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Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s Equations












 

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Energy Conservation Equation

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Maxwell’s Equations




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Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s Equations
 Maxwell ' s ̩Equations
Maxwell’s Equations
 ∂B
∇× E = −
./
∂B[Ω⋅ sec⋅ A m 2 ]
Power Loss ∇[1 m] × E[V m] = −
∂t ∂t[sec]
∇[1 m] ⋅ B[Ω⋅ sec⋅ A m 2 ] = 0
∇⋅B = 0


∂D[ A ⋅ sec m 2 ]
∇[1 m] × H [ A m] = iE [ A m 2 ] +



∂t[sec]
Maxwell’s Equations
!"#

 ∂D

 

∇ × H = iE +
∇[1 m] ⋅ D[ A ⋅ sec m 2 ] = ρ E [C m3 ]

∂t
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∇ ⋅ D = ρE
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3 4

./01
23 4 567/0189
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(iE),(),
 
σ [1 Ωm], E[V m], ε 0 [ F m], D[C m 2 ]
(E),(D),(P),(E),(),
(H),(B),(M),(M), (!),
"Energy(WE),energy(WM),
WE [ J m3 ]

  !"
( PI + PE )[W m3 ]

 
#$%(PI),%(PE),%(PM)&'(")*
iE [ A m ] = σ [1 Ωm] ⋅ E[V m]


2
,
PI [W m ] = iE [ A m ] ⋅ E[V m]
3 2

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

















 PowerLoss
D[C m 2 ] = ε 0 [ F m] ⋅ E[V m] + P[C m 2 ]
ε 0 [ F m] = 8.85 ×10−12 [C ] = [ A ⋅ sec]


,


[ F ] = [sec Ω] = [C V ]
P[C m 2 ] = ε 0 [ F m] ⋅ χ E [0] ⋅ E[V m] ⇒ D = ε 0 (1 + χ E ) ⋅ E = ε [ F m] ⋅ E = ε 0ε R [0] ⋅ E −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 ∂D[C m 2 ]
WE [ J m 3 ] = ,
PE [W m3 ] = E[V m] ⋅
E[V m] ⋅ D[C m 2 ]


 
2 ∂t[sec] H [ A m], µ 0 [ H m], B[Wb m 2 ]
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− WM [ J m3 ]

  !"
B[Wb m 2 ] = µ 0 [ H m] ⋅ ( H [ A m] + M [ A m])
µ0 [ H m] = 4π ⋅10−7 [ H m] = 1.26 ×10−6[ H m] PM [W m3 ]

  PowerLoss
M [ A m] = χ M [0] ⋅ H [ A m] ⇒ B = µ0 ⋅ (1 + χ M ) ⋅ H = µ[ H m] ⋅ H = µ 0 µ R [0] ⋅ H [ H ] = [Ω⋅ sec]


,


[Wb] = [ H ⋅ A] = [V ⋅ sec]
1 ∂B[Wb m 2 ]
WM [ J m3 ] =
H [ A m] ⋅ B[Wb m 2 ]


,
PM [W m3 ] = H [ A m] ⋅
2 ∂t[sec] ε [sec Ωm]E 2 [V 2 m2 ] = [ J m3 ] µ [Ω sec m]H 2 [ A2 m2 ] = [ J m3 ]
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
ω[1 sec]ε [sec Ωm]E [V2 2
m ] = [W m ]
2 3
ω[1 sec]µ[Ω sec m]H 2 [ A2 m 2 ] = [W m3 ]
[C ] = [ A ⋅ sec],[ F ] = [sec Ω] = [C V ],[Wb] = [ H ⋅ A] = [V ⋅ sec],[ H ] = [Ω ⋅ sec] 5 6

1
 ;<=;>ABC
DC?@E-FC
;<=;>Scalar?@Tensor
ε = ε 0ε R = ε 0 (1 + χ E ) ⇒ ε = ε ′ − jε ′′ = ε 0 (ε R′ − jε R′′ ) = ε 0 (1 + χ E′ − j χ E′′ )
⇒ ε ′ = ε 0ε R′ = ε 0 (1 + χ E′ )


