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molcbpflk^ibp bk Bpq^alp Rkfalp v rklp 2-+--- il`^ifw^alp bk Obfkl Rkfal+ Bk Bpq^ü
alp Rkfalp e^v bkqob 4+--- v .-+--- bjmobp^p ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v bi afob`qlofl ab
Eliifp Brolmb /--6 ifpq^ `^pf 0+--- bjmobp^p ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bk 1- k^`flkbp brü
olmb^p+ Jr`e^p plk bjmobp^p ab rk plil bjmib^al) mbol lqo^p qfbkbk s^oflp `fbkqlp+ V)
^abj|p) e^v jfibp ab bjmobp^p) lod^kfw^`flkbp dr_bok^jbkq^ibp v ^pl`f^`flkbp kl irü
`o^qfs^p nrb qfbkbk rk abm^oq^jbkql fkqbokl ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
E^v rk^p /-- ^pl`f^`flkbp) q^kql k^`flk^ibp `ljl obdflk^ibp) ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_ifü
`^p bk bi jrkal+ Bkqob bpq^p ^pl`f^`flkbp pb `rbkq^k7 bi Mr_if` Obi^qflkp Fkpqfqrqb ab
Pra|cof`^ %MOFP>&) i^ Mr_if` Obi^qflkp >ppl`f^qflk ab J^rofq^kf^ %MO>J&) bi Mr_if`
Obi^qflkp Fkpqfqrqb ab >rpqo^if^ %MOF>&) i^ Cbabo^`fÑk ab Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p Fq^if^k^
%CBOMF&) i^ @^k^af^k Mr_if` Obi^qflkp Pl`fbqv %@MOP&) i^ Mr_if` Obi^qflkp Pl`fbqv ab
Q^kw^kf^ %MO>Q&) bi Fkpqfqrqb lc Mr_if` Obi^qflkp %Obfkl Rkfal&) i^ >ppl`f^qflk lc Mrü
_if` Obi^qflkp Mo^`qfqflkbop bk Q^fi^kaf^) i^ Mr_if` Obi^qflkp >ppl`f^qflk ab Orj^kf^) i^




 @ ^ m fq r i^ . èNrÄ plk i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p<

>pl`f^`fÑk Jbuf`^k^ ab >dbk`f^p Molcbpflk^ibp ab Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p %MOLM&) i^ >plü

`f^`fÑk ab Fksbpqfd^alobp bk Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p %>FOM& v i^ >pl`f^`fÑk Bpm^Éli^ ab
Bjmobp^p @lkpriqlo^p bk @ljrkf`^`fÑk v Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p %>AB@BN) ^j_^p ab
Bpm^É^) bi @lkpbgl Molcbpflk^i ab Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p ab >odbkqfk^) i^ Mr_if` Obi^qflkp
Pl`fbqv ab Fkaf^ v i^ Jfaaib B^pq Mr_if` Obi^qflkp >ppl`f^qflk %JBMO&+

QdcVh•Xdc•jc•bVndg•XgVX^bxVcid(• I^ wlk^ ab j^vlo `ob`fjfbkql bp >pf^) mlo s^of^p

o^wlkbp+ @efk^ bp) ifqbo^ijbkqb) i^ ëkrbs^ colkqbo^í+ Abpab nrb e^`b 0- ^Élp ^_ofÑ pr
b`lkljÅ^ ^i `^mfq^ifpjl ab jbo`^al) @efk^ bp i^ pbdrka^ b`lkljÅ^ jrkaf^i) qo^p Bpq^ü
alp Rkfalp+ V i^ fkarpqof^ ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bpq| ^rjbkq^kal+ PbdÖk i^ @efk^
Fkqbok^qflk^i Mr_if` Obi^qflkp >ppl`f^qflk %@FMO>& e^v j|p ab /-+--- mboplk^p qo^_^ü
g^kal bk bi pb`qlo v qla^p i^p bjmobp^p j|p obibs^kqbp ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p qfbkbk pbab
bk bi m^Åp+ PbdÖk bi =Zfefd`jkX @efk^ d^pqÑ .+5-- jfiilkbp ab aÑi^obp bk bi pb`qlo aro^kü
qb /-.-) pbdrfa^ plil mlo G^mÑk bk i^ obdfÑk+
Bi fkdobpl ab @efk^ bk i^ Lod^kfw^`fÑk Jrkaf^i abi @ljbo`fl %LJN ^_ofÑ i^ mrboü
q^ ^ i^p bjmobp^p fkqbok^`flk^ibp) nrb fk`objbkq^olk pr ^`qfsfa^a ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p
`lk bi l_gbqfsl ab iibd^o ^ j|p ab jfi jfiilkbp ab `ifbkqbp mlqbk`f^ibp+ PbdÖk bi =Zfefd`jkX
i^ qbkabk`f^ ^`qr^i bp rk^ `ob`fbkqb abj^ka^ ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bk i^p bjmobp^p `efk^p
nrb _rp`^k `lkprjfalobp il`^ibp) fksboplobp buqo^kgbolp v jbo`^alp fkqbok^`flk^ibp m^o^
prp molar`qlp+ Bpq^ afk|jf`^ pb sfl fk`objbkq^a^ `lk i^ `bib_o^`fÑk ab ilp Grbdlp LiÅjü
mf`lp ab /--5 bk Mbi^k v i^ Bumlpf`fÑk Fkqbok^`flk^i ab Pe^kde|f bk /-.-+
Lqolp m^Åpbp) `ljl J^i^pf^) @lob^) Q^fi^kaf^) Pfkd^mro) Fkalkbpf^ b Fkaf^ q^j_fÄk
bpq|k ^jmif^kal o|mfa^jbkqb prp b`lkljÅ^p ab jbo`^al) il nrb `ob^ rk bkqlokl cÄoü
qfi m^o^ bi `ob`fjfbkql ab i^ ^`qfsfa^a ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ Fkaf^ qfbkb rk do^k mlü
qbk`f^i bk obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p mrbp) ^i fdr^i nrb @efk^) qfbkb rk^ ml_i^`fÑk bklojb v pb
jrbsb e^a^ rk^ b`lkljÅ^ ab jbo`^al ol_rpq^+ >jÄof`^ I^qfk^ v >cof`^ q^j_fÄk mobpbkü
q^k lmloqrkfa^abp ab `ob`fjfbkql) bk m^oqb mlo ^i_bod^o bsbkqlp fkqbok^`flk^ibp+ Pra|*
cof`^ crb pbab abi Jrkaf^i ab CÖq_li bk /-.- v ?o^pfi pbo| pbab ab ilp Grbdlp LiÅjmf`lp
ab sbo^kl bk /-.3+ Bk bi @^mÅqril /- pb ^k^ifw^o|k `lk j|p molcrkafa^a i^p obi^`flkbp
mÖ_if`^p fkqbok^`flk^ibp+

;gZX^b^Zcid•VXVYwb^Xd(• Bufpqb rk bibs^al kÖjbol ab ^irjklp bk qlal bi jrkal

nrb bpqraf^ obi^qflkbp mÖ_if`^p `ljl `^oobo^ rkfsbopfq^of^+ Rk bpqrafl ab i^ molcbplü
o^ Bifp^_bqe Qlqe v prp `libd^p ab i^ Rkfsbopfa^a ab J^ovi^ka af`b nrb e^v /.5 `roplp)
moldo^j^p v afmilj^p bk obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) lcob`falp bk 06 m^Åpbp+ Lqol bpqrafl ab i^
Rkfsbopfa^a ab Webgf^kd bpqfj^ nrb ^`qr^ijbkqb j|p ab 0-- rkfsbopfa^abp `efk^p lcobü
`bk bk prp moldo^j^p i^ `^oobo^ ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
Rk^p 3-- rkfsbopfa^abp ^jbof`^k^p lcob`bk `^oobo^ ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ Q^j_fÄk
e^v `roplp bk abm^oq^jbkqlp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk v bp`rbi^p ab kbdl`fl) ^rknrb i^ j^vloÅ^
ab bpqraf^kqbp bpq|k ^mrkq^alp ^ abm^oq^jbkqlp l bp`rbi^p ab mboflafpjl+
Bk Brolm^) pb bpqfj^ nrb e^v .-- rkfsbopfa^abp nrb lcob`bk bpq^ `^oobo^) ab i^p `r^ibp
j|p ab 0- plk+++ êbpm^Éli^p! > afcbobk`f^ ab Bpq^alp Rkfalp) pfk bj_^odl) ^nrÅ pb bkpbÉ^
j^vlofq^qf^jbkqb bk c^`riq^abp ab b`lkljÅ^ v ^ajfkfpqo^`fÑk ab bjmobp^p) bu`bmql bk Bpm^ü
É^) alkab ilp do^alp bk mr_if`fa^a v obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p pb fjm^oqbk bk c^`riq^abp ab `ljrü
kf`^`fÑk+ Bi bpqrafl ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bp jrv mlmri^o bk Bpm^É^) Eli^ka^) >ibj^kf^)
Pbo_f^) Orj^kf^) Ibqlkf^) Bpqlkf^ v Cfki^kaf^+ Jr`e^p rkfsbopfa^abp ^pf|qf`^p) m^oqf`ri^oü
jbkqb bk Q^fi^kaf^) @lob^) Fkalkbpf^) Fkaf^ v Cfifmfk^p) q^j_fÄk lcob`bk bp^ `^oobo^+ >rpqo^ü
if^ v Krbs^ Wbi^ka^ q^j_fÄk qfbkbk qo^af`fÑk bk bi bpqrafl ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
Bk Pra^jÄof`^) bpmb`f^ijbkqb bk >odbkqfk^) @efib v ?o^pfi) bp q^j_fÄk rk^ `^oobü
o^ mlmri^o+ Bk bi `lkqfkbkqb ^cof`^kl abpq^`^ Pra|cof`^) mbol e^v q^j_fÄk moldo^j^p ab




bpqrafl bk Kfdbof^) D^k^ v Hbkf^+ Bk Lofbkqb Jbafl) m^oqf`ri^ojbkqb bk ilp Bjfo^qlp
>o^_bp) i^ `^oobo^ pb fjmi^kqÑ ^ jbaf^alp ab ilp 6-+ Bk obprjbk) i^ `^oobo^ ab obi^`flü
kbp mÖ_if`^p pb bkpbÉ^ v pb mo^`qf`^ bk qlal bi jrkal+

