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dmpk_ `Åqga_ w l_rsp_j bc amkslga_agâl osc lm cqrÅ
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bm* sl jcles_hc slgtcpq_j,
J_ amlapcagâl bc gbc_q* bcqbc j_q kÅq qgknjcq
f_qr_ j_q kÅq cj_`mp_b_q* pcosgcpc bcj rp_`_hm cl
cosgnm, Sl npmbsarm* kÅosgl_* cqrpsarsp_ m qgqrck_
lsctm nscbc cvgqrgp cl j_ k clrc bc sl gleclgcpm m sl
bgqcà_bmp* ncpm _lrcq bc osc nscb_ tmjtcpqc sl_ pc_+
jgb_b* j_ gbc_ bc`c qcp amkslga_b_ _ ksaf_q w bgqrgl+
r_q ncpqml_q, J_ a_n_agb_b bc amkslga_p amlacnrmq
bc bgqcàm cl dmpk_ pÅngb_ w npcagq_ _ rp_tÉq bc bg+
`shmq rÉalgamq cq aj_tc n_p_ q_rgqd_acp cj npcqsnscqrm
_qgel_bm _ jmq npmwcarmq w qmprc_p j_q pcqrpgaagmlcq bc
rgcknm, J_ amkslga_agâl epÅdga_ cdcargt_ r_k`gÉl cq
sl_ tclr_h_ cl cj kcpa_bm ejm`_j* bmlbc jmq kgck+
`pmq bcj cosgnm lm lcacq_pg_kclrc amkn_prcl sl
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Bcj kgqkm kmbm osc jmq a_pnglrcpmq _npclbcl _
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osgrcarmq* bg`sh_lrcq* bgqcà_bmpcq* d_`pga_lrcq w rÉa+
lgamq _npclbcl _ cknjc_p j_q fcpp_kgclr_q bcj bg`shm
rÉalgam, Cjjmq _npclbcl kÉrmbmq cqncaÖdgamq n_p_ pc+
npcqclr_p gbc_q* bgqcàmq w cqncagdga_agmlcq bc sl_ k_+
lcp_ amlqgqrclrc osc jmq bckÅq nscb_l clrclbcp, Qcp
sl amkslga_bmp epÅdgam cdga_x _qcesp_ osc cj npmbsa+
rm* qgqrck_ m cqrpsarsp_ gk_egl_b_ qc npmbsxa_ qceål
j_q cqncagdga_agmlcq,

  
2 A?N≠RSJM / JCLES?HC EP™DGAM SLGTCPQ?J N ? P ? CJ B G Q C Ä M

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j_ ep_l a_lrgb_b bc bcr_jjcq gltmjsap_+
bmq cl j_ d_`pga_agâl* cj clq_k`jc w cj
k_lrclgkgclrm bc sl npmbsarm, R_lrm
j_ d_agjgb_b bcj `mqoschm _ k_lm _jx_b_
amkm j_ a_n_agb_b bc sq_p j_q amknsr_+
I %- g (/(3 bmp_q n_p_ npmbsagp bg`shmq rÉalgamq qml
sl`sq+ f_`gjgb_bcq ksw t_jgmq_q cl cj kcpa_bm
ejm`_j, Cj bg`shm rÉalgam pcosgcpc amlm+
acp j_q lmpk_q osc ncpkgrcl osc jmq bg+
`shmq amkslgoscl bc k_lcp_ amlagq_ jmq
/,/ Bcr_jjc bc sl `mqoschm bc aÇjasjm, &Amprcqá_ bc H, Hcddpcw Xcpp', bgqcàmq _jpcbcbmp bcj kslbm,
Jmq bg`shmq rÉalgamq nscbcl rmk_p
ksaf_q dmpk_q* clrpc mrp_q8 `mqoschmq
bc sl_ gbc_ m sl amlacnrm &nmp chcknjm*
jmq `macrmq bc j_ nÅegl_ _lrcpgmp'* `mq+
oschmq bc aÅjasjm* `mqoschmq bc bgqcàm*
bg`shmq bc bgqcàm* nj_lmq bc j_q ngcx_q*
nj_lmq bc chcasagâl m amlqrpsaagâl* cq+
osck_q cjÉarpgamq* nj_lmq bc glqr_j_agâl
w cqosck_q bc clq_k`j_bm, Jmq `mqosc+
hmq* jmq bg`shmq A?B cl 0B w jmq km+
bcjmq A?B cl 1B qml dmpk_q bc bg`shm
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hmq rÉalgamq qc kscqrp_l cl j_q dgesp_q
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npmacqm bc bgqcàm w amlqrpsaagâl bc sl
npmbsarm* sl qgqrck_ m sl_ cqrpsarsp_,
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qgmlcq osc sq_l bg`shmq rÉalgamq n_p_
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 JCLES?HC EP™DG AM S L G T C P Q ? J N ? P ? CJ B G Q C Ä M 3