,
ε ′′ = ε 0ε R′′ = ε 0 χ E′′


,
χ E = χ E′ − j χ E′′
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
012Vector
iEE,
ED,
HB23456789**:;Scalar< µ = µ0 µ R = µ0 (1 + χ M ) ⇒ µ = µ ′ − j µ ′′ = µ0 ( µ R′ − j µ R′′ ) = µ0 (1 + χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ )
⇒ µ ′ = µ0 µ R′ = µ0 (1 + χ M ′ )


,
µ ′′ = µ0 µ R′′ = µ 0 χ M ′′


,
χ M = χ M ′ − j χ M ′′
345=8>?Tensor@A <

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
0/BC5DE>?**:;FG@HDIJA>?**:;KLG@HMN<

where
x = x′ − jx′′
x : 
x′ : 
x′′ :  

0()@;OScalarP <

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
ε , ε R , χ E , µ , µ R , χ M

B(::Tensor)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−

ε R , χ E , µ R , χ M ′′′
H
B(: :Scalar)







B (: :Scalar)
&'

E = E0 exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) )
where
k = k ′ − jk ′′

7
E , k
φ  8

Energy Conservation Equation dV
Volume

Energy Conservation EquationGH
∂
(
∂t ∫V ∫0
)
E ⋅ dD + ∫ H ⋅ dB dv

PI = iE ⋅ E


EnergyConservationEquation E H
dS[m^2] ∂D ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = (∇ × E ) ⋅ H − ( ∇ × H ) ⋅ E

( )
0
Loss
PE = E ⋅
∂B ∂D ∂
= ∫ ε ∫ E ⋅ dE + µ ∫ H ⋅ dH dv
: 
∂t
∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = (− ) ⋅ H − (iE + )⋅E
E H
output
Maxwell ' s̩Equations input



PM = H ⋅
∂B
:   ∂t ∂t ∂t V 0 0
S IN ⋅ dS ∂t SOUT ⋅ dS ∂B ∂D ∂  1
= ∫  ε E 2 + µ H 2  dv
∂B H 
∇× E = − 0 = ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) + ( ) ⋅ H + (iE + )⋅ E E 1
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t V  2 2 
( SOUT − S IN ) dS + ( PE + PM + PI ) dV = 0
0 0

∂
∂ 1
= ∫ (ε E 2 + µ H 2 ) dv
∇⋅ B = 0 = ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) + ( E ⋅ dD + H ⋅ dB ) + iE ⋅ E
∂t
∂D EnergyConservationEquation ∂t V 2
 ∂ 
0 = ∫ ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) + ( E ⋅ dD + H ⋅ dB ) + iE ⋅ E  dv
∇ × H = iE + ∂ 1
∂t ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = (∇ × E ) ⋅ H − ( ∇ × H ) ⋅ E
 ∂t  = ∫ ( E ⋅ D + H ⋅ B ) dv
∂t V 2
V

∇⋅ D = ρE ∂B ∂D ∂
∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) = (− ) ⋅ H − ( iE + )⋅ E = ∫ ∇ ⋅ ( E × H )dv + ∫ ( E ⋅ dD + H ⋅ dB ) dv + ∫ (iE ⋅ E )dv
∂t ∂t ∂ 1
∂t ∫V 2
VectorAnalysis ∂B ∂D
V ∂t V

∂
V
(ε E 2 + µ H 2 ) dv
0 = ∇ ⋅ ( E × H ) + ( ) ⋅ H + (iE + )⋅E =
∫ ( E × H ) ⋅ ndS + ∫ (iE ⋅ E ) dv + ∫ ( E ⋅ dD + H ⋅ dB ) dv
1 ∂
= ∫
∇ ⋅ ( A × B) ∂t ∂t ∂t V
(ε E 2 + µ B 2 ) dv
S V

= (∇ × A) ⋅ B − (∇ × B ) ⋅ A  ∂D
=
∫ ( E × H ) ⋅ ndS + ∫  E ⋅ +H⋅
∂B 
+ iE ⋅ E dV
∂
(
=
∫ ( E × H ) ⋅ ndS + ∫ (iE ⋅ E ) dv + ∫ ∫ E ⋅ dD + ∫ H ⋅ dB dv
E H
) 2 V ∂t

