THE BISHOP’S SCHOOL , CAMP

CLASS -9
BIOLOGY E-note
CHAPTER 17- AIDS TO HEALTH

** Read the chapter thoroughly and copy the notes in the notebook. **
Question 1- Name the following :
a) The scientific practice of prevention of diseases – Prophylaxis
b) A chemical substance produced by microorganisms to inhibit the growth of
other microorganism – Antibiotic
c) A poisonous substance – Antigen
d) The process of engulfing a bacteria by WBC – Phagocytosis
e) The special protein produced by the body against some specific antigen –
Antibody
f) The resistance to the onset of a disease after infection by a germ – Immunity
Question 2 – Explain briefly the role of the following health aids :
a) Antiseptic – Mild chemical substances with less concentration that cause no
harm to the skin but can kill germs.

b) Disinfectant – Strong chemicals that are used to kill germs on any object but
cannot be applied on the skin.

c) Vaccine – Germ substances introduced in the body of the host to develop

resistance to a particular disease.

Question 3 – Differentiate between the following terms :

Humoral Immunity Cell – mediated Immunity

1.Antibody mediated response.
2. B-Lymphocyte is responsible.
3.Antibody will neutralize the pathogen.
1.Killer cells destroy the pathogen ( Cell
mediated response)
2.T-Lymphocyte is responsible.
3.It will cause destruction of the cell (
lysis)

Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity

1. It is the immune response that
an organism is born with.
2. It is natural.
3. It is the first line of defence.
4. It immediately prevents the
spread and movement of foreign
pathogen.
1.It is the immune response that an
organism acquires.
2.It is adaptive.
3.It is the second line of defence.
4.It tends to protect a body from
pathogens relating to past infection.
 Antigen Antibody
1.Any foreign substance that is likely to 1.A protein substance produced in the
spread infection in the host body. host body to kill or neutralize the
pathogen.

Question 4 – State the important characteristics of an antibody.

• All antibodies are immunoglobulins.
• Antibodies are produced in the host body due to the B- lymphocytes in
response to the foreign particle that has entered the body.
• Antibodies are specific to antigens.
• Antibodies develop specific sites to bind with the antigens.

Question 5 – State the different types of vaccines and explain its nature.
a) Killed germs – Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that
causes a disease.

b) Living weakened germs – These vaccines use living weakened (or attenuated)
form of the germ that causes a disease. They create a strong and long-lasting
immune response. Just 1 or 2 doses of most live vaccines can give you a
lifetime of protection against a germ and the disease it causes.

c) Living poisonous germs – This type of vaccine was used to eradicate small
pox. Vaccination against cow pox helped to develop immunity against similar
type small pox.

d) Toxoids - Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ
that causes a disease. These toxins are made harmless by treating with dilute
formalin. These toxin has the potential to arouse immune response.
Question 6- How do vaccines work? (Do not copy this diagram)