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I^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p pb e^k abcfkfal ab afpqfkq^p cloj^p+ Obu E^oilt) rk mflkbol molü
cbplo ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p nrb crkaÑ il nrb qbojfk^oÅ^ `lksfoqfÄkalpb bk i^ Pl`fba^a
ab Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p ab >jÄof`^ %Mr_if` Obi^qflkp Pl`fbqv lc >jbof`^) MOP>& ob`lmfü
iÑ bk rk^ l`^pfÑk j|p ab nrfkfbkq^p abcfkf`flkbp ab `^pf q^kq^p crbkqbp+ I^p abcfkf`flkbp
f_^k abpab rk pfjmib ëE^`boil _fbk v l_qbkbo bi `oÄafql ab_falí e^pq^ lqo^p j|p buqbkü
p^p+ I^ abcfkf`fÑk `lib`qfs^ ab E^oilt) ab eb`el) bp ab rk^p .-- m^i^_o^p+
> il i^odl ab ilp ^Élp pb e^k clojri^al rk^ pbofb ab abcfkf`flkbp+ Rk^ ab i^p mofjbü
o^p abcfkf`flkbp nrb crb ^jmif^jbkqb ^`bmq^a^ ^m^ob`fÑ bk rk bafqlof^i ab i^ obsfpq^ HJ
F\nj5 ëI^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p plk rk^ crk`fÑk afob`qfs^ nrb bs^iÖ^ ^`qfqrabp mÖ_if`^p)
fabkqfcf`^ mliÅqf`^p v mol`bafjfbkqlp ab rk fkafsfarl l ab rk^ lod^kfw^`fÑk `lk bi fkqbü
oÄp abi mÖ_if`l v mi^kfcf`^ v bgb`rq^ rk moldo^j^ ab ^``fÑk m^o^ ildo^o i^ `ljmobkpfÑk
v ^`bmq^`fÑk abi mÖ_if`lí+
Lqolp qbÑof`lp v ^rqlobp ab if_olp ab qbuql lcob`bk abcfkf`flkbp j|p pr`fkq^p+ P`lqq J+
@rqifm) >ifbk E+ @bkqbo v Dibk J+ ?ollj ^cfoj^k) bk J\cXZ`fe\j H{Yc`ZXj =]`ZXZ\j) nrb ëi^p
obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `lkpqfqrvbk i^ crk`fÑk afob`qfs^ nrb bpq^_ib`b v j^kqfbkb obi^`flkbp
jrqr^jbkqb _bkbcf`flp^p bkqob rk^ lod^kfw^`fÑk v ilp mÖ_if`lp ab ilp nrb abmbkab pr Äufü
ql l co^`^plí+ I^ crk`fÑk ab afob``fÑk q^j_fÄk nrba^ abpq^`^a^ bk <`i\ZZ`ze [\ J\cXZ`fe\j
H{Yc`ZXj) ab G^jbp B+ Dorkfd v Qlaa Erkq+ >cfoj^k nrb i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `lkpfpqbk
bk ëi^ afob``fÑk v dbpqfÑk ab i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk bkqob rk^ lod^kfw^`fÑk v prp mÖ_if`lpí+
I^p lod^kfw^`flkbp ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p k^`flk^ibp b fkqbok^`flk^ibp) `ljl i^
MOP>) q^j_fÄk e^k clojri^al prp molmf^p abcfkf`flkbp+ > `lkqfkr^`fÑk) pb jrbpqo^k
alp bgbjmilp ab bpq^p7
† ëI^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `lkpfpqbk bk rk bpcrbowl abif_bo^al) mi^kfcf`^al v `lkqfü
krl mlo bpq^_ib`bo v j^kqbkbo rk^ `ljmobkpfÑk jrqr^ bkqob rk^ bjmobp^ v prp
mÖ_if`lpí %?ofqfpe Fkpqfqrqb lc Mr_if` LmfkfÑk) `rv^ abcfkf`fÑk q^j_fÄk e^ pfal
^almq^a^ mlo rk^ pbofb ab m^Åpbp mboqbkb`fbkqbp ^ i^ @ljjlktb^iqe&+
† ëI^ mo|`qf`^ ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bp bi ^oqb v i^ `fbk`f^ pl`f^i ab ^k^ifw^o qbkü
abk`f^p) mobab`fo prp `lkpb`rbk`f^p) ^pbplo^o ^ ilp iÅabobp ab lod^kfw^`flkbp v mlü
kbo bk j^o`e^ ilp moldo^j^p ab ^``fÑk mi^kfcf`^alp nrb pfosbk q^kql ^ ilp fkqbobpbp
ab i^p bjmobp^p `ljl ^ ilp abi mÖ_if`lí %rk^ abcfkf`fÑk ^mol_^a^ mlo i^ >p^j_ib^
Jrkaf^i ab Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p bk i^ `fra^a ab JÄuf`l bk .645 v o^qfcf`^a^ mlo
01 lod^kfw^`flkbp k^`flk^ibp ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p&+
I^ jbglo abcfkf`fÑk ab i^ mo|`qf`^ jlabok^ ^`qr^i bp i^ ab ilp molcbplobp I^tobk`b
T+ Ilkd v Sfk`bkq E^wbiqlk) nrb abp`of_bk i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `ljl ërk^ crk`fÑk
afob`qfs^ ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk ^ qo^sÄp ab i^ `r^i i^p bjmobp^p pb ^a^mq^k) ^iqbo^k l j^kqfbü
kbk pr bkqlokl `lk bi molmÑpfql ab ildo^o i^p jbq^p ab i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk+ Pr mi^kqb^jfbkü
ql obmobpbkq^ i^ nrb) ab ^idrk^ j^kbo^) pb `lkpfabo^ i^ j|p jlabok^ qbloÅ^) pbdÖk i^ `r^i
i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p plk ^idl j|p nrb pfjmib mbopr^pfÑk+ Q^j_fÄk ab_boÅ^k cljbkq^o
rk^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk ^_fboq^) _fafob``flk^i) v rk^ `ljmobkpfÑk jrqr^) `lk i^ fab^ ab nrb
i^ bjmobp^ q^j_fÄk `^j_fb prp ^`qfqrabp v `ljmloq^jfbkqlp ^ il i^odl abi mol`bpl) pfk
nrb bpql pb abgb Ökf`^jbkqb ^i mÖ_if`l l_gbqfslí+
>rknrb i^p abcfkf`flkbp ^`qr^ibp e^k eb`el jr`el Äkc^pfp bk i^ `lkpqor``fÑk ab obi^ü
`flkbp ob`Åmol`^jbkqb _bkbcf`flp^p m^o^ i^p bjmobp^p v prp mÖ_if`lp) bk i^ m^p^a^ aÄ`^a^




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pb e^ eb`el rk^ ^molufj^`fÑk j|p molmf^+ Bi molcbplo Dibk @^jbolk) ab i^ Rkfsbopfa^a