∫
∂t V 0 ∂E ∂H 
= ∫  2ε E ( ) + 2µ H ( )  dv
 ∂t ∂t  1 
S V 0
∇ ⋅ ( A × B)dv
S V
S[W m ] = E[V m] × H [ A m] 2 V ∂t ∂t 
 ∂D ∂B
S
Poynting Vector
=
∫ S ⋅ ndS + ∫  E ⋅

2

=
∫ ( A × B) ⋅ ndS
V

+H⋅ + iE ⋅ E dV ̩where̩S = E × H

 ∂D ∂B 
 ∂t ∂t  = ∫  E ( ) + H ( )  dv
S V
S

9
V
 ∂t ∂t  10
Model Loss
 

Power Loss

Power Loss 
PI [W m3 ] = iE [ A m 2 ] ⋅ E[V m]



T ∫0
( iE ⋅ E )dt ≡ 〈iE ⋅ E 〉T :  ∫0 ( iE ⋅ E )dz ≡ 〈iE ⋅ E 〉 λ : 
1 T 1 λ
λ
Maxwell’s Equations

Power Loss

∂D[C m 2 ]


PE [W m3 ] = E[V m] ⋅


∂t[sec]




T ∫0 
dt ≡ 〈 E ⋅ 〉T :  ∫0  E ⋅
1 T  ∂D  ∂D 1 λ  ∂D  ∂D
Maxwell’s Equations
!"#

 E⋅ dz ≡ 〈 E ⋅ 〉 λ : 

 



∂t  ∂t λ  ∂t  ∂t
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∂B[Wb m 2 ]
 

PM [W m 3 ] = H [ A m] ⋅
∂t[sec]
∂B  ∂B ∂B  ∂B
∫  H ⋅ dt ≡ 〈 H ⋅ 〉T :  ∫0  H ⋅ dz ≡ 〈 H ⋅ 〉 λ : 
1 T  1 λ
T 0
 ∂t  ∂t λ  ∂t  ∂t
11 12

2
 Coffee BreakCIJKL?@ML NOP C




cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) T ≡ ∫ ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) )dt


1 T
Maxwell’s Equations

T 0

 Power Loss
ω

cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) sec = × (



2π 



Maxwell’s Equations
!"#




 

cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) λ ≡ ∫ ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) )dz


1 λ
λ 0 $%
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k
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cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) m ≡ ×

2π

13 14

Power Loss;QDCR4STURV Power Loss;QDCR4STURV

Loss Loss 

PI [W m3 ] = iE [ A m 2 ] ⋅ E[V m] PI [W m3 ] = iE [ A m 2 ] ⋅ E[V m]
iE = σ E0 cos(ωt ) ̩̩
, ̩E = E0 cos(ωt ) 1 iE = σ E0 exp( jωt ) ̩̩
, ̩E = E0 exp( jωt ) 1
PI = σ E0
2
PI = σ E0
2
1
PI = 〈σ E0 cos(ωt ) ⋅ E0 cos(ωt )〉T = σ E0
2 2 PI =
1 1
Re[〈σ E0 exp( jωt ) ⋅ E0 exp(− jωt )〉T ] = σ E0
2 2
2 2 2

Coffee Break:

iE

 !"#$%&'( Coffee Break:

iE

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WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

iE = σ ⋅ E iE = σ ⋅ E
E = E0 cos(ω t )

,
iE = I 0 cos(ω t − δ ) E = E0 exp( jωt ) ̩̩ , ̩iE = I 0 exp( j (ωt − δ ))
iE = I 0 cos(ω t − δ ) = (σ ′ − jσ ′′) E0 cos(ω t ) ;XY I 0 exp( j (ωt − δ )) = (σ ′ − jσ ′′) E0 exp( j (ωt )
PI = 〈iE ⋅ E 〉T QZ[7 PI = 〈iE ⋅ E 〉T
= 〈(σ ′ − jσ ′′) E0 cos(ω t ) ⋅ E0 cos(ω t )〉 T 1
= Re〈[(σ ′ − jσ ′′) E0 exp( j (ωt ) ] ⋅ E0 [ exp( − jωt )]〉T
;XY
1 1
= (σ ′ − jσ ′′) E0 = σ ′E0
and
σ ′′ = 0 (∵ PI ) 2
2 2
;QDC
2 2
QZ[7
1
= Re〈(σ ′ − jσ ′′) E0 〉T
2
1
PI = 〈 I 0 cos(ω t − δ ) ⋅ E0 cos(ω t )〉 T = E0 I 0 cos(δ ) 2
2
;QDC
1

