Professional Documents
Culture Documents
/
Glrpmbsargml _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq
Qmkk_gpc
/,/ Glrpmbsargml _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /.
/,/,/ Os%cqr+ac os%slc `_qc bc bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /.
/,/,0 Npm`jËk_rgosc bc j_ amfËpclac bcq bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , /.
/,/,1 QwqrÊkc bc ecqrgml bc `_qcq bc bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , , , //
/,0 KmbÊjcq bc `_qcq bc bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , //
/,0,/ Fgqrmpgosc , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , //
/,0,0 KmbÊjc fgËp_pafgosc , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /0
/,0,1 KmbÊjc pËqc_s , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /1
/,0,2 KmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /1
/,0,3 KmbÊjcq mpgclrËq m`hcr , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /2
/,1 QwqrÊkc bc ecqrgml bc `_qcq bc bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /4
/,1,/ M`hcargdq bcq QE@B , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /4
/,1,0 ?pafgrcarspc ?LQG-QN?PA Â rpmgq lgtc_sv , , , , , , , , , , /5
/,1,1 QE@B ~afgcp tq QE@B ajgclr-qcptcsp , , , , , , , , , , , , , /5
/,1,2 Npglagn_sv QE@B _arscjjckclr qsp jc k_pafË , , , , , , , , /6
/,2 Rp_t_sv BgpgeËq + Qclqg`gjgq_rgml  j_ npm`jËk_rgosc bcq `_qcq bc
bmllËcq , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , /7
/ Glrpmbsargml _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq
/,/ Os%cqr+ac os%slc `_qc bc bmllËcq
Gj cqr bgagjc bc bmllcp slc bË~lgrgml cv_arc bc j_ lmrgml bc `_qcq bc bmllËcq, Slc
bË~lgrgml rpÊq eËlËp_jc nmspp_gr Ìrpc 8
Ncs gknmprc jc qsnnmpr srgjgqË nmsp p_qqck`jcp cr qrmaicp jcq bmllËcq &n_ngcp* ~afgcpqȧ'*
bÊq jmpq osc bcq bmllËcq qmlr p_qqck`jËcq cr qrmaiËcq b%slc k_lgÊpc mpe_lgqËc b_lq sl
`sr qnËag~osc* lmsq nmstmlq n_pjcp bc `_qc bc bmllËcq,
Njsq npËagqËkclr* lmsq _nncjjcpmlq `_qc bc bmllËcq sl clqck`jc qrpsarspË cr mpe_lgqË
ncpkcrr_lr jc qrmai_ec bc ep_lbcq os_lrgrËq b%gldmpk_rgmlq _~l b%cl d_agjgrcp j%cvnjmgr_+
rgml &_hmsr* kgqc  hmsp* pcafcpafc bc bmllËcq', @gcl clrclbs* b_lq jc a_bpc bc ac amspq*
lmsq lmsq glrËpcqqmlq _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq gldmpk_rgqËcq,
J_ amlbgrgml qglc os_ lml nmsp e_p_lrgp j_ d_gq_`gjgrË cr j_ os_jgrË b%slc pcafcpafc
bc bmllËcq n_p jc amlrcls cqr j_ amfËpclac bcq bmllËcq, Jcq bmllËcq pcnpËqclrËcq qsp
j_ ~espc /,/ qms}pclr bc njsqgcspq npm`jÊkcq osg amknpmkcrrclr jcsp amlqsjr_rgml, N_p
