibpdbkbo^ibpabi^ fkpq^i^`fàkv`lkqolibpbpmb`Ñcf`lpabi^p^mif`^`flkbp
_^gl `lk`bmqlp ab ofbpdl mbol pfbjmob rkfal ^i eb`elab nrb bi bnrfmlaq
^rafqloÑ^ cfk^k`fbo^ rqfifw^oÑ^ bpqb qo^e^gl m^o^ prp `lk`irpflkbp dbkbo^ibp
pl_obbi`ljmlkbkqbcfk^k`fbolabqbojfk^al,

è Obsfpflkbp bk i^p nrb i^ ^rafqloÑ^ fkclojÄqf`^ `lkpfpqÑ^ bk i^ buqo^``fàk ab
fkcloj^`fàk m^o^ bibnrfmlab ^rafqloÑ^ cfk^k`fbo^, Bkbpqb`^plbibnrfmll
crk`fàk ab ^rafqloÑ^ fkqbok^ bo^ rk bumlkbkqb ab i^ kb`bpfa^a ab i^p
lod^kfw^`flkbp v abm^oq^j bkqlp ab  ^rafqloÑ^ ab rqfifw^o bumboqlp lm
fkclojÄqf`^ m^o^ molsbbo ^i mboplk^i ab af`el abm^oq^j bkqlab fkcloj^`fc^
buqo^Ña^ abi pfpqbj ^ fkclojÄqf`l `r^kal i^ fkcloj^`fàk ^ ^rafq^o bpq^_^
bjmbw^kal^ pbo slirjfklp^v pb bpq^_^mboafbkali^mfpq^ab`àjl pbe^_i^
`ob^al,

Bpq^ pfqr^`fàk`lksfsb elvb kaÑ^`lk`lk`bmqlpjÄp^`qr^ibp vklsbalplpabil


nrbbpi^crk`fàkvabilnrbplkilpl_gbqfslpabi^^rafqloÑ^fkclojÄqf`^,

B k jf lmfkfàk* v  b p ^id lnrb s^jlp ^ abp^oolii^o ^ `lkqfkr^`fàk* i^ qbkabk`f^


crqro^abi^ ^rafqloÑ^fkclojÄqf`^o^af`^oÄbkilppfdrfbkqbpmofk`fmflp9

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