 
∴σ ′′ = 0

,
I 0 cos(δ ) = σ ′E0 15 = σ ′E0 
 
2
16
2

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Maxwell’s Equations

PI [W m3 ] = iE [ A m2 ] ⋅ E[V m] Power Loss
iE = σ E0 exp( jωt ) ̩̩
, ̩E = E0 exp( jωt )





1 1
PI = Re[〈σ E0 exp( jωt ) ⋅ E0 exp(− jωt )〉T ] = σ E0 Maxwell’s Equations
!"#


2

 

2 2 $%
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17 18

3
 Power Loss3^_
ABC
 Power Loss3^_
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:(E-P)
 !"# $%&'()*+,+

E , P , χ E

E0 , P0 , χ E′ , χ E′′ , δ  ) exp(± x)
 !E;F
E1
P = ε 0 ⋅ χE ⋅ E = cos( x) ± j sin( x);̩
x∈R
P = ε0 ⋅ χE ⋅ E
E = E0 cos(ω t ) E = E0 exp( jω t )
, P = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
P = P0 cos(ω t )
⇒ P0 cos(ω t ) = ε 0 ⋅ χ E E0 cos(ω t ) ⇒ P0 = ε 0 ⋅ χ E E0
( )
ε 0 χ E′ − j χ E′′ E0 exp( j (ω t )) = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
./0'
12(,)3
 exp(− j (ω t ))

∂ (ε 0 E + P ) ∂ ( ε 0 E0 cos(ω t ) + P0 cos(ω t ) )
( )
∂D
4)
PE = 〈 E 〉T = 〈 E0 cos(ω t ) 〉T = 〈 E0 cos(ω t ) 〉T = 0 ε 0 E0 χ E′ − j χ E′′ = P0 exp(− jδ ) = P0 ( cos(δ ) − j sin(δ ) )
∂t ∂t ∂t 
 

, P0 sin(δ ) = ε 0 E0 χ E′′

ThenP0 cos(δ ) = ε 0 E0 χ E′ 


.G#$A !/04; -E

P = ε0 ⋅ χE ⋅ E




∂ cos(ωt − kz + θ )
E = E0 cos(ω t ) cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅
∂t T E = E0 exp( jω t )


,
P = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
given
E0χ E′χ E′′ ⇒ P0
δ
P = P0 cos(ω t − δ ) ∂ sin(ωt − kz + θ )
= sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅

⇒ P0 cos(ω t − δ ) = ε 0 ⋅ χ E ⋅ E0 cos(ω t ) ∂t T

P0 exp(− jδ ) = ε 0 χ E E0 ⇒ P0 sin(δ ) = ε 0 E0 χ E′′
and
P0 cos(δ ) = ε 0 E0 χ E′

ω
P0 ( cos(ω t ) cos(δ ) + sin(ω t )sin(δ ) ) = ε 0 ⋅ χ E ⋅ E0 cos(ω t ) =
2
sin(φ − θ )

χ E′′ 2  
( ) ⋅ (1+ tan (δ ))
⇒ P0 cos(δ ) = ε 0 ⋅ χ E ⋅ E0
and

P0 sin(δ ) = 0


⇒
δ = 0
tan(δ ) =
and
P0 = ( ε 0 E0 ) ⋅  χ E′ + χ E′′  = ε 0 E0 χ E′
2 2 2
2 2
∵ cos(ω t ), sin (ω t )
 19 χ ′
E
  20