ab Jfpplrof) i^p abcfkb `ljl ëi^ afob``fÑk bpqo^qÄdf`^ ab i^ `ljmbqfqfsfa^a v ilp `lkcif`ü
qlp bk _bkbcf`fl abi qfqri^o ab i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk ìv `r^kal pb^ mlpf_ibì q^j_fÄk bk _bü
kbcf`fl jrqrl q^kql ab i^ bjmobp^ `ljl ab prp afcbobkqbp mÖ_if`lpí+
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rk^ abcfkf`fÑk ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p8 obpriq^ fkÖqfi ^mobkabopb ab jbjlof^ `r^inrfbü
o^ ab bii^p+ I^p m^i^_o^p `i^sb nrb e^v nrb ob`loa^o ^ i^ elo^ ab abcfkfo obi^`flkbp mÖ_ifü
`^p plk i^p pfdrfbkqbp7
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m^o^ fkcirfo) `lkpbdrfo i^ `ljmobkpfÑk) lcob`bo fkcloj^`fÑk v ildo^o rk^ obqol^if*
jbkq^`fÑk %ob^``fÑk ab ilp nrb pb sbk ^cb`q^alp mlo i^ ^`qfsfa^a&+
s• AUJWRORLJLRhW1•i^ ^`qfsfa^a ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bpq| lod^kfw^a^+ Pb bk`rbkqo^k
plir`flkbp ^ ilp mol_ibj^p v pb mlkb bk j^o`e^ i^ ildÅpqf`^ kb`bp^of^) ^`qfsfa^a
nrb obnrfbob `fboql qfbjml+ Bp rk^ ^`qfsfa^a pfpqbj|qf`^) nrb bufdb fksbpqfd^o v
^k^ifw^o+
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qr^ibp+ I^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) mlo pÅ pli^p) kl mrbabk `ob^o rk^ _rbk^ slirkq^a
kf bi ^mlvl pl`f^i pf i^ bjmobp^ kl bp pbkpf_ib ^ i^p mobl`rm^`flkbp ab i^ `ljrkfü
a^a+
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jbkqb ^ i^ bjmobp^ v ^i mÖ_if`l8 `lkpfpqb bk ^ifkb^o ilp fkqbobpbp molmflp ab i^ bjü
mobp^ `lk ilp fkqbobpbp v mobl`rm^`flkbp abi mÖ_if`l+
s• 4XV^WRLJLRhW•KRMR[NLLRXWJU1•i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p plk ^idl j|p nrb i^ afsriü
d^`fÑk rkfafob``flk^i ab i^ fkcloj^`fÑk+ Bp kb`bp^ofl plif`fq^o v l_qbkbo rk^ ob*
qol^ifjbkq^`fÑk+
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cloj^k m^oqb Åkqbdo^ abi mol`bpl ab qlj^ ab ab`fpflkbp ab i^ ^iq^ afob``fÑk+ I^p
obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p ab_bk ^pbplo^o v obplisbo mol_ibj^p ^i j|p ^iql kfsbi) v kl ifü
jfq^opb ^ afsrid^o i^ fkcloj^`fÑk rk^ sbw nrb pb e^ qlj^al rk^ ab`fpfÑk+
Bk obprjbk) rk^ mboplk^ mrbab `lkl`bo ilp mofk`fm^ibp bibjbkqlp ab i^p obi^`flkbp
mÖ_if`^p ob`loa^kal ilp pfdrfbkqbp qÄojfklp7 [\c`Y\iXZ`ze' gcXe`]`ZXZ`ze' i\jlckX[fj' `ek\iwj
g{Yc`Zf' Zfdle`ZXZ`ze Y`[`i\ZZ`feXc' ]leZ`ze [`i\Zk`mX)
Ilp bibjbkqlp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p nrb pb ^`^_^k ab abp`of_fo cloj^k m^oqb
ab rk mol`bpl fkqbo^`qfsl nrb `lkcloj^ il nrb pb abkljfk^ ^`qfsfa^a ab obi^`flkbp mÖü
_if`^p+

Gigdh•iwgb ^cdh•eVgV•aVh•gZaVX^dcZh•e{Wa^XVh
Bi qÄojfkl i\cXZ`fe\j g{Yc`ZXj j \ rqfifw^ ab cloj^ dbkÄof`^ bk qlal bi jrkal+ I^ j^vloÅ^
ab i^p ^pl`f^`flkbp k^`flk^ibp) abpab i^ >wbo_^fg^k Mr_if` Obi^qflkp >ppl`f^qflk e^pq^ bi
Wfj_^_tb Fkpqfqrqb lc Mr_if` Obi^qflkp pb fabkqfcf`^k `lk bi klj_ob+
Pfk bj_^odl) i^p bjmobp^p v lqo^p lod^kfw^`flkbp rqfifw^k ^ jbkral lqolp qÄojfklp
m^o^ abp`of_fo i^ crk`fÑk ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ Bk i^p nrfkfbkq^p do^kabp bjmobp^p ab i^
obsfpq^ >fikle\ bi qÄojfkl j|p rqfifw^al bp bi ab Zfdle`ZXZ`ze ZfigfiXk`mX) QÄojfkl rp^al
mlo bjmobp^p `ljl J`Alk^iaóp) ?JT ab >jÄof`^) Qlvlq^ l T ^iq Afpkbv+ Lqo^p bjü
mobp^p) `ljl DJ) rqfifw^k pfjmibjbkqb bi qÄojfkl Zfdle`ZXZ`ze)
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dle`ZXZ`ze p i\cXZ`fe\j `ejk`klZ`feXc\j dle[`Xc\j) v CbAbu rqfifw^ Zfdle`ZXZ`ze d le[`Xc p i\ä
cXZ`ze Zfe cfj `em\ijfi\j)
I^ mlmri^ofa^a abi qÄojfkl Zfdle`ZXZ`ze ZfigfiXk`mX q^j_fÄk pb ab_b ^ i^ fab^ ab nrb
bp j|p dbkÄof`l nrb bi ab i\cXZ`fe\j g{Yc`ZXj) nrb `lk cob`rbk`f^ pb mbo`f_b ab cloj^ booÑü
kb^ q^k plil `ljl i\cXZ`fe\j Zfe cfj d\[`fj [\ Zfdle`ZXZ`ze) Jr`elp ^rqlobp ^cfoj^k nrb bi
qÄojfkl Zfdle`ZXZ`ze ZfigfiXk`mX ^_^o`^ qla^p i^p `ljrkf`^`flkbp ab i^ bjmobp^) fk`irfa^p
i^ mr_if`fa^a) i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk ab j^ohbqfkd) i^p obi^`flkbp fkpqfqr`flk^ibp) i^p obi^`flkbp
`lk i^ `ljrkfa^a v i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk fkqbok^+ Mlo lqol i^al) i^p mboplk^p mÖ_if`^jbkü
qb obibs^kqbp mrbabk pbo) grkql `lk i^p bjmobp^p) moljlqlobp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
Bk `^j_fl) i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk `lomlo^qfs^ plil bpq| obpbos^a^ ^ i^p bjmobp^p+ Bp rk^ m^oü
qb ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
Ae]fidXZ`ze g{Yc`ZX v i\cXZ`fe\j `ejk`klufeXc\j plk ilp qÄojfklp j|p rqfifw^alp bk i^ j^ü
vloÅ^ ab i^p ^dbk`f^p ab pbosf`flp pl`f^ibp) rkfsbopfa^abp v ^dbk`f^p dr_bok^jbkq^ibp+ Pr
pfdkfcf`^`fÑk fkaf`^ nrb plil pb bpq| afsrid^kal fkcloj^`fÑk) cobkqb ^ i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk
mbopr^pfs^ nrb pb prbib `lkpfabo^o `ljl bi cfk ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ I^p ^dbk`f^p ab
pbosf`flp pl`f^ibp prbibk ob`roofo ^i qÄojfkl i\cXZ`fe\j Zfe cX Zfd le`[X[) v ilp jfifq^obp prbü
ibk mobcbofo bi qÄojfkl i\cXZ`fe\j `ejk`klZ`feXc\j) @^a^ sbw j|p) i^p ^pl`f^`flkbp kl ir`o^ü
qfs^p rp^k Zfdle`ZXZ`ze [\ d Xib\k`e^) v^ nrb `lkpfabo^k nrb ab_bk sbkabo prp pbosf`flp v
`lkpbdrfo alk^`flkbp bk rk bkqlokl `^a^ sbw j|p `ljmbqfqfsl+
Lqo^p lod^kfw^`flkbp rqfifw^k rk qÄojfkl nrb abp`of_b ^idl jbglo i^ ^`qfsfa^a abi
abm^oq^jbkql+ Mlo bgbjmil) bp bsfabkqb nrb rk abm^oq^jbkql ab obi^`flkbp `lk ilp fkü
sboplobp pb l`rm^ crka^jbkq^ijbkqb ab ilp ^``flkfpq^p) ilp fksboplobp fkpqfqr`flk^ibp v
i^ mobkp^ cfk^k`fbo^+ >k|ild^jbkqb) rk abm^oq^jbkql ab ^prkqlp jbafl^j_fbkq^ibp) obü
i^`flkbp `lk i^ `ljrkfa^a l `ljrkf`^`fÑk fkqbok^ abp`of_b `i^o^jbkqb i^ ^`qfsfa^a abi
jfpjl+ Rk abm^oq^jbkql ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk ab j^ohbqfkd pr_o^v^ crka^jbkq^ijbkqb i^
`l_boqro^ fkcloj^qfs^ v moljl`fÑk ab rk molar`ql+ I^ lod^kfw^`fÑk v crk`flkbp ab ilp
abm^oq^jbkqlp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk pb ^k^ifw^k bk bi @^mÅqril 1+
>i fdr^i nrb ilp abm^oq^jbkqlp) i^p mboplk^p pb bpmb`f^ifw^k bk |ob^p `lk`obq^p ab i^p
obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ Rk^ mboplk^ nrb pb l`rm^ Ökf`^jbkqb ab `lil`^o efpqlof^p bk ilp
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mb`f^ifpq^ nrb qo^_^g^ bk bi |ob^ ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v pb `bkqo^ bk bk`lkqo^o rk^
mbopmb`qfs^ afpqfkq^ ab i^p klqf`f^p l mi^kfcf`^ ëbsbkqlpí l ^`lkqb`fjfbkqlp nrb ^qo^bk
i^ ^qbk`fÑk ab ilp jbaflp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk7 i^ mobpbk`f^ ab rk^ bpqobii^ ab Eliivtlla l
^m^ob`bo bk bi D`Yif ?l`ee\jj [\ cfj iwZfi[j mlo e^_bo `l`fk^al i^ j^vlo q^oq^ ab j^kw^k^
abi jrkal+ HlYc`Z`jkX bp rk qÄojfkl elklo^_ib bkqob c^jlplp v bk bi jrkal abi bkqobqbü
kfjfbkql ^rknrb bpq| pfbkal ^oo^pqo^al mlo i^ `loofbkqb ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ Bk bi
@^mÅqril .5 pb afp`rqb bi qo^_^gl ab ilp mr_if`fpq^p ab Krbs^ Vloh v Eliivtlla+

