~

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS 1 ~

2
Chapter
 SUBJECTIVITY

1NJECTiViTYend1NVERTlBlLlTYn@e_fCseeSecliou2.Z
~
,

) Let f. ✗→ Y be e function .

We that f- is SURJECTIVE (or ONTO ) if Imf Y

say
• -
.

We that f- is INJECTIVE ( or ONE-TO-ONE ) if

say
•

V71 ,
✗ 2€ ✗ : xr ≠ ✗
2
face)≠ f- (x2) .

We that f- is BIJECTIVE ( or BIJECTION) if f-

say
•
a

is both INJECTIVE and SURJECTIVE .

RIK Any INJECTIVE function f- dauf

: ≤ ✗ →
imf ≤ T
is BIJECTIVE
by definition .
So :

ltytimf 7 ! ✗ c- doin f- : f- (g) = × .

INVERSE ' '

of → f- : im if → decaf y ↳ f- (g) :=x

f-
danf
-1 [ im f-
^
ᵗ f : IR → R f-G) := ax + b
,
a -1-0 ,
b c-IR

②
2
g i R → R
gG) i. = ✗

③ h =D "
/ f :X Y
R*→Regtu :
→ end 1- ≤ ✗

7 / (x) : = f- G) ✗ C- d-
a-
.
,

Rink
ly f- { ys)
'
P( f- )
-1
:
=/ ,
c- Yxx :
gtdomf }
{ ( fad ) c- Yx ✗ ✗ c- deaf }
[
= × :
,

'
This means that the
graph of f- is obtained
by the

off w.r.t.tk like

graph by symmetrizing y=x .

↑
swapping the components ! !
 let 1^-1,1131<+0)
L ①
Show
A ,B

that there exists

two finite sets ( that is
, .

a
bijection between A and B

riff
IAI = IB I

② In view of ① ,
we
say
two sets ✗ end Y here the

some CARDINALITY (or ere EQUI POTENT ] if there exists

a bijection between X and Y .

Rick If X and T are finite then

•
,
X and Y hone the serve

riff 1×1--141
cordiality .

The notion of works else for INFINITE

cardinality
•

SETS .

③ Show that

• IN and 21N =
{ In : new } had the sene
cardinality
" "
•
IN and I

• IN end IN ✗ IN
" "

" "
• IN and ④ (this is herder ! ! )
 ~
MONOTONE FUNCTIONS ~

Def (See Def I.8) Let f : I CR → R be e function ( I := danf)

• We
say
that f- is INCREASING in I if
✗1
, X2 C- I :
X1 < x2 =D f- Cxe) ≤ f-( ✗ 2) .

• We
say
that f- is STRICTLY INCREASING in I if
✗1
, X2 C- I :
X1 < x2 =D f- Cxe) < fled .

Rink • Smiler defies for DECREASING FUNCTIONS .

We that f- is MONOTONE in I if f- is either INCREASING

say
•

or DECREASING in I . Smiler for STRICTLY MONOTONE fictions .

• Smiler defn's for SEQUENCES (functions f. IN → R) .

E✗_ ① fix := Ex ]
3
is
increasing in IR but not
strictly ricneenwf .

② f- G) Pr
= ✗ is
strictly increasing in .

③ what about fcx) : = x -

Ix] ( Montrose ) ?
② what about an
:=£ , newt ?
 ~
MONOTONE FUNCTIONS ~

typ (Prop )
2.10 If f : Ic IR → 112 is STRICTLY MONOTONE ri I,

then f- is ONE -
to -
ONE in I.

RIK • This implies : f STR MON. . in I =D F. I → FCI) is INVERTIBLE .

•
the opposite implication does NOT hold .
COUNTER -
EXAMPLE ?