Power Loss3^_
ABC
$:(E-D) Coffee BreakJKPower LossLMKPower GenerationN3GO

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CDEF
exp(± x)
E , D, ε

E0 , D0 , ε ′ , ε ′′ , δ  ) DiodeAI-VHI I
  
= cos( x) ± j sin( x);̩
x∈R
D = ε ⋅ E = (ε ′ − jε ′′) E
  
)PLQRS
E = E0 exp( jω t )
, D = D0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
ITV>0FUV
(ε ′ − jε ′′ ) E exp( j(ω t )) = D exp( j (ω t − δ ))
0 0
./0'
12(,)3 Diode
 exp(− j (ω t ))

)WLXRS

[Arbitrary Unite]

(ε ′ − jε ′′ ) E = D exp(− jδ ) = D ( cos(δ ) − j sin(δ ))

./01Saturation Current2
4)
3045
ITV<0FYZ
0 0 0
V
Diode

 

, D0 sin(δ ) = E0ε ′′

ThenD0 cos(δ ) = E0ε ′ 

  
5
=0
 


 Diode
 

E = E0 exp( jω t )


,
D = D0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))  Diode 

given
E0ε ′ε ′′ ⇒ D0
δ

D0 exp(− jδ ) = ε E0 ⇒ D0 sin(δ ) = E0ε ′′
and
D0 cos(δ ) = E0ε ′

( )



ε ′′
tan(δ ) =
and
D0 = ( E0 ) ⋅ ( ε ′2 + ε ′′2 ) = E0ε ′ ⋅ (1 + tan 2 (δ ) )
2
2 2
[Arbitrary Unite]
ε′ 21 White Noise,-
22
 !"#$%&'()*+




Power Loss3^_
ABC
4 Power Loss3^_
ABC
`

:'Power LossGAH +'IJJKL3M)N ) :'Power LossGAH3VRe[+]WRe[+]X'
E = E0 exp( jω t ) ̩̩
, ̩D = ε 0 E + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
KL3M)HYZ
∂D P = ε0 ⋅ χE ⋅ E
PE = 〈 E 〉T
∂t
E = E0 exp( jωt ) ̩̩
, ̩P = P0 exp( j (ωt − δ )),

( )
∂ ( ε 0 E0 exp( jω t ) + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) )
= E0 exp ( j (ω t ) ) ⋅
∂t T ε 0 χ E′ − j χ E′′ E0 exp( j (ωt )) = P0 exp( j (ωt − δ ))
∂ ( ε 0 E0 ( cos(ω t ) + j sin(ω t ) ) + P0 ( cos(ω t − δ ) + j sin(ω t − δ ) ) )
= E0 ( cos(ω t ) + j sin(ω t ) ) ⋅ ∂D
∂t PE = 〈 E 〉T
T
∂t
 
PQ)R&*S3TUKL)

∂ ( ε 0 E0 Re [ exp( jωt ) ] + P0 Re [ exp( j (ωt − δ ) ]) )

ω ω ω ω ω ω
= + E0 P0 sin(δ ) − E0 P0 sin(δ ) + j  − E0 P0 − E0 P0 cos(δ ) + E0 P0 + E0 P0 cos(δ ) 
2 2  2 2 2 2  = 〈 E0 Re [ exp( jωt ) ] ⋅ 〉T
=0 ∂t
∂ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) ∂ sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ω ∂ ( ε 0 E0 cos(ωt ) + P0 cos(ωt − δ ) )
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ = sin(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ = sin(φ − θ ) = 〈 E0 cos(ωt ) 〉T
∂t T ∂t T 2 ∂t
ω ωε 0 E0
2
∂ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) ω
sin(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ = − cos(φ − θ ) = E0 P0 sin(δ ) = χ E′′ ̩
∂t T 2 2 2
+O

∂ sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ω ∂D 1 1
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ = cos(φ − θ ) PE = 〈 E 〉T = χ E′′ωε 0 E0 = ε ′′ω E0
2 2
∂t T 2
23
∂t 2 2 24

4
Power Loss3^_
ABC
a
:'Power LossGAH3VIm[+]WIm[+]X' Power Loss3^_
ABC
c
KL3M)HYZ :'Power LossGAH31/2Re[V[+]W[\]]X]'
∂ Re exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
Re exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
KL3M)HYZ


