Basics of jammer

• A jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals, usually by generating more
powerful signal, creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that is used by the
device to be blocked.

• A jammers can block the system by jamming the various kinds of incoming signals like Bluetooth, or
signals used for cell phones, GPS signals, etc.

• Types of jammers

◦Portable jammers- These are phone-sized and low-powered devices. They can block data
delivery at a distance up to 15 meters without barriers.

◦Stationary jammers- These are more expensive and powerful. They usually have a larger
jamming radius and wider frequency band. Strong jammers can require additional cooling as they
can overheat. Stationary jammers usually have a range of 100 meters .

• Uses of jammers

◦Military uses - To deal with terrorists and anti social elements.

◦Examination centers to prevent malpractices.

◦In jails

◦In forest areas and deserted areas, where there exists an antisocial activity group etc.

◦Jamming at private place- movie theaters, hospitals and shopping malls where we can use the
jammers to avoid disturbances.

◦The mobile jammers are used in temples, churches, etc.

◦It is used in the seminar halls and meeting rooms to avoid disturbances

• Block diagram of jammer

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Radio Over Internet Protocol (RoIP)

• Radio over Internet Protocol (RoIP) is a technology for transmitting radio communication signals using
the Internet Protocol (IP) standard.

• Radio over Internet Protocol' (Radio Over I.P.) is a process of transmitting and receiving digital voice
packets (eg- audio, data) through the existing Internet Protocol infrastructure.

RoIP bene ts

• Lower cost- Integration with existing IP infrastructure (either LAN, WAN or VPN): Removing the need
for additional installation and maintenance of the network architecture.

• Better coverage: since the Internet is everywhere ,it has large coverage area.

• Reliability - RoIP is more reliable than traditional radio system.

• Communication disruption because of geographical barrier can be easily overcome by this.

• Internet Protocols are a set of rules that governs the communication and exchange of data over the
internet. Both the sender and receiver should follow the same protocols in order to communicate the
data

Drone Technology

• The term “drone” usually refers to any unpiloted aircraft. Sometimes referred to as “Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles" (UAVs), these crafts can carry out an impressive range of tasks, ranging from military
operations to package delivery.

• Drone Categories in India (Registration is required for all but the Nano category)

◦Nano: Less than or equal to 250 grams

◦Micro: From 250 grams to 2kg

◦Small: From 2kg to 25kg

◦Medium: From 25kg to 150kg

◦Large: Greater than 150kg

• Signi cance of Drones:

◦Use of drones in commercial, safety, law and order, disaster management and surveillance
operations reduce manpower requirement and costs.

◦Drones o er low-cost, safe and quick aerial surveys for data collection and are useful for
industries such as power, mining, realty and oil and gas exploration.

Internet of Things (IoT)

• The Internet of Things, or IoT, refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now
connected to the internet, all collecting and sharing data.

• A lightbulb that can be switched on using a smartphone app is an IoT device.

• IoT makes once "dumb" devices "smarter" by giving them the ability to send data over the internet,
allowing the device to communicate with people and other IoT-enabled things.

• IoT works in the following way:

◦Devices have hardware like sensors, for example, that collect data.

◦The data collected by the sensors is then shared via the cloud and integrated with software.

◦The software then analyzes and transmits the data to users via an app or website

◦Devices have hardware like sensors, for example, that collect data.

◦The data collected by the sensors is then shared via the cloud and integrated with software.

◦The software then analyzes and transmits the data to users via an app or website.

• Application of IoT

◦Smart Homes

◦Smart City

◦Self-driven Cars

◦IoT Retail Shops

◦Farming

◦Wearables

◦Smart Grids

◦Industrial Internet

◦Telehealth

◦Smart Supply-chain Management

◦Tra c management

◦Water and Waste management

Software-de ned radio (SDR)

• A Software De ned Radio (SDR) is a radio communication system that employs recon gurable
software-based components for processing and conversion of digital signals.

• The basic concept of the SDR software radio is that the radio can be totally con gured or de ned by
the software.