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qcjcaagml_b_ bc clrpc sl_ jgqr_ bc as_rpm dgl_+
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lmt_bmp_ bcq_ppmjj_b_ nmp Glrcjjgeclr Clcpew*
jÖbcp cl rcalmjmeÖ_ bc acjb_q bc amk`sqrg`jc,
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Amglagbgcpml cl j_ gbc_ bc sl_ kmrmagajcr_
osc qc bgqcà_p_ _ n_prgp bc sl_ ngj_ bc amk+
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kmrmagajcr_ qc bcpgt_pÖ_l bgpcar_kclrc bcj sqm
bc j_ ngj_ aclrp_j bc amk`sqrg`jc,
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`sqrg`jc bc fgbpâeclm bclrpm bc sl_ slgb_b
mpbcl_b_ w amkn_ar_, Bsp_lrc sl rgcknm qc
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p_q grcp_agmlcq bc cqrgjm bgcpml nmp pcqsjr_bm
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lmk`pc bc °P_nrmp¢ n_p_ cj npgkcp kmbcjm*
ncpm j_ qmpnpclbclrc cvncpgclag_ bc bcqjgx_pqc
qgjclagmq_kclrc _jpcbcbmp bc sl n_posc bs+
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pml kcqcq bc rp_`_hm _pbsm* pcdgl_kgclrm w
npsc`_q rcalmjâega_q cvf_sqrgt_q,
CLT* j_ npgkcp_ kmrmagajcr_ amlqrpsgb_
n_p_ sq_p acjb_q bc amk`sqrg`jc bc fgbpâeclm*
dsc j_lx_b_ cl k_pxm bc 0..3 cl cj Ksqcm
bcj Bgqcàm bc Jmlbpcq aml sl Évgrm kslbg_j
cvrp_mpbgl_pgm, J_ cjce_lrc w qgjclagmq_ kmrm+
agajcr_* osc _bckÅq lm amlr_kgl_* nscbc _ja_l+
x_p tcjmagb_bcq bc 3. knf,
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npcq_p gbc_q cqrÉrga_q* dgjmqâdga_q s mrp_q gbc_q _`qrp_ar_q, ?lrcq bc
osc qc bcq_ppmjj_p_l mrp_q rcalmjmeÖ_q bc amkslga_agâl* j_ eclrc
qc gldmpkâ _ rp_tÉq bc j_ amltcpq_agâl w kgp_lbm cqasjrsp_q* ngl+
rsp_q m bg`shmq cl jse_pcq nå`jgamq, J_q nglrsp_q dscpml sl_ dsclrc
npgkmpbg_j bc gldmpk_agâl osc rmbmq nmbÖ_l clrclbcp, Cl j_ dgesp_
/,5 qc kscqrp_ slm bc jmq gllskcp_`jcq chcknjmq bc nglrsp_q osc
asclr_l fgqrmpg_q,
Jmq bg`shmq rÉalgamq qml sl_ dmpk_ bgqrglr_ bc bg`shm, Bcqbc
cj amkgclxm bc j_ fgqrmpg_ pcegqrp_b_ qc f_l srgjgx_bm bg`shmq n_p_
pcnpcqclr_p cj bgqcàm bc m`hcrmq osc bc`cl cj_`mp_pqc m amlqrpsgpqc,
Qâjm oscb_l tcqrgegmq bc jmq npgkcpmq bg`shmq &nmp chcknjm* j_ dg+
esp_ /,6'* ncpm jmq bg`shmq bc`gcpml f_`cpqc srgjgx_bm* m j_ eclrc lm
fs`gcp_ nmbgbm bgqcà_p w amlqrpsgp cqrpsarsp_q r_l amknjch_q,
J_q cvnpcqgmlcq ncpqml_jcq m asjrsp_jcq cl cj bgqcàm qscjcl bc+
lmkgl_pqc bgqcàm bpqÉqf`Lv cl r_lrm osc j_q kchmp_q _j bcq_ppmjjm
bc sl npmbsarm qc amlqgbcp_l sl bgqcàmcrk`flk^i, J_ cqrÉrga_ w j_
dslagml_jgb_b nscbcl rp_`_h_p cl amlhslrm n_p_ apc_p sl npmbsarm
osc lm qâjm _ep_bc _ jmq qclrgbmq* qglm osc r_k`gÉl q_rgqd_e_ j_q bc+
k_lb_q cqncaÖdga_q bcj npmbsarm* amkm qc kscqrp_ cl j_ dgesp_ /,7,
J_ apc_rgtgb_b hsce_ sl n_ncj r_lrm cl j_ cqrÉrga_ amkm cl jmq
_qncarmq dslagml_jcq bcj bgqcàm, Cl cqrc a_nÖrsjm sqrcb _npclbcpÅ
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Jmq bgdcpclrcq rgnmq bc bg`shmq rÉalgamq rgclcl sl_ dslagâl cq+