∂t P = ε0 ⋅ χE ⋅ E
T
Cb
E = E0 exp( jω t )̩̩
, ̩P = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))̩̩
, ̩D = ε E + P
∂ cos ( (ω t − kz + θ ) )
T ∫0
1 T
= cos ( (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅



dt −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
∂t

 
∂ (ε 0 E0 exp( jω t ) + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ) )
= ∫ cos ( (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ (−ω ) sin ( (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
VRe[+]WRe[+]X
1 T 1 ∂D 1
PE = Re〈 E * ⋅ 〉T = Re[〈 E0 exp(− jω t ) ⋅ 〉T ]

T 0 2 ∂t 2 ∂t
−ω T
T ∫
1/2
1 1
= cos ( (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ sin ( (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt = E0 P0ω sin(δ ) = ωε 0 E0 χ E ′′̩
2

2 2
̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
0

ω ω 1 ∂D 1 ∂ (ε 0 E0 exp( jωt ) + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ) )

=− sin(θ − φ ) = sin(φ − θ ) PE = Im 〈E * ⋅ 〉T = Im[〈E0 exp(− jω t ) ⋅ 〉T ]
2 2 2 ∂t 2 ∂t
1 1
∂ Im exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) = (ω + ω E0 P0ω cos(δ )) = ω (1 + ε 0 E0 χ E′ )
2

Im exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ 2 2
*S[S'  ̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩

∂t
T
∂ (ε 0 E0 exp(− jω t ) + P0 exp(− j (ω t − δ ) )

∂ sin ( (ω t − kz + θ ) )
T ∫0
1 T 1 ∂D* 1
= sin ( (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ dt PE = Re〈 E ⋅ 〉T = Re[〈 E0 exp( jω t ) ⋅ 〉T ]
∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂t
12.^3
1 1
= ∫ sin ( (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ω cos ( (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt = E0 P0ω sin(δ ) = ωε 0 E0 χ E ′′̩
1 T 2
_4)
2 2
VIm[+]WIm[+]X
T 0
̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩

∂ (ε 0 E0 exp(− jωt ) + P0 exp(− j (ω t − δ ) )

= ∫ sin ( (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ cos ( (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
ω T 1 ∂D* 1
PE = Im 〈E ⋅ 〉T = Im[〈E0 exp( jω t ) ⋅ 〉T ]
T 0 2 ∂t 2 ∂t
ω 1 1
= sin(φ − θ ) = (−ω + ω E0 P0ω cos(δ )) = ω (ε 0 E0 χ E ′ − 1)̩
2
25 2 2 26
2
̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩̩

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( )
WdefGA3 !"# $%&'([GAHj'()
P = ε 0 ⋅ χ E ⋅ E = ε 0 χ E′ − j χ E′′ E ̩̩
, ̩E = E0 exp( jω t ) ̩̩
, ̩P = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) ̩̩
, ̩D = ε 0 ⋅ E + P
E = E0 exp( jω t )


,
P = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
∂D ∂ Re [ε 0 E0 exp( jω t ) + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ )]
given
E0χ E′χ E′′ ⇒ P0
δ PE = 〈 E 〉T = 〈Re [ E0 exp( jω t )] ⋅ 〉T
∂t ∂t
P0 exp(− jδ ) = ε 0 χ E E0 ⇒ P0 sin(δ ) = ε 0 E0 χ E′′
and
P0 cos(δ ) = ε 0 E0 χ E′

( )



 ′ ′′
∂ Re ε 0 E0 exp( jω t ) + ε 0 E0 χ E − j χ E exp( jω t ) 
 



tan(δ ) =
χ E′′ 2  

and
P0 = ( ε 0 E0 ) ⋅  χ E′ + χ E′′  = ε 0 E0 χ E′ ( ) ⋅ (1+ tan (δ )) = 〈Re [ E0 exp( jω t ) ] ⋅ 〉T

2 2 2

∂t
2 2

χ ′  
∂ Im [ε 0 E0 exp( jω t ) + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ )]
= 〈Im [ E0 exp( jω t ) ] ⋅ 〉T
E



E = E0 exp( jωt )