3
FI • f- G) : = ✗ is STR MON . . in 112 f- is INVERTIBLE in IR .

2
•
what about fed := ✗ ?
• what about far) : = ✗ 5-1 ✗
 ONION OPERATION :)
←
~ COMPOSITION of FUNCTIONS ~

Df( Section 2. 5) Let × 4. 2- be sets and

,
✗
→ T
9- : ✗ → Y Y 2- functions

£19
be
, g : → .

g.
 ~ COMPOSITION of FUNCTIONS ~

Def ( section 2. 5) Let × 4. 2- be sets and

,
✗ T
9- : ✗ → Y 7-G)
, g : Y → 2- be functions .
✗

g
We define

)
the lieu of f- end
'
as
coupon g ,

9
go f- X
: - Z

× - (go f) G) :=g( fcxs ) 2-

NOTATION :

symbol of composition (g- f) (x) : -_

gtflx )

EI let f- G) × -3 end 2+1 Compute fog end

go f-
=
gcx) = ✗
.
.

dont imf
f
⑤

Pink Notice that

doing of ≤ doin . →

More
precisely ,
we here :
Ey
✗ c-
doingof ✗ c- deuif end f-G) c-
doing ↳
f- Jg
go
 ~ COMPOSITION of FUNCTIONS ~

Df( Section 2. 5) Let × 4. 2- be sets and ,

✗
f- T
9- : ✗ → Y 7-G)
, g : Y → 2- be functions .
✗

g
We define

)
the lieu of f- end
'
as
coupon g ,

9
go f- X
: - Z

× - (go f) G) :=g( fcxs ) 2-

NOTATION :

symbol of composition (g- f) (x) : -_

gtflx )

EI let f- G) × -3 end 2+1 Compute fog end

go f-
=
gcx) = ✗
.
.

dont imf
f-
⑤

Pink Notice that

doing of ≤ doin .

:
-

More
precisely ,
we here :
Eg
✗ c-
doingof ✗ c- devil end f-G) c-
doing ↳
f- 1g
"
g.
This means
doingof =
f- ( imfndoueg)
 ~ COMPOSITION of FUNCTIONS ~

Tx dauf ,
EI • Let f- G) = and
g G)
= .

doing doingof ,
=
??

Show that if f- ✗ → T and both

• :
g
: Y → Z ere
injective
then
go f- is
injective (similar for surjective functions) .

Show Thet if f- ✗ → T : and : Y → Z ere both INVERTIBLE

g
•

-1 ' '
then
go f- INVERTIBLE and
f-
Cge f)
is = e
g- .

Let f :X ✗ Then
Rink '
→ be INVERTIBLE .
:

7% f
'
f-of (x) = f- ( f- ( )) x = ✗ ltxcdourf =
iddouif
' ' '
f- f- (g) f- ( f- lg) ) try Imf f- f- idimf
•
y c-
= = a =

Ida : A → × ↑
Ff let f-G) = × ? gcx) = ✗ + a @ IR) ,
c- had = 1×1 .
✗ → ida :=×

Compute fog , go f- , f- oh , hot , go hot ,

he got
and draw their graphs .
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

Iof ( Def 2. B) Let f- ICR

: → IR ( I = douif ) .
We
say
that

◦
f- is EVEN if f-C- = f- G) ,
✗c- I .
Rink Neave implicitly
assuming that
f- is ODD if f- C-×) f-G) Fx c- I
!!
• =

xedomf
-
.

✗c-dome
, -

EI 767=1×1 ,
fCx)= sign ( ) x are even / odd ??

Eef / Def 2.14) Let f- ICR

: → IR ( I = douif ) .

We
say that f- is PERIODIC of period p > 0 if fcxtp)=fC✗) ,
V- ✗c- I .

Rink Neave implicitly

EI f-G) = × -
Ex] ( Mantissa) assuming that
✗c-domf
xtp c- domf ! !

EI show that if f is p PERIODIC

-
f- is
mp -
PERIODIC V-mE1N+ .
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

&
POWERS : the definition of the power fuutious fad -_ ✗ is
tricky .

(✗
✗
① Assure there 1)
◦
2=n c- IN •
Then we set ✗ : = × .
. _ . .
•
✗ =
, .

Times

② Assure 2= - n
,
n c- IN . Then we set × ? = n
*
V- ✗ c-R- {o } .