cvcknjc* jc epmsnc Jcq U_kn_q cqr pcnpËqclrË bc rpmgq k_lgÊpcq bg}Ëpclrcq b_lq j_ `_qc 8
/. @_qcq bc BmllËcq
Glrpmbsargml _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq /
jcq U_kn_q* Jcq U_kn_q cr U_kn_q, ?glqg* slc pcafcpafc qsp j_ af_Ðlc Jcq U_kn_q
amkkc epmsnc lc ncpkcr bc rpmstcp osc j%_j`sk Rsrrg dpsrrg _jmpq osc jc epmsnc nmqqÊbc
rpmgq _j`skq b_lq j_ `_qc, Bc j_ kÌkc k_lgÊpc* jcq eclpcq ?jrcpl_rgtc Pmai cr Dmji+Pmai
nmqqÊbclr af_asl bcsv pcnpËqclr_rgmlq,
J_ amfËpclac bcq bmllËcq cqr j_ npm`jËk_rgosc dmlb_kclr_jc bcq `_qcq bc bmllËcq,
J_ npckgÊpc cr j_ njsq gknmpr_lrc bcq pËnmlqcq  ac npm`jÊkc amlqgqrc  jgkgrcp _s
k_vgksk j_ pcbmlb_lac b%gldmpk_rgmlq, Lmsq tcppmlq rmsr _s jmle bc acr mstp_ec sl
lmk`pc gknmpr_lr bc kËrfmbcq osg ncpkcrrclr b%_qqspcp j_ amfËpclac bcq bmllËcq, J_
njsn_pr bc acq kËrfmbcq q%_nnjgosclr _s kmkclr bc j_ amlacnrgml b%slc `_qc bc bmllËcq,
J%Ër_nc bc kmbËjgq_rgml amlacnrscjjc l%cqr bmla n_q  lËejgecp cr lmsq w amlq_apcpmlq sl
af_ngrpc clrgcp &af_ngrpc 0',
Jcq kmbÊjcq amlacnrscjq bc acrrc Ënmosc qmlr clampc rpÊq jgËq  j%mpe_lgq_rgml bcq
~afgcpq qsp sl mpbgl_rcsp, ?glqg* sl ncs amkkc b_lq sl qwqrÊkc bc ~afgcpq* sl QE@B
fgËp_pafgosc jgc bcq clpcegqrpckclrq b_lq slc qrpsarspc _p`mpcqaclrc bc d_Éml  ac osc
af_osc clpcegqrpckclr l%_gr os%sl qcsj nmqqcqqcsp, Slc `_qc bc bmllËcq fgËp_pafgosc ncsr
bmla Ìrpc amlqgbËpËc amkkc sl _p`pc amkkc acjsg gjjsqrpË n_p j_ ~espc /,0, Jc kmbÊjc
/0 @_qcq bc BmllËcq
Glrpmbsargml _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq /
fgËp_pafgosc _ rmsr b%_`mpb ËrË amlÉs cr srgjgqË nmsp jc npmep_kkc ?nmjjm bc j_ L?Q?, Gj
cqr _shmspb%fsg clampc srgjgqË b_lq jc kmlbc bc j%clrpcnpgqc n_p jc `g_gq b%_lagclq qwqrÊkcq
amkkc GKQ &Gldmpk_rgml K_l_eckclr Qwqrck' b%G@K ms amkkc RMR?J bc Aglamk,
Jcq jgclq fgËp_pafgoscq clrpc jcq bg}Ëpclrq rwncq bc bmllËcq ncstclr pclbpc rpÊq qgknjc
j_ pËnmlqc  acpr_glcq oscqrgmlq* k_gq njsq bgagjc j_ pËnmlqc  b%_srpcq dmpkcq bc oscq+
rgmlq, Qg jc npglagnc bc pcj_rgml / tcpq L l%cqr n_q pcqncarË &n_p cvcknjc* qsp j%gjjsqrp_rgml
bc j_ ~espc /,0* Ictgl Qn_acw cr Qrcjj_l Qi_pqe_pb mlr rmsq jcq bcsv hmsË b_lq bcsv ~jkq'*
_jmpq jc kmbÊjc fgËp_pafgosc l%cqr njsq _b_nrË* b%mÛ j%glrpmbsargml bs kmbÊjc pËqc_s,
Jc kmbÊjc pËqc_s cqr slc cvrclqgml bs kmbÊjc fgËp_pafgosc osg ncpkcr bc jctcp bc
lmk`pcsqcq bgasjrËq glfËpclrcq  ac bcplgcp epÄac  j_ nmqqg`gjgrË b%Ër_`jgp bcq _qqm+
ag_rgmlq osg ncstclr amlbsgpc _sqqg `gcl  bcq _p`pcq os% bcq pËqc_sv, N_p cvcknjc*