,
D = D0 exp( j (ωt − δ )) ∂t



1 ′′ 1
= ω ε 0 E0 χ E = ωε ′′E0 [W m ]


given
E0ε ′ε ′′ ⇒ D0
δ

2 2 3

2 2
D0 exp(− jδ ) = ε E0 ⇒ D0 sin(δ ) = E0ε ′′
and
D0 cos(δ ) = E0ε ′

( ) ⋅ (1 + tan (δ ))
Ak[AlmnopqT3\]rPQrstKLr*31/2&)
ε ′′
tan(δ ) =
and
D0 = ( E0 ) ⋅ ( ε ′2 + ε ′′2 ) = E0ε ′
2
1 ∂D 1 ∂D* 1 1
〉T = ωε 0 E0 χ E′′ = ωε ′′E0 [W m3 ]
2 2
PE = Re〈 E * ⋅ 〉T = Re〈 E ⋅
2 2 2

ε′ 27
2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 2
28

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P = ε 0 ⋅ χ E ⋅ E = ε 0 χ E′ − j χ E′′ E ̩̩ )
, ̩E = E0 exp( jω t ) ̩̩
, ̩P = P0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) ̩̩
, ̩D = ε 0 ⋅ E + P


hijR67Yklmnopq



 
∂D ∂ ( ε 0 E0 exp( jω t ) + P0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) ) Maxwell’s Equations

PE = 〈 E 〉T = E0 exp ( j (ω t ) ) ⋅ =0
∂t ∂t T Power Loss
NG
∂ exp ( j(ω t − kz + θ ) )
exp ( j(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ = exp ( j(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j(ω t − kz + θ ) ) T = 0
%&'()
∂t T
**%+',


Maxwell’s Equations
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1 ∂D 1
〉T = ω (1 + ε 0 E0 χ E ′ )
'()*+
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2

2 ∂t 2

NG
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PE = Im〈 E ⋅ 〉T = ω (ε 0 E0 χ E′ − 1) ̩
2

2 ∂t 2 29 30

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:(H-B)
 !"# $%&'()*+,+  !"# $%&'()*+,+
exp(± x) exp(± x)
H , M , χ M

H 0 , M 0 , χ M ′ , χ M ′′ , δ  ) = cos( x) ± j sin( x);̩x ∈ R H , B, µ

H 0 , B0 , µ ′ , µ ′′ , δ  )
= cos( x) ± j sin( x);̩
x∈R
M = χM ⋅ H B = µ ⋅ H = (µ ′ − j µ ′′) H
H = H 0 exp( jω t )
, M = M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) H = H 0 exp( jω t ) 
, B = B0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))

( χ ′ − j χ ′′ ) H exp( j(ω t )) = M exp( j (ω t − δ )) ( µ ′ − j µ′′ ) H exp( j (ω t )) = B exp( j (ω t − δ ))

./0' ./0'
M M 0 0 12(,)3 0 0
12(,)3
 exp(− j (ω t ))
  exp(− j (ω t ))


( ) ( µ ′ − j µ′′ ) H
4) 4)

H 0 χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ = M 0 exp(− jδ ) = M 0 ( cos(δ ) − j sin(δ ) ) 0 = B0 exp(− jδ ) = B0 ( cos(δ ) − j sin(δ ) ) 



, M 0 sin(δ ) = M 0 χ M ′′
ThenM 0 cos(δ ) = H 0 χ M ′  ThenB0 cos(δ ) = H 0 µ ′
, B0 sin(δ ) = H 0 µ ′′
 
-M !"# † !"#


 


 
H = H 0 exp( jω t )


,
M = M 0 exp( j (ωt − δ )) H = H 0 exp( jω t )


,
B = B0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
given
H 0χ M ′χ M ′′ ⇒ M 0
δ given
H 0µ ′µ ′′ ⇒ B0
δ

M 0 exp(− jδ ) = χ M H 0 ⇒ M 0 sin(δ ) = H 0 χ M ′′
and
M 0 cos(δ ) = H 0 χ E′
B0 exp(− jδ ) = µ H 0 ⇒ B0 sin(δ ) = H 0 µ ′′
and
B0 cos(δ ) = H 0 µ ′