% "

③ In of
"
Assured =
,
n C- No Then .
we set : = inverse × .

%
3 if n is ODD
, f- G) = ✗ = ¥ is defined in IR .

¥
3.20 if n is EVEN ,
f- G) = = Tx is defined in R* .

✗ %
② Assume D= ÷ ,
MEI ,
n c- No .
Then we set ✗ = ✗ : = ( xm = Fin .

⑤ Assure 2£ R- Q Proceed approximation using rational powers !!

.
by
( see section 2. 6. 1)
?⃝
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

PILLAI end
RATl0NALFtiONS
Eef ( section 2.6.2) A POLYNOMIAL of DEGREE n c- IN ,
is a function
"-1
form
"
wth PGD = aux + an _
,
× + . - - t arx t no
, ai C- IR i=0
,
- -

,
U .

*
0

A RATIONAL FUNCTION is e. function with form RG)=P

Qcx)
where P end are
polynomials .

EIFFEL end
Loctrttltltms
Def ( Section 2.8.3 ) let a>0 .

By the discussion about powers ,

the
EXPONENTIAL ax is well-defined V-xe.IR .

✗
◦
If a.=L ,
f-G) =
I = 1
,
V-✗ ER .

If fix __a✗ The exponential

strictly increasing
}
• a> &
,
is
is
If actor) function
f- A) =a✗ is
strictly decreeing !
•

,
INVERTIBLE
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

So , for a -1-1 ( a e)
>
,
we call
bega (logarithm in bese a) the

inverse of fc =a✗ .
Namely :

•
hagar ✗
= × ✗ c- Rt
Notice : R and Rt
,
← had the sene
cardinality ! !
"

lagena = × ,
V- ✗ 112
c-

Rink The most important

: base is 9=8--2.718 . . . . ( Neper number )
and we write fu =
loge .

↓
This is because fcx)=e× is the UNIQUE function satisfying
f- ↳ f-G)
{
R
✗ c-
Actually this is
=
an
,

7- 6) =L ←
equivalent way to
This the basic ,
DEFINE the exponential
yet fundamental
,
function
of Carly problem
.

example ← Next episodes :)

1st order ODE .

for
~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

TRICtoNOMETRICFUNCTLONSm.gg
PEST
•

*
,

↑
UNIT CIRCLE

?={ G. g)
S c- 1122 ^
. 4-
✗
y2=s }
~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

TRICtoNOMETRICFUNCTLONSm.gg

¥:¥
Pest

↑
UNIT CIRCLE

& :={ G. g) c- R2 ^
. 4-
✗
y2=s }
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

TRlCtON0MEtRlCFUNCTl0NSm
This is how we measure
TB
angles : we look at

••
¥%= §penned,
the ARCLENGITT
Pest
End / by & !!
•
☒ g

^
e "

180° = tired redials ,

270° =

{IT red

,
g. e. ,,

65° =

In red

360° = 21T red

TONI 1- CIRCLE
& :={ G. g) c-
11221×4-92=1 }
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

TRICtoNOMETRICFUNCTLONSm.PK y •
) = ( cost ,
sin
d) c- S
'

↓ A

•
RMI pct) cost + sink =L
① PCL)=P(d±2E) ••

Thefunctions
P, Cor sin eve
,
sin &
←
21T -

periodic !
,
② ,
.me , , ↑
V- ✗c-TO .
Cost

↑
UNIT CIRCLE

& :={ G. g) c- R2 ^
. ✗4-
y2=s }
 ~
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS and Their PROPERTIES ~

TRICtoNOMETRICFUNCTLONSD.es
We define taus i. =

cosy
2-1-12 + KIT ,
te ≥ .

Coteaux := ✗ =/ KIT ,
KEI .

sins
of
inverse
sin
arcsinx := 8in 'x V- ✗c- E- 1,1]

of
inverse '
cos
[ 1,1]
-

arccosx := cos × V- ✗ c-

of
inverse
ten
arctanx := tan 'x tick