ncaÖdga_ cl cj npmacqm bc bgqcàm bc gleclgcpÖ_, Nmp chcknjm* jmq Gbclrgdga_agål
`mqoschmq _ k_lm _jx_b_ a_nrsp_l w bmaskclr_l cj npmacqm bc bcj npm`jck_
gbc_agâl, Cl cj _t_lac bcj npmacqm* jmq kmbcjmq w bg`shmq A?B
a_nrsp_l cj bgqcàm w cqncagdga_l jmq bcr_jjcq lcacq_pgmq n_p_ qs d_+
`pga_agâl,
Cj npmacqm bc bgqcàm n_p_ as_josgcp npmbsarm pcosgcpc sl_
U Gbc_agål

amknpclqgâl aj_p_ bc j_q dslagmlcq w cj pclbgkgclrm cqncp_bm bc /

cqc npmbsarm, Qc f_ cqrgk_bm osc clrpc 5. w 6.# bc jmq amqrmq Npmacqm bc bcagqgål-
bc bcq_ppmjjm w d_`pga_agâl bc jmq npmbsarmq qc bcrcpkgl_ bsp_lrc Qcjcaagålu b
bcj bgqcãm
j_q d_qcq bc bgqcàm glgag_j, ?slosc ksafmq epsnmq glbsqrpg_jcq nsc+
bcl gbclrgdga_pÖ_q qceål qs kmbm cqncaÖdgam bc f_acp j_q amq_q* cj E
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npmacbgkgclrm n_p_ bgqcà_p sl npmbsarm lsctm m kchmp_bm amlqr_
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bc j_q qgesgclrcq cr_n_q* osc qc kscqrp_l cl j_ dgesp_ /,/.8
/, Gbclrgdga_agâl bcj npm`jck_8 cl npgkcp jse_p* bc`c cqapg`gpqc sl_
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cl cj _lÅjgqgq bc gleclgcpÖ_, Jmq kmbcjmq w `mqoschmq A?B qml
+++++R +
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bg`shmq bc npmbsaagâl w-m dslagml_kgclrm osc npmnmpagml_l
jmq bcr_jjcq bc d_`pga_agâl w clq_k`jc, Gknjckclr_agål

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jgqgq nmbpÖ_ clrp_p cl hscem j_ d_kmq_ dp_qc °bc lsctm _ j_ kcq_ bc
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6 A?N≠RSJM / JCLES?HC EP™DGAM SLGTCPQ?J N ? P ? CJ B G Q C Ä M

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k_lcp_ qgksjrÅlc_', Jmq bgqcà_bmpcq bcbga_pÖ_l sl cqdscpxm w sl
Gleclgcpá_
rgcknm amlqgbcp_`jcq _j _lÅjgqgq bc jmq amknmlclrcq w j_ npcn_p_+
agâl bc nj_lmq bcr_jj_bmq bc j_q ngcx_q* n_p_ bcqnsÉq cltg_pjmq _
mrpmq bcn_pr_kclrmq, Nmp chcknjm* cj bcn_pr_kclrm bc k_rcpg_jcq
srgjgx_ cj bg`shm n_p_ gbclrgdga_p j_q _jc_agmlcq w osÉ npmtccbmpcq
K_lsd_arsp_ bc k_rcpg_jcq n_prgasj_pcq srgjgx_p, BcqnsÉq* cj bcn_pr_kclrm bc
k_lsd_arsp_ gbclrgdga_ jmq npmacqmq lcacq_pgmq n_p_ j_ npmbsaagâl
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