χ ′′
( ) ( ) ⋅ (1 + tan (δ ))
2   µ ′′
tan(δ ) = M
and
M 0 = ( H 0 ) ⋅  χ M ′ + χ M ′′  = H 0 χ M ′ ⋅ (1 + tan 2 (δ ) )
and
B0 = ( H 0 ) ⋅ ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 ) = H 0 µ ′
2 2 2 2
tan(δ ) =
2 2 2 2

χ ′ M
  31 µ′ 32

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( )
Wdef‡ˆ3 !"# $%&'([GˆHj'()
M = χ M ⋅ H = χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ H ̩̩
, ̩H = H 0 exp( jω t )̩̩ , ̩B = µ 0 ⋅ ( H + M )
, ̩M = M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) ̩̩
H = H 0 exp( jω t )


,
M = M 0 exp( j (ωt − δ ))
given
H 0χ M ′χ M ′′ ⇒ M 0
δ ∂B ∂ Re [ µ0 ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))) ]
PM = 〈 H 〉T = 〈Re [ H 0 exp( jω t ) ] ⋅ 〉T
∂t ∂t
M 0 exp(− jδ ) = χ M H 0 ⇒ M 0 sin(δ ) = H 0 χ M ′′
and
M 0 cos(δ ) = H 0 χ E′

( )
∂ Re  µ0 ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + H 0 χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ exp( jω t )) 
$$

χ ′′ 2  
( )   〉
%


tan(δ ) = M
and
M 0 = ( H 0 ) ⋅  χ M ′ + χ M ′′  = H 0 χ M ′ ⋅ (1 + tan 2 (δ ) ) = 〈Re [ H 0 exp( jω t )] ⋅

2 2 2

∂t
2


χ ′  
T

M
∂ Im [ µ0 ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )))]
= 〈Im [ H 0 exp( jω t ) ] ⋅ 〉T
$$

∂t
%

H = H 0 exp( jω t )


,
B = B0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))
= ωµ0 H 0 χ M ′′ = ωµ ′′H 0 [W m3 ]
1 1

2 2

given
H 0µ ′µ ′′ ⇒ B0
δ 2 2

B0 exp(− jδ ) = µ H 0 ⇒ B0 sin(δ ) = H 0 µ ′′
and
B0 cos(δ ) = H 0 µ ′

ˆk[ˆlmnopqT3\]rPQrstKLr*31/2&)

µ ′′
( )

and
B0 = ( H 0 ) ⋅ ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 ) = H 0 µ ′ ⋅ (1 + tan 2 (δ ) ) 1 ∂B 1 ∂B * 1 1
2
tan(δ ) = 〉 T = ωµ 0 H 0 χ M ′′ = ωµ ′′H 0 [W m3 ]
2 2
PM = Re〈 H * ⋅ 〉 T = Re〈 H ⋅
2 2

µ′ 2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 2
33 34

Coffee BreakrCheck1 Coffee BreakrCheck2

(
M = χ M ⋅ H = χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ H ̩̩ )
, ̩H = H 0 exp( jω t )̩̩ , ̩B = µ 0 ⋅ ( H + M )
, ̩M = M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) ̩̩

( )
M = χ M ⋅ H = χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ H ̩̩
, ̩H = H 0 exp( jω t )̩̩ , ̩B = µ 0 ⋅ ( H + M )
, ̩M = M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) ̩̩ PM =
1
2
∂B
Re〈 H * ⋅ 〉T
∂t
1 ∂ ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )
∂B ∂ Re [ µ0 ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )))] = Re[〈 H 0 exp(− jω t ) ⋅ µ 0 〉T ]
PM = 〈 H 〉T = 〈Re [ H 0 exp( jω t )] ⋅ 〉T 2 ∂t
∂t ∂t

( )
1

∂ Re µ0 ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + H 0 χ M ′ − j χ M ′′ exp( jω t ))  = Re[〈 H 0 exp(− jω t ) ⋅ ( jω ) µ 0 ( H 0 exp( jω t ) + M 0 exp( j (ω t − δ )〉T ]
2
= 〈Re [ H 0 exp( jω t )] ⋅   〉 1
∂t = Re[〈 H