9a\jcdh•ZhiZgZdi^edh•n•iwgb ^cdh•bZcdh•]VaV\VYdgZh
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sfa^ pl`f^i+ Ab j^kbo^ j|p pfkfbpqo^) e^v dbkqb nrb mfbkp^ nrb obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bp pfü
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qbobpbp ab bjmobp^p v mliÅqf`lp+




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k^gb j|p pbuv abi moldo^j^) mlpbb rk^ `lkpriqlo^ ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ Q_k_lrf_•Hmlcq•&Igk•A_rrp_j•G'•cq•
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qceslb_•rcknmp_b_•tg_h_•glajsqm•
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ab i^ >?@) mlo bgbjmil) jlpqo^_^ ^ Jf`e^bi Clu `ljl rk qbkfbkqb ab ^iü pcj_agmlcq•ná`jga_q•pcosgcpc*•cl•
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nrb bi F\n Qfib L`d\j abp`of_Å^ `ljl ërk i\Xc`kp nrb pfdrb ^ rk^ mr_if`fpü
q^) Hbiiv @rqolkb) jfbkqo^p `e^kq^gb^ v bkd^qrp^ ^ qlalp ilp nrb pb jrbü
sbk mlo i^p wlk^p j|p lp`ro^p abi jrkal ab i^ jla^ bk Krbs^ Vlohí+
E X[ E \e) rk^ pbofb pl_ob rk^ cfoj^ ab mr_if`fa^a bk ilp ^Élp 3-) q^jü
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klp) aralp^+
I^p mbiÅ`ri^p Mck`dX DcXdX[X %/--/&) ;_XekXa\ \e :ifX[nXp %.624& b)
fk`irpl) =c <`XYcf m`jk\ [\ HiX[X %/--3&) q^j_fÄk e^`bk rk obqo^ql ab mrü
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k^i+ >idrk^p mbiÅ`ri^p plk p|qfo^p) mbol ^rk ^pÅ a^k rk^ fj^dbk kbd^qfs^
ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ I^ mbiÅ`ri^ ?iXZ`Xj gfi ]`cd Xi' rk^ ^a^mq^`fÑk ab i^ klsbi^ ab
@eofpqlmebo ?r`hibv) bp rk^ _rbk^ p|qfo^ ab rk molcbpflk^i ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p
nrb abcfbkab ^ i^ fkarpqof^ abi q^_^`l+ ;fik`eX [\ _ldf %.664&) molq^dlkfw^a^ mlo Arp*
qfk Elccj^k v Ol_boq AbKfol) bp q^j_fÄk rk^ _rbk^ p|qfo^ pl_ob `Ñjl rk mobpfabkü
qb bp bjmrg^al mlo pr bk`^od^al ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p ^ bjmbw^o rk^ c^ip^ drboo^ m^o^
jbglo^o pr fj^dbk mÖ_if`^+ Rk^ mbiÅ`ri^ j|p ob`fbkqb) :ilef %/--6&) `lk bi ^`qlo P^`e^
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ql+ Bii^p `lkqbpq^k nrb A^ocro+ Bkqlk`bp Äi ibp mobdrkq^ aÑkab bpq| A^ocro) ^ il nrb bii^p
`lkqbpq^k nrb kl qfbkbk kf fab^+
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m^o^ abp`of_fo i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+ >idrklp ab biilp plk ëj^ohbqfkdí) ësbkq^pí) ëbp*
iÑd^kbp obqÑof`lpí) ëmolm^d^ka^í v ëc^iq^ ab mofk`fmflp v `lkqbkfalí+ M^ob`b nrb Dbkb
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^ ilp molcbpflk^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p ëj^i^p efbo_^p m^qÄqf`^p v abpbpmbo^a^pí+
Glb Klo`bo^) rk `lirjkfpq^ ab i^ pb``fÑk ab kbdl`flp abi F\n Qfib L`d\j) rpÑ rk ibkü
dr^gb jbklp `lilofal m^o^ abp`of_fo pr corpqo^`fÑk `lk bi obpmlkp^_ib ab obi^`flkbp mÖü
_if`^p ab >mmib7 ëbpq^ bp lqo^ ab i^p fkkls^`flkbp ab >mmib7 bi mloq^slw ol_Ñqf`l nrb af`b
bu`irpfs^jbkqb il nrb qfbkb moldo^j^al ab`foí+
Ilp mboflafpq^p prbibk pbkqfopb corpqo^alp `r^kal klq^k nrb bi mboplk^i ab obi^`flü
kbp mÖ_if`^p bp rk bpqlo_l) l a^ fkcloj^`fÑk bnrfsl`^a^) l kl bpq| afpmlkf_ib m^o^ `lkü
qbpq^o ^ prp mobdrkq^p+ Bpqb bp rk mol_ibj^ qÅmf`l bk i^p obi^`flkbp `lk ilp jbaflp v) ab
sboa^a) bk qlalp ilp `^jmlp e^v fk`ljmbqbk`f^) q^j_fÄk bk bi ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+




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`f^qfs^p ab rk fkafsfarl l ab rk^ bjmobp^ m^o^ fkqbomobq^o `r^inrfbo bsbkql l `r^inrfbo
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`fÑk j|p ^`^aÄjf`^ abi qÄojfkl jg`e pboÅ^ ëbkj^o`^oí+ Jr`elp bpqraflp jrbpqo^k nrb
ilp mboflafpq^p) v q^j_fÄk ilp molcbpflk^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) ëbkj^o`^kí ilp qbü
j^p+ Bk bi @^mÅqril 6 pb abp^oolii^ j|p bk molcrkafa^a bpq^ qbloÅ^+
>cXZb f ]cXb %l ci^k& bp rk qÄojfkl abpmb`qfsl ab i^ gbod^ nrb rqfifw^k `lk cob`rbk`f^
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bk i^ obsfpq^ abi bpmb`q|`ril NXi`\kp) Pb bjmbwÑ ^ rqfifw^o acXZb `ljl pfkÑkfjl ab ^dbkqb
ab mobkp^) ^cfoj^ Tbp) ëbk qof_rql ^ Dbkb Ci^`h v pr `^m^`fa^a ab moljl`flk^o i^p mbü
iÅ`ri^pí+ Lqolp ^cfoj^k nrb bi sl`^_il ]cXZb pb rqfifw^_^ aro^kqb i^ Mofjbo^ Drboo^ Jrkü
af^i m^o^ abp`of_fo bi crbdl ^kqf^Äobl+ > sb`bp) ilp mboflafpq^p `lkpfabo^k nrb bi jlkqÑk
ab `ljrkf`^alp ab mobkp^ nrb ob`f_bk `lkpqfqrvb rk^ bpmb`fb ab ^oqfiiboÅ^ nrb ibp fjmfü
ab l`rm^opb ab pr jfpfÑk ab fkcloj^o ^i mÖ_if`l+
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nrb bi ^`oÑkfjl OOMM qfbkb `fboq^ `lkklq^`fÑk kbd^qfs^+ P^j ?i^`h) rk ^pbplo ab obi^ü
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qÄojfkl OOMM crb mol_^_ibjbkqb `ob^al `ljl ^mlal m^o^ i^p ëobi^`flkbp `lk i^ mobkü
p^í) nrb bp i^ ^`qfsfa^a mofk`fm^i ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p abpab prp mofk`fmflp rmwXj\ bi
@^mÅqril /&+
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bi jrkal+ Mlo `lksbkfbk`f^) v ^pÅ pb e^`b bk bpqb if_ol) bk bi qbuql pb rqfifw^ i^ bumobü
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di^p OOMM+

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I^ oba^``fÑk bp rk^ ^`qfsfa^a `ljÖk) q^kql ab ilp molcbpflk^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_ifü
`^p `ljl ab ilp ab mboflafpjl+ >j_lp qo^_^g^k ab cloj^ ^k|ild^7 bkqobsfpq^k ^ mboplk^p)
ob`lmfi^k v pfkqbqfw^k do^kabp `^kqfa^abp ab fkcloj^`fÑk) oba^`q^k bk rk bpqfil mboflü
aÅpqf`l) v bpq|k bkqobk^alp m^o^ bp`of_fo rk _rbk ^oqÅ`ril bk bi Öiqfjl jljbkql+ Ab ebü
`el) jr`elp mboflafpq^p iibd^k ^ `^j_f^o ab molcbpfÑk m^o^ `lksboqfopb bk molcbpflk^ibp
ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
Bpql e^ eb`el nrb jr`e^ dbkqb) fk`irfalp jr`elp mboflafpq^p) iibdrb ^ i^ c^ip^ `lkü
`irpfÑk ab nrb bufpqb ml`^ afcbobk`f^ bkqob i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v bi mboflafpjl+ M^o^
jr`elp) i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p plk pbk`fii^jbkqb rk ëmboflafpjl bjmobp^of^ií ab rk^
lod^kfw^`fÑk nrb kl pb^ rk jbafl ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk pl`f^i+ Bp j|p) bk i^ @ljrkfa^a >rü
qÑklj^ ab @^q^irÉ^) bi @libdfl Lcf`f^i ab Mboflafpq^p e^ abkljfk^al ëmboflafpq^p ab
crbkqbpí ^ ^nrbiilp do^ar^alp bk mboflafpjl nrb qo^_^g^k bk d^_fkbqbp ab mobkp^ bgboü
`fbkal q^ob^p molmf^p ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) obdri^kal pr ^`qfsfa^a+
Pfk bj_^odl) ^ mbp^o ab nrb `ljm^oqbk jr`e^p qÄ`kf`^p) ilp alp pb`qlobp pb afcbobkü
`f^k bk ^i`^k`b) l_gbqfslp) mÖ_if`lp v `^k^ibp+