j%gjjsqrp_rgml bc j_ ~espc /,1 kmlrpc k_glrcl_lr osc jc d_gr osc Ictgl Qn_acw cr Qrcjj_l
Qi_pqe_pb mlr rmsq jcq bcsv hmsË b_lq bcsv ~jkq ncsr Ìrpc pcnpËqclrË q_lq _tmgp `cqmgl
bc jcq d_gpc ~espcp af_asl bcsv dmgq, N_pkg jcq QE@B pËqc_sv clampc srgjgqËq b_lq jcq
clrpcnpgqcq* lmsq nmstmlq agrcp GBKQ bc Amknsrcp ?qqmag_rcq* GBQ0 bc @sjj ms clampc
CBKQ bc Vcpmv,
Bc j_ kÌkc k_lgÊpc osc b_lq sl kmbÊjc fgËp_pafgosc* nmsp pcrpmstcp slc bmllËc
b_lq sl kmbÊjc pËqc_s* gj d_sr amll_Ðrpc jc afckgl b%_aaÊq &jcq jgclq'* ac osg pclb jcq npm+
ep_kkcq bËnclb_lr bc j_ qrpsarspc bc bmllËcq, Nmsp acrrc p_gqml* jc kmbÊjc fgËp_pafgosc
cr jc kmbÊjc pËqc_s qmlr _shmspb%fsg gl_b_nrËq cl r_lr osc kmbÊjcq bc amlacnrgml,
rfËmpgc bcq clqck`jcq cr j_ jmegosc bcq npËbga_rq &ms jmegosc bs npckgcp mpbpc', Cl /75.*
Ambb &/75.' ns`jg_ sl _prgajc mÛ gj npmnmq_gr bc qrmaicp bcq bmllËcq fËrËpmeÊlcq b_lq
bcq r_`jcq amkkc j%gjjsqrpc j_ ~espc /,2, Sl npckgcp npmrmrwnc bc QwqrÊkc bc ecqrgml
bc `_qcq bc bmllËcq pcj_rgmllcjjcq &QE@BP' dsr bËtcjmnnË b_lq jcq j_`mp_rmgpcq b%G@K,
Bcnsgq jcq _llËcq /76.* acrrc rcaflmjmegc _ kÝpg cr _ ËrË j_peckclr _bmnrËc n_p jc kmlbc
bcq clrpcnpgqcq,
Rmsr cl bËtcjmnn_lr jc kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj* Ambb kgr _s nmglr sl j_le_ec bc k_lgns+
j_rgml bcq bmllËcq lml npmaËbsp_j mÛ j%srgjgq_rcsp bË~lgr jc pËqsjr_r os%gj _rrclb njsrÖr
osc j_ k_lgÊpc bc j%m`rclgp, Gj bËtcjmnn_ _glqg jc j_le_ec QCOSCJ &Qrpsarspcb Clejgqf
Oscpw J_les_ec cl _lej_gq'* pc`_nrgqË n_p j_ qsgrc QOJ &Qrpsarspcb Oscpw J_les_ec',
Jc j_le_ec QOJ dsr lmpk_jgqË bÊq /764 n_p j%?LQG &?kcpga_l L_rgml_j Qr_lb_pb Glqrg+
rsrc' cr _bmnrË amkkc lmpkc glrcpl_rgml_jc n_p j%GQM &Glrcpl_rgml_j Mpe_lgx_rgml dmp
Qr_lb_pbgx_rgml' cl /765,
J%clqck`jc bc acr mstp_ec qc qgrsc b_lq jc a_bpc bc ac kmbÊjc,
/2 @_qcq bc BmllËcq
Glrpmbsargml _sv `_qcq bc bmllËcq /
J_ lmrgml bc `_qcq bc bmllËcq m`hcr q%cqr npËagqËc _s bË`sr bcq _llËcq /77. _tca*
lmr_kkclr* j_ ns`jga_rgml bs k_lgdcqrc bc ?riglqml cr _j,, &/767', J%slc bcq bgasjrËq
k_hcspcq bs kmbÊjc m`hcr npmtcl_gr bc j%_`qclac bc qr_lb_pb, ?sqqg* Â j%glgrg_rgtc bc Qsl
Kgapmqwqrckq* sl epmsnc bc rp_t_gj dsr apËË cl /77/ 8 MBKE &M`hcar B_r_ K_l_eckclr
Epmsn', Ac epmsnc p_qqck`j_gr aglo amlqrpsarcspq bc QE@BM 8 M0 Rcaflmjmew* M`hcarg+
tgrw* M`hcar Bcqgel* Mlrmq cr Tcpq_lr, J%MBKE _ npmnmqË* clrpc _srpcq* slc cvrclqgml
m`hcr bs j_le_ec QOJ _nncjËc MOJ, K_gq jc bËtcjmnnckclr bs kmbÊjc m`hcr qc fcspr_gr Â
j_ lËacqqgrË bc amkn_rg`gjgrË _tca j%cvgqr_lr* a%cqr+Â+bgpc _tca jc kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj, B%mÛ