• Unlike traditional radio communication systems, these radio devices are highly exible and versatile.

Application of SDR

• Mobile communication- Software de ned radios are very useful in areas such as mobile
communications. By upgrading the software it is possible to apply changes to any standards and even
add new waveforms purely by upgrading the software and without the need for changes to the
hardware

• Research & development: The software de ned radio, SDR is very useful in many research projects.
The radios can be con gured to provide the exact receiver and transmitter requirements for any
application without the need for a total hardware design from scratch.

• Military: The military have made much use of software de ned radio technology enabling them to re-
use hardware and update signal waveforms as needed.

Advantages of SDR technology

• It is possible to achieve very high levels of performance.

• Performance can be changed by updating the software (it will not be possible to update hardware
dependent attributes though).

• It is possible to recon gure radios by updating software

• The same hardware platform can be used for several di erent radios.

Disadvantages of SDR technology

• Analogue to digital converters limit top frequencies that can be used by the digital section.

• For very simple radios the basic platform may be too expensive.

• Development of a software de ned radio requires both hardware and software skills.

CCTV (closed-circuit television)

• CCTV also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a speci c
place, on a limited set of monitors.

DVR

• A Digital Video Recorder (DVR) records video to local storage devices, most commonly a hard drive. 

• DVR can record analog video sources on-site or capture video from a digital source

• DVRs can be connected to analog cameras via coaxial cables, enabling them to be accessed remotely

DVR vs NVR

• In a DVR system, the camera stream is captured from analog cameras. The recorder processes the
video into a digital format to be stored . In an NVR system, video is captured with digital, or IP (Internet
Protocol) cameras. IP cameras process video directly from the camera itself.

Pros and Cons

• Reliability: Though NVRs are more convenient, DVRs o er a much more reliable connection as they
transmit signal via a wire and not via an internet connection.

• Recording Quality: When NVR systems are functioning properly they provide for much higher quality
footage than a DVR system.

• Installation: Because NVR systems are wireless or Ethernet, installing them is relatively simple. Unlike
a DVR system, which requires a point to point connection to every camera.

• Flexibility: Because the NVR inputs video from a network and not via a cable, it allows for much more
exibility than a DVR system.

• Cost: The biggest di erence between NVR and DVR systems is cost. DVRs are much cheaper than
NVRs

FAX

• Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the latter short for telefacsimile), is
the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a
telephone number connected to a printer or other output device.

• The fax machine or facsimile machine is designed to send and receive an image electrically to another
machine through a telephone line. Basically, it scans printed texts and images from the sender’s
original paper and transmits the exact information to the recipient’s machine. In short, it reproduces
copies of the original documents.

Trunking

• Trunking is a technology for providing network access to multiple clients simultaneously by sharing a
set of circuits, carriers, channels, or frequencies, instead of providing individual circuits or channels for
each client.

• This resembles to the structure of a tree with one trunk and many branches.

• It allows large no. of users to share a channel.

• Trunked radio system - radio system where a large no. of users share a limited pool of channels
Channel allocated on demand & returned to channel pool upon call termination

◦Exploit statistical (random) behaviour of users so that xed no. of channels can accommodate
large no. of users

◦ Trunking theory used by telephone companies to allocate limited # of

◦voice circuits for large no. of telephone lines

◦E cient use of equipment resources - cost savings

◦Disadvantage is that some probability exists that mobile user will be denied access to a channel

EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange)

• EPABX is an electronic device is a private telephone network used in O ces, Hotels, Industries and
many other places for voice communication.

• It is independent and can work with out any trunk lines

• With the help of this system, businesses aren’t required to run a line from every phone in the building
to the telephone company’s central o ce.

• Advantage-

◦The main advantage of EPABX for large organizations is cutting the cost

◦EPABX system is completely programmable. Hence, companies can modify the setup as per
custom needs.

◦The system has a minimal size & doesn’t occupy much space.

◦The system’s di erent functions like a conference call, call transfer, call waiting, automatic
attendant, auto ring back features help in daily use.