9aXVcXZ(• I^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) `ljl v^ pb e^ ^cfoj^al) pb `ljmlkbk ab jriqfqra ab

bibjbkqlp) nrb s^k abpab i^ ^pbploÅ^ e^pq^ i^ dbpqfÑk ab `lkcif`qlp mlqbk`f^ibp v i^ dbpü
qfÑk ab bsbkqlp+ I^p obi^`flkbp `lk ilp jbaflp) v i^ oba^``fÑk mboflaÅpqf`^) ^rknrb plk
fjmloq^kqbp) plk q^k plil alp ab bpqlp bibjbkqlp+ >abj|p) i^ mo|`qf`^ ab i^p obi^`flkbp
mÖ_if`^p obnrfbob mbkp^o bk qÄojfklp bpqo^qÄdf`lp) qbkbo `^m^`fa^a m^o^ obplisbo mol_ibü
j^p v lqo^p `ljmbqbk`f^p afob`qfs^p v ab dbpqfÑk+

GW_Zi^kdh(• Ilp mboflafpq^p ob`lmfi^k v pbib``flk^k fkcloj^`fÑk `lk bi l_gbqfsl mofü

jloaf^i ab lcob`bo ^i mÖ_if`l klqf`f^p b fkcloj^`fÑk+ Bi mboplk^i ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p
q^j_fÄk ob`lmfi^ eb`elp b fkcloj^`fÑk `lk i^ fkqbk`fÑk ab fkcloj^o ^i mÖ_if`l) mbol bi
l_gbqfsl bp afcbobkqb+ I^ ^`qfsfa^a ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk bp q^k plil rk jbafl m^o^ `lkpbdrfo
rk cfk+ Bk lqo^p m^i^_o^p) bi l_gbqfsl kl bp plil bi ab fkcloj^o) pfkl bi ab `^j_f^o i^p ^`ü
qfqrabp v `ljmloq^jfbkqlp ab i^p mboplk^p m^o^ ^s^kw^o e^`f^ i^p jbq^p v l_gbqfslp ab
rk^ lod^kfw^`fÑk+ Jfbkqo^p nrb ilp mboflafpq^p plk l_pbos^alobp l_gbqfslp) ilp molcbpflü
k^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p plk abcbkplobp+ E^olia ?roplk) mobpfabkqb ab i^ bjmobp^
ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p ?roplk*J^opqbiibo) ^cfoj^7 ëM^o^ pbo bcf`^w v qbkbo `obaf_fifa^a) ilp
jbkp^gbp ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p ab_bk _^p^opb bk eb`elp+ Kl l_pq^kqb) pljlp abcbkplobp)
v kl ab_bjlp lisfa^oil+ Pljlp abcbkplobp ab rk abqbojfk^al mrkql ab sfpq^7 bi ab krbpü
qol `ifbkqb l bjmobp^ofl+ V ^rknrb ob`lkl`bjlp nrb ^i pbosfo ^i fkqboÄp mÖ_if`l ^`qr^jlp
^ c^slo abi fkqboÄp ab krbpqol `ifbkqb) kl pljlp mboflafpq^p+ Bp^ kl bp krbpqo^ q^ob^í+

H{Wa^Xdh(• Ilp mboflafpq^p bp`of_bk pl_ob qlal m^o^ rk^ ^rafbk`f^ j^pfs^7 ^nrbiilp nrb
ibbk) bp`r`e^k l sbk bi jbafl ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk m^o^ bi nrb qo^_^g^k+ Mlo abcfkf`fÑk) rk^
^rafbk`f^ j^pfs^ kl bpq| _fbk abcfkfa^) v bi mboflafpq^ nrb qo^_^g^ bk rk mbofÑaf`l af^ü
ofl) mlo bgbjmil) bp`of_b m^o^ bi do^k mÖ_if`l+ Mlo bi `lkqo^ofl) rk molcbpflk^i ab i^p
obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p pbdjbkq^ `rfa^alp^jbkqb bi mÖ_if`l bk crk`fÑk ab afsbop^p `^o^`qbü
oÅpqf`^p abjldo|cf`^p v mpf`liÑdf`^p+ Bpq^ fksbpqfd^`fÑk mbojfqb nrb bi jbkp^gb pb mboü
plk^if`b bk crk`fÑk ab i^p kb`bpfa^abp) mobl`rm^`flkbp b fkqbobpbp ab `^a^ mÖ_if`l m^o^
qbkbo bi j|ufjl bcb`ql mlpf_ib+

;VcVaZh(• I^ j^vloÅ^ ab ilp mboflafpq^p) ab_fal ^ i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab pr bjmibl) iibd^ ^ pr

mÖ_if`l ^ qo^sÄp ab rk `^k^i7 bi jbafl ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk nrb mr_if`^ l bjfqb pr qo^_^gl+




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Bi molcbpflk^i ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p mrbab iibd^o ^ pr mÖ_if`l ^ qo^sÄp ab rk^ afsboü
pfa^a ab `^k^ibp+ Ilp `^k^ibp nrb rqfifw^ mrbabk pbo rk^ `lj_fk^`fÑk ab jbaflp ab `lü
jrkf`^`fÑk7 mbofÑaf`lp) obsfpq^p) o^afl v qbibsfpfÑk+ L mrbabk fk`irfo bksÅlp mlo `loobl)
cliibqlp) `^oqbibp) obsfpq^p bpmb`f^ifw^a^p) bsbkqlp bpmb`f^ibp) jbkp^gbp ^ qo^sÄp ab Fkqboü
kbq) _ildp b) fk`irpl) sfablp bk VlrQr_b+