j%Ëkcpeclac bs kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj m`hcr, J%MBKE bgqn_psr cl 0../ qsnnj_lrË n_p HBM
&H_t_ B_r_ M`hcarq' bc Qsl Kgapmqwqrckq,
KmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj+m`hcr
Jc kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj+m`hcr _ nmsp m`hcargd b%Ërclbpc jc kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj nmsp jsg
amldËpcp sl acpr_gl lmk`pc bc a_p_arËpgqrgoscq cqqclrgcjjcq bs kmbÊjc m`hcr, ?glqg* j_ rm+
r_jgrË bcq dmlargmlq b%sl QE@BP aj_qqgosc cqr npËqcptËc nsgqos%sl QE@BP M`hcr &QE@+
BPM' cqr clrgÊpckclr amkn_rg`jc _tca jc kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj aj_qqgosc, Acrrc cvrclqgml
m`hcr bs kmbÊjc pcj_rgmllcj ~r j%m`hcr b%slc lmstcjjc lmpkc cl /777 8 j_ lmpkc QOJ+1, Jc
QOJ+1 Ërclb jc j_le_ec bc pcosÌrcq QOJ cl jsg _nnmpr_lr lmr_kkclr jcq _nncjq b%mnËp_+
rgml* j_ qspaf_pec bcq mnËp_rcspq* jc qsnnmpr bc j%fËpgr_ecȧ B%slc acpr_glc k_lgÊpc* QOJ1
clrpc cl amlasppclac _tca MOJ bc j%MBKE, K_gq j%_t_lr_ec bc QOJ+1 cqr b%Ìrpc _bmnrË
n_p rmsq jcq ep_lbq amlqrpsarcspq* amkkc G@K* Mp_ajc cr Qw`_qc* cr b%Ìrpc gknjgosË b_lq
sl npmacqqsq bc qr_lb_pbgq_rgml glrcpl_rgml_j,
K_nngle m`hcr+pcj_rgmllcj
J_ rclb_lac _arscjjc cqr bc d_gpc amf_`grcp sl j_le_ec bc npmep_kk_rgml mpgclrËc
m`hcr cr slc `_qc bc bmllËcq pcj_rgmllcjjc, J_ qmjsrgml _nnmprËc nmsp d_gpc amf_`grcp
acq bcsv kmlbcq cqr jc k_nngle m`hcr+pcj_rgmllcj, Acrrc rcaflgosc ncpkcr bc dmsplgp sl
qcptgac bc ncpqgqr_lac _s kmlbc m`hcr, Acnclb_lr* qcsj sl cvncpr k_Ðrpgq_lr qgksjr_lË+
kclr jcq amlacnrq m`hcr cr pcj_rgmllcjq ncsr gknjËkclrcp sl rcj k_nngle, Ac qspamÝr cqr
Ët_jsË* cl kmwcllc* Â 1.# bs amÝr b%sl npmhcr H_t_,
Nmsp pËqmsbpc ac npm`jÊkc* bcq dp_kcumpi / bc k_nngle m`hcr+pcj_rgmllcj* Ëe_jckclr
_nncjËq dp_kcumpi bc ncpqgqr_lac m`hcr bcq bmllËcq* amkkclaclr  tmgp jc hmsp, B_lq
acrrc mnrgosc* Qsl Kgapmqwqrckq npmnmqc* nmsp jc j_le_ec H_t_* slc glrcpd_ac nsgqq_lrc 8
HBM &H_t_ B_r_ M`hcarq', J%glrcpd_ac HBM bË~lgr cl c}cr sl amlacnr bc ncpqgqr_lac
rp_lqn_pclr nmsp jcq m`hcrq H_t_ cl q%_nnsw_lr qsp l%gknmprc oscj qsnnmpr bc ncpqgq+
r_lac &QE@BP* QE@BM* Uc`Qcptgacqȧ', Rmshmspq nmsp jc j_le_ec H_t_* jc dp_kcumpi
_arscjjckclr jc njsq nmnsj_gpc cqr npm`_`jckclr Fg`cpl_rc, Gj q%_egr b%sl dp_kcumpi ms+
tcpr &mncl qmspac' osg q%glrcpd_ac _tca slc `_qc bc bmllËcq pcj_rgmllcjjc nmsp pcknj_acp
jcq _aaÊq  j_ `_qc bc bmllËcq n_p bcq _nncjq  bcq kËrfmbcq m`hcr bc f_sr lgtc_s,
/4 @_qcq bc BmllËcq