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Ab i^ jfpj^ j^kbo^ nrb jr`e^ dbkqb `lkcrkab) booÑkb^jbkqb) i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p
`lk i^ glYc`Z`kp %`l_boqro^ fkcloj^qfs^&) bufpqb `fboq^ `lkcrpfÑk bkqob i^ glYc`Z`kp %rk |ob^
ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p& v i^ mr_if`fa^a+
>rknrb i^ mr_if`fa^a v i^ glYc`Z`kp rqfifw^k jbaflp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk m^o^ afsrid^o
rk jbkp^gb) bi cloj^ql v bi `lkqbuql plk afcbobkqbp+ I^ glYc`Z`kp %fkcloj^`fÑk pl_ob rk
^`lkqb`fjfbkql) rk fkafsfarl l dorml) l rk molar`ql& ^m^ob`b `ljl rk krbsl ^oqÅ`ril
l fkcloj^`fÑk bk ilp jbaflp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk+ Bi j^qbof^i e^ pfal mobm^o^al mlo molü
cbpflk^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v bs^ir^al mlo bi abm^oq^jbkql ab obi^`flkbp `lk
i^ mobkp^+ Ilp mboflafpq^p) `lkl`falp `ljl ZXeZ\iY\ifj f ^lXi[XYXii\iXj $^Xk\b\\g\ij&) abü
qbojfk^k pf bi j^qbof^i pb rqfifw^o| l) pfjmibjbkqb) pb qfo^o| ^ i^ m^mbibo^ %pbib``flk^k bi
j^qbof^i fkcloj^qfsl&+
Mlo bi `lkqo^ofl) i^ mr_if`fa^a bp rk bpm^`fl m^d^al v rk qfbjml ab bjfpfÑk+ I^p
bjmobp^p v i^p mboplk^p prbibk `lkqo^q^o ^ rk abm^oq^jbkql ab mr_if`fa^a ab rk jbafl
ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk m^o^ fk`irfo rk ^krk`fl ab qla^ rk^ m|dfk^) l rk ^krk`fl ab rk jfkrü
ql bk rk jbafl ^raflsfpr^i+ Rk^ bjmobp^ `ob^ rk ^krk`fl) ab`fab bi afpbÉl) v `lkqoli^
aÑkab v `r|kal pb s^ ^ jlpqo^o+ Bk lqo^p m^i^_o^p) ilp ^krk`flp plk pbk`fii^jbkqb rk ^iü
nrfibo ab rk bpm^`fl bk rk jbafl ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk+ I^ mofk`fm^i m^oqb abi m^pqbi ab ilp
fkdobplp ab qlalp ilp jbaflp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk) fk`irfal Dlldib) molsfbkb ab i^ sbkq^ ab
bpm^`fl mr_if`fq^ofl+
Lqo^p afcbobk`f^p bkqob i^p ^`qfsfa^abp ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v i^ mr_if`fa^a plk i^p
pfdrfbkqbp7
† I^ mr_if`fa^a bpq| mobpbkqb crka^jbkq^ijbkqb bk jbaflp ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk plü
`f^i8 i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p rqfifw^k jriqfqra ab eboo^jfbkq^p ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk7
cliibqlp) mobpbkq^`flkbp jriqfjbaf^) bsbkqlp bpmb`f^ibp) afp`roplp) `ljrkf`^alp ab
mobkp^) alpfbobp ab mobkp^) bq`+
† I^ mr_if`fa^a pb afofdb ^ mÖ_if`lp buqboklp) crka^jbkq^ijbkqb ^ `lkprjfalobp ab
_fbkbp v pbosf`flp8 i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p mobpbkq^k prp jbkp^gbp ^ mÖ_if`lp buqboü
klp bpmb`Åcf`lp %^``flkfpq^p) molsbbalobp) iÅabobp ab i^ `ljrkfa^a) dormlp b`lilü
dfpq^p) bq`+& v ^ rk mÖ_if`l fkqbokl %bjmib^alp&+
† I^ mr_if`fa^a prbib fabkqfcf`^opb `ljl rk^ crk`fÑk ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk bpmb`f^ifw^ü
a^8 i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p qfbkbk rk j^vlo ^i`^k`b) v pb l`rm^k ab i^p mliÅqf`^p v
obpriq^alp ab qla^ i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk) abpab i^ Äqf`^ ab ilp bjmib^alp e^pq^ i^ `^kqfü
a^a ab afkbol nrb pb a^ ^ i^p ^pl`f^`flkbp il`^ibp+
† I^ mr_if`fa^a prbib rqfifw^opb `ljl rk^ eboo^jfbkq^ ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk bk i^p obi^ü
`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) v i^ ^`qfsfa^a ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p prbib obpm^ia^o ^ i^p `^jm^É^p
mr_if`fq^of^p+ I^ crk`fÑk ab i^ mr_if`fa^a `lkpfpqb bk sbkabo _fbkbp v pbosf`flp8 i^
crk`fÑk ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `lkpfpqb bk `ob^o rk bkqlokl bk bi nrb i^ lod^ü
kfw^`fÑk mrba^ abp^oolii^opb+ Qo^q^ ab dbpqflk^o ilp c^`qlobp b`lkÑjf`lp) pl`f^ibp
v mliÅqf`lp nrb mrbabk ^cb`q^o ^ i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk+
I^ mofk`fm^i abpsbkq^g^ ab i^ mr_if`fa^a) mlo prmrbpql) bp pr `lpqb+ Kloj^ijbkqb)
rk ^krk`fl nrb l`rmb qla^ rk^ m|dfk^ %fjm^o abi mofjbo qbo`fl& bk i^ baf`fÑk k^`flk^i
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ab =c HXxj `rbpq^ 0/+51- brolp pf bp _i^k`l v kbdol v 1/+-/- brolp pf bp ^ qlal `lilo+ I^p
`^jm^É^p mr_if`fq^of^p bk rk^ `^abk^ ab qbibsfpfÑk mrbabk ^i`^kw^o jfiilkbp ab aÑi^obp+
Mlo bgbjmil) ilp ^krk`f^kqbp m^d^olk rk^ jbaf^ ab /)1 jfiilkbp ab aÑi^obp mlo rk ^krkü
`fl) ab 0- pbdrkalp) bk i^ Prmbo ?lti ab /-.-+ Mlo q^kql) i^p bjmobp^p `^a^ sbw rqfifw^k
j|p rk^ eboo^jfbkq^ ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p $glYc`Z`kp abi molar`ql&) nrb bp j|p bcf`^w bk
`r^kql ^ `lpqbp v) ^ jbkral) j|p `obÅ_ib) mlonrb bi jbkp^gb ^m^ob`b bk bi `lkqbuql ab
rk^ klqf`f^+ Mlo bgbjmil) rk bpqrafl ^ kfsbi k^`flk^i bk Bpq^alp Rkfalp `lk`irvÑ nrb
`^pf bi 4- " ab ilp `lkprjfalobp a^k j|p fjmloq^k`f^ ^ i^ `l_boqro^ jbaf|qf`^ nrb ^ i^
mr_if`fa^a `r^kal ab`fabk pf `lkcÅ^k bk i^p bjmobp^p v qlj^k ab`fpflkbp ab `ljmo^ plü
_ob rk _fbk l pbosf`fl+

<^[ZgZcX^Vh•ZcigZ•gZaVX^dcZh•e{Wa^XVh•n•bVg`Zi^c\
I^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p afcfbobk abi j^ohbqfkd ab afsbop^p j^kbo^p) ^rknrb prp colkqbü
o^p prbibk pli^m^opb+
Mlo bgbjmil) i^p crk`flkbp pb pli^m^k mlonrb q^kql i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `ljl bi
j^ohbqfkd pb l`rm^k ab i^p obi^`flkbp ab i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk v rqfifw^k qÄ`kf`^p ab `ljrkfü
`^`fÑk ^k|ild^p m^o^ iibd^o ^i mÖ_if`l+ >j_^p ^`qfsfa^abp qfbkbk `ljl l_gbqfsl Öiqfjl
d^o^kqfw^o bi Äufql ab i^ bjmobp^ v pr prmbosfsbk`f^ b`lkÑjf`^+ Pfk bj_^odl) i^p obi^ü
`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v bi j^ohbqfkd ^colkq^k bpq^ q^ob^ abpab mbopmb`qfs^p l mrkqlp ab sfpü
q^ afpqfkqlp+

GW_Zi^kdh(• Bi l_gbqfsl abi j^ohbqfkd bp sbkabo molar`qlp l pbosf`flp v m^o^ biil rqfifw^
bksliqloflp ^qo^`qfslp) mob`flp `ljmbqfqfslp) moljl`flkbp bk mrkqlp ab sbkq^ v bk Fkqboü
kbq) v rk pfpqbj^ ab afpqof_r`fÑk bcf`^w+ Bi l_gbqfsl ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p bp bpq^_ibü
`bo rk^ obi^`fÑk `lk rk mÖ_if`l s^of^al nrb ^vrab ^ jbglo^o i^ obmrq^`fÑk ab i^ bjmobp^
v ^ fk`objbkq^o i^ `lkcf^kw^ bk pr mliÅqf`^) bk prp pbosf`flp v bk prp molar`qlp+

H{Wa^Xdh(• Bi mÖ_if`l ^i nrb s^ afofdfal bi j^ohbqfkd plk ilp `lkprjfalobp v ilp `ifbkü
qbp+ I^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p qfbkbk rklp mÖ_if`lp jr`el j|p s^of^alp) abpab fksboplobp
e^pq^ iÅabobp ab i^ `ljrkfa^a) dormlp b`lildfpq^p) sbkabalobp) mboplk^gbp mÖ_if`lp b) fkü
`irpl) bjmib^alp ab i^ molmf^ bjmobp^+ Qlalp biilp mrbabk ^cb`q^o ^i Äufql b fkdobplp ab
i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk `lk ^``flkbp `ljl _lf`lqp) il__fpjl v i^ dbkbo^`fÑk ab `l_boqro^ fkü
cloj^qfs^ kbd^qfs^+

;dbedi^i^k^YVY•o^klnl•dedh^X^zc(• Ilp molcbpflk^ibp abi j^ohbqfkd qfbkabk ^ `lkcf^o

bu`irpfs^jbkqb bk i^p plir`flkbp `ljmbqfqfs^p) jfbkqo^p nrb ilp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_ifü
`^p mbo`f_bk bi mol_ibj^ rkfal ^ rk^ lmlpf`fÑk+ @r^kal ilp molcbpflk^ibp abi j^ohbqfkd
pb bk`rbkqo^k `lk i^ lmlpf`fÑk ^ rk molar`ql) pr plir`fÑk bp _^g^o bi mob`fl l jbglo^o
bi bksliqlofl+ Mlo bi `lkqo^ofl) ilp molcbpflk^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p kl `lkpfabo^k
nrb i^ _^g^a^ ab mob`fl pb^ rk^ plir`fÑk bcf`^w `r^kal i^ lmlpf`fÑk ^ rk molar`ql sfbkb
abqbojfk^a^ mlo i^ `lkpfabo^`fÑk ab molar`ql fkpbdrol mlo bi mÖ_if`l $mwXj\ bi bpqrafl
ab `^pl abi @^mÅqril 1 pl_ob Qlvlq^&+

=a•eVeVa•YV•aV•Y^gZXX^zc(• Bi j^ohbqfkd bp rk^ crk`fÑk abqbojfk^a^ abkqol ab i^ bjü

mobp^ nrb pb l`rm^ abi mlpf`flk^jfbkql v i^p sbkq^p ab rk molar`ql+ Bi mboplk^i ab
obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) pfk bj_^odl) qfbkb nrb bpq^o bk `lkq^`ql `lk qlalp ilp abj|p abm^oü
q^jbkqlp ab i^ bjmobp^ m^o^ ildo^o ^pÅ i^p jbq^p v l_gbqfslp lod^kfw^qfslp+ Rk^ lod^kfü
w^`fÑk) m^o^ qbkbo Äufql bk bi jbo`^al) ab_b mobpq^o ^qbk`fÑk `lkpq^kqb ^ pr obmrq^`fÑk
v iibs^o ^ `^_l rk^ mliÅqf`^ nrb jbglob pr `obaf_fifa^a v i^ `lkcf^kw^ ab prp mÖ_if`lp+ Bi
 @ ^ m fq r i^ . èNrÄ plk i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p<

mboplk^i ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p ab_boÅ^) fab^ijbkqb) qo^q^o `lk i^ afob``fÑk m^o^ a^o cloü
j^ v moljlsbo ilp s^ilobp `i^sb ab i^ bjmobp^+

=a•gZheVaYd•YZ•aVh•gZaVX^dcZh•e{Wa^XVh•Va•bVg`Zi^c\
Mefifm Hlqibo) molcbplo ab j^ohbqfkd bk i^ Rkfsbopfa^a ab Kloqetbpqbok v ^rqlo ab rk
if_ol ab qbuql ab j^ohbqfkd jrv `lkl`fal bk qlal bi jrkal) ^cfoj^ nrb i^p obi^`flkbp
mÖ_if`^p `lkpqfqrvbk i^ nrfkq^ ë M í ab i^ bpqo^qbdf^ ab j^ohbqfkd) nrb fk`irvb lqo^p `r^ü
qol7 Molar`ql) Mob`fl) Ird^o rHcXZ\% v Moljl`fÑk+ @ljl ^cfoj^_^ bk i^ @XimXi[ :lj`ä
e\jj J\m`\n' ëi^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p q^oa^k bk `riqfs^opb) mbol `r^kal pb ^_lk^k) mrbabk
^vra^o ^ nrb i^ bjmobp^ abpq^nrb bk bi jbo`^alí+
@r^kal pb rqfifw^k i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p m^o^ obpm^ia^o afob`q^jbkqb ilp l_gbqfslp
ab j^ohbqfkd ab i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk) pb i^p abkljfk^ Zfdle`ZXZ`ze [\ dXib\k`e^) Lqol qÄojfü
kl) ^`rÉ^al mlo Qelj^p E^oofp bk pr if_ol L_\ EXib\k\i#j ?l`[\ kf HlYc`Z J\cXk`fej) bp
bi ab i\cXZ`fe\j g{Yc`ZXj [\ dXib\k`e^) Bpql) pbdÖk E^oofp) afpqfkdrb i^ crk`fÑk ab i^p obü
i^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `lomlo^qfs^p) nrb abcfkbk i^ obi^`fÑk ab rk^ bjmobp^ `lk prp mÖ_if`lp
kl `lkprjfalobp+
Abkkfp I+ Tfi`lu) bk pr if_ol HlYc`Z J\cXk`fej O i`k`e^ Xe[ E \[`X L\Z_e`hl\j) ob^ifw^
rk^ ifpq^ ab l`el cloj^p afpqfkq^p bk i^p nrb i^p ^`qfsfa^abp ab obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p mrbü
abk `lkqof_rfo ^ ^i`^kw^o ilp l_gbqfslp ab j^ohbqfkd7
.+ Cljbkq^k krbslp `ifbkqbp mlqbk`f^ibp m^o^ krbslp jbo`^alp) `ljl i^p mboplk^p
nrb mobdrkq^k pl_ob rk molar`ql qo^p e^_boil sfpql bk ^idÖk jbafl ab `ljrkfü
`^`fÑk+
/+ Molmlo`flk^k moljl`flkbp ab qbo`bolp) ^ qo^sÄp ab mbofÑaf`lp) obsfpq^p) o^afl v
qbibsfpfÑk) jbaf^kqb ilp `ljrkf`^alp ab mobkp^ pl_ob ilp molar`qlp l pbosf`flp
ab rk^ bjmobp^) i^ m^oqf`fm^`fÑk ab i^ `ljrkfa^a) ilp fksbkqlp v ilp krbslp mi^ü
kbp+
0+ @ob^k bpqÅjrilp ab sbkq^) kloj^ijbkqb jbaf^kqb ^oqÅ`rilp bk i^ mobkp^ bpmb`f^ü
ifw^a^ pl_ob krbslp molar`qlp l pbosf`flp+
1+ >ii^k^k bi `^jfkl m^o^ i^p sbkq^p+
2+ Jbglo^k i^ bcf`^`f^ ab i^ moljl`fÑk v mr_if`fa^a ab rk^ bjmobp^ e^`fbkal rk
pbdrfjfbkql `lkqfkrl v ab ^mlvl ^ i^ bjmobp^ v prp molar`qlp+
3+ Molmlo`flk^k rk^ ifqbo^qro^ ab sbkq^p do^qrfq^) v^ nrb ilp ^oqÅ`rilp pl_ob i^ loü
d^kfw^`fÑk v prp molar`qlp mrbabk pbo obfjmobplp `ljl buqo^`qlp fkcloj^qfslp
bk ilp cliibqlp afofdfalp ^ ilp `lkprjfalobp+
4+ @lksfboqbk ^ i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk bk crbkqb ^rqlofw^a^ ab fkcloj^`fÑk pl_ob rk abü
qbojfk^al molar`ql+
5+ >vra^k ^ sbkabo molar`qlp jbklobp nrb kl afpcorq^k ab fjmloq^kqbp mobprmrbpü
qlp ab mr_if`fa^a+

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>rknrb bufpqbk afcbobk`f^p _fbk abcfkfa^p bkqob ilp `^jmlp ab i^ mr_if`fa^a) bi j^ohbqfkd
v i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p) bufpqb rk^ `ob`fbkqb `lk`fbk`f^`fÑk ab nrb ilp l_gbqfslp v jbq^p
ab i^ lod^kfw^`fÑk mrbabk ^i`^kw^opb jbglo pf pb m^oqb ab rk mi^kqb^jfbkql fkqbdo^alo+
Bpq^ fab^ afl ird^o) bk i^ aÄ`^a^ ab ilp klsbkq^) ^ qÄojfklp `ljl Zfdle`ZXZ`ze `e k\ä
^iX[X [\ d Xib\k`e^) Zfdle`ZXZ`ze Zfem\i^\ek\ v Zfdle`ZXZ`ze `8`k\^iX[X) Alk P`eriw) Pq^kü
ibv Q^kkbk_^rj v Ol_boq I^rqbo_lj) ^rqlobp ab Y`k\^iXk\[ E Xib\k`e^ ;fddle`ZXk`fej)
bumif`^k bi qÅqril ab pr if_ol ab i^ pfdrfbkqb j^kbo^7




 ëBp rk `lk`bmql ab mi^kfcf`^`fÑk ab i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk ab j^ohbqfkd nrb ob`lkl`b bi s^ilo
^É^afal ab rk mi^k dil_^i nrb bs^iÖ^ bi m^mbi bpqo^qÄdf`l ab rk^ afsbopfa^a ab afp`fmifü
k^p ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk %mlo bgbjmil) mr_if`fa^a dbkbo^i) mr_if`fa^a mlo `loobl) moljlü
`fÑk ab sbkq^p v obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p& v `lj_fk^ bpq^p afp`fmifk^p m^o^ ildo^o rk fjm^`ql
`i^ol) `lkpfpqbkqb v j|ufjl ab i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑkí+
Afsboplp c^`qlobp e^k cljbkq^al bpq^ qbkabk`f^ e^`f^ i^ fkqbdo^`fÑk %mwXj\ i^ Cfdrü
o^ .+/&+ Rkl bp i^ obar``fÑk abi q^j^Él ab i^p bjmobp^p v pr obbpqor`qro^`fÑk+ Jr`e^p
bjmobp^p e^k `lkplifa^al abm^oq^jbkqlp v q^j_fÄk e^k obar`fal bi mboplk^i abaf`^al
^ afsbop^p afp`fmifk^p ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk+ Mlo biil) rk abm^oq^jbkql `lk jbklp bjmib^ü
alp ab_b iibs^o `^_l rk^ j^vlo s^ofba^a ab q^ob^p ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk+
Bk pbdrkal ird^o) ilp mobprmrbpqlp m^o^ bi j^ohbqfkd v i^ `ljrkf`^`fÑk ab i^p loü
d^kfw^`flkbp pb e^k obar`fal) bpmb`f^ijbkqb bk mboÅlalp ab `ofpfp `ljl bi nrb klp ^cb`ü
q^ ^`qr^ijbkqb+ Jr`e^p lod^kfw^`flkbp) m^o^ bsfq^o ilp bibs^alp `lpqbp ab i^ mr_if`fa^a)
_rp`^k cloj^p ^iqbok^qfs^p m^o^ qo^kpjfqfo prp jbkp^gbp+ Bkqob bpq^p pb mrbabk fk`irfo
%.& i^ `ob^`fÑk ab orfal mlo bi _l`^ ^ _l`^) %/& `bkqo^opb bk mboplk^gbp fkcirvbkqbp) %0& bi
j^ohbqfkd bk Fkqbokbq) %1& bi j^ohbqfkd bk i^p _^pbp mlmri^obp) %2& i^p obi^`flkbp `lk ilp
jbaflp v i^ glYc`Z`kp abi molar`ql v %3& ^`qfsfa^abp ab m^qol`fkfl ab bsbkqlp+
Bk qbo`bo ird^o) bufpqb rk^ `lk`fbka^`fÑk `ob`fbkqb ab nrb i^ mr_if`fa^a) `lk prp
bibs^alp `lpqbp) kl bp i^ _^i^ ab mi^q^ nrb crb ^kq^Él+ M^oqb abi mol_ibj^ bp bi `ob`fbkü
qb bu`bpl ab mr_if`fa^a) i^ co^djbkq^`fÑk ab i^ ^rafbk`f^ ^kqb j|p jbaflp v pr c^iq^ ab
`obaf_fifa^a dbkbo^i bkqob ilp `lkprjfalobp+
>i v I^ro^ Ofbp) ^rqlobp ab rk if_ol ab do^k mlmri^ofa^a %^i jbklp bkqob ilp molcbü
pflk^ibp ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p&) DX ZXx[X [\ cX glYc`Z`[X[ p \ c Xl^\ [\ cXj i\cXZ`fe\j g{Yc`ä
ZXj' bp`of_bk7 ëBpq^jlp bjmbw^kal ^ sbo ^k|ifpfp bjmÅof`lp nrb obpm^ia^k i^ prmboflofa^a
ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p pl_ob i^ mr_if`fa^a m^o^ i^kw^o rk^ j^o`^+ Rk ob`fbkqb bpqrü
afl ab 6. i^kw^jfbkqlp ab krbslp molar`qlp `lk`irvb nrb ilp molar`qlp ab do^k Äufql
qfbkbk j|p mol_^_fifa^abp ab rqfifw^o ^`qfsfa^abp sfk`ri^a^p `lk i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p
nrb ilp molar`qlp `lk jbklp Äufqlí+ Molpfdrbk ^cfoj^kal7 ë X+++Z i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p
`ob^k rk^ j^o`^+ I^ mr_if`fa^a abcfbkab rk^ j^o`^í+

J_•dgesp_•ëjsqrp_•jmq•bgqrglrmq•amknmlclrcq•bcj•kmbcjm,
 @ ^ m fq r i^ . èNrÄ plk i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p<

Bk `r^oql ird^o) bk i^ ^`qr^ifa^a pb ^ajfqb dbkbo^ijbkqb nrb bi j^ohbqfkd ab ilp

molar`qlp v pbosf`flp mrbab sbopb ^cb`q^al mlo `rbpqflkbp ab mliÅqf`^ pl`f^i v mÖ_if`^+ I^
ibdfpi^`fÑk jbafl^j_fbkq^i ^cb`q^ ^i bj_^i^gb v ^i `lkqbkfal ab ilp molar`qlp) i^ molü
mrbpq^ abi fjmrbpql ab irgl pl_ob ilp ^rqljÑsfibp j|p `^olp ^cb`q^ ^ i^p sbkq^p ab af`elp
^rqljÑsfibp) v bi obpm^ial ab rk^ bjmobp^ ^ i^ mi^kfcf`^`fÑk c^jfif^o l ^ i^ dbkbo^ifw^ü
`fÑk ab i^p mobpq^`flkbp ab _fbkbpq^o m^o^ i^p m^obg^p ab rk jfpjl pbul mrbab molsl`^o
rk _lf`lq ^ prp molar`qlp+
Bi bcb`ql ab bpqlp c^`qlobp) nrb kl e^k pfal qbkfalp bk `rbkq^ qo^af`flk^ijbkqb mlo
ilp afob`qfslp ab j^ohbqfkd) e^ eb`el nrb jr`elp molcbpflk^ibp mfbkpbk nrb i^p lod^ü
kfw^`flkbp l_qbkaoÅ^k jbglobp obpriq^alp pf fkqbdo^o^k i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p v i^p obi^ü
`flkbp fkpqfqr`flk^ibp bk ilp mi^kqb^jfbkqlp dbkbo^ibp ab j^ohbqfkd+ Ab eb`el) A^sfa
@lolkk^) bk rk ^oqÅ`ril mr_if`^al e^`b ^idrklp ^Élp bk bi HlYc`Z J\cXk`fej BflieXc' prü
dboÅ^ nrb rk^ pbuq^ ëM í abi j^ohbqfkd ab_boÅ^ pbo i^ gfcxk`ZX g{Yc`ZX)
Mlo q^kql) bi `lk`bmql ab fkqbdo^`fÑk `lkpfpqb bk i^ `ob`fbkqb plcfpqf`^`fÑk ab i^p
lod^kfw^`flkbp m^o^ rqfifw^o rk^ afsbopfa^a ab bpqo^qbdf^p v qÄ`kf`^p nrb qo^kpjfqbk rk
jbkp^gb `lebobkqb `lk afpqfkqlp cloj^qlp+ I^ jbq|clo^ mrbab pbo i^ ab rk grd^alo ab
dlic `lk afpqfkqlp m^ilp bk i^ _lip^+ Mrbab rqfifw^o rk m^il %obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p& m^o^ i^kü
w^o rk molar`ql) lqol m^il %i^ mr_if`fa^a& m^o^ obclow^o bi jbkp^gb v lqol m^il j|p %bi
j^ohbqfkd bk i^ Oba& m^o^ sbkabo bi molar`ql l pbosf`fl ^ rk mÖ_if`l _fbk abcfkfal+
I^ jbq|clo^ abi dlic firpqo^ q^j_fÄk `Ñjl m^oqb ab ilp bgb`rqfslp ab j^ohbqfkd v afü
ob`qfslp bjmobp^of^ibp pb e^k a^al `rbkq^ ab nrb i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p plk fjmloq^kü
qbp bk jr`e^p |ob^p+ Rk bpqrafl ab HJO\\bj' mlo bgbjmil) `lk`irvÑ nrb i^p obi^`flkbp
mÖ_if`^p bo^k j|p bcf`^`bp nrb i^ mr_if`fa^a l bi j^ohbqfkd bk krbsb |ob^p7 %.& obmrq^ü
`fÑk ab i^ j^o`^) %/& obmrq^`fÑk `lomlo^qfs^) %0& cljbkql abi mbkp^jfbkql ab ilp iÅabobp)
%1& abp^ooliil ab rk^ bpqo^qbdf^) %2& i^kw^jfbkql ab rk molar`ql krbsl) %3& `lk`fbk`f^*
`fÑk ab ilp ofbpdlp) %4& dbkbo^`fÑk abi _l`^ ^ _l`^) %5& abp^ooliil abi jbkp^gb v %6& prü
mbo^`fÑk ab rk^ `ofpfp+
Rk _rbk bgbjmil ab rk^ `^jm^É^ ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk fkqbdo^a^ ab j^ohbqfkd bp i^ ob^ü
ifw^a^ mlo Pb^op m^o^ i^ srbiq^ ^i `libdfl+ I^ `^jm^É^ rqfifwÑ ^ i^ molq^dlkfpq^ abi jrpf`^i
@`^_ KZ_ffc E lj`ZXc) S^kbpp^ Eradbkp) nrb ^m^ob`fÑ bk afpqfkqlp `^k^ibp) bk bpmb`f^i bk
i^p obabp pl`f^ibp) nrb plk bi jbafl ab `ljrkf`^`fÑk mobcbofal mlo prp pbdrfalobp nrfk*
`b^Ébolp+ Eradbkp m^oqf`fmÑ bk lqo^ `^jm^É^ ab Pb^op grkql ^ lqo^p `bib_ofa^abp `ljl
II @lli G v Qv Mbkkfkdqlk) nrb pb efwl bk ilp ^ij^`bkbp ab i^ j^o`^ v bk sfablp bk i^
Oba+ Bpqlp mboplk^gbp m^oqf`fm^olk bk qrjlp ab bkqobsfpq^p bk `^k^ibp ab qbibsfpfÑk v bk
bjfplo^p ab o^afl $mwXj\ bi @^mÅqril .2&+

.• ;VggZgV•egd[Zh^dcVa•Zc•gZaVX^dcZh•e{Wa^XVh
Bi `ob`fjfbkql ab i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p `ljl `^oobo^ molcbpflk^i e^ fjmrip^al i^ ^m^ü
of`fÑk ab krjbolplp `roplp) afmilj^p v do^alp rkfsbopfq^oflp+
I^ @ljfpfÑk m^o^ i^ BkpbÉ^kw^ ab i^p Obi^`flkbp MÖ_if`^p) nrb fk`irvb ^ ilp molcbplü
obp v obmobpbkq^kqbp ab qla^p i^p lod^kfw^`flkbp molcbpflk^ibp) e^ abqbojfk^al `fk`l j^ü
qbof^p nrb ab_boÅ^k bkpbÉ^opb bk `r^inrfbo `^oobo^ molcbpflk^i bk obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p7
† Fkqolar``fÑk ^ i^p obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p %qbloÅ^) lofdbk v mofk`fmflp&+
† Fksbpqfd^`fÑk) jbaf`fÑk v bs^ir^`fÑk+
† Oba^``fÑk v molar``fÑk bk obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
† Mo|`qf`^p fkqbok^p qrqlofw^a^p bk obi^`flkbp mÖ_if`^p+
† Rk `ropl ^af`flk^i pl_ob Äqf`^ v ibdfpi^`fÑk) mi^kfcf`^`fÑk v afob``fÑk) v bpqraflp
ab `^plp v `^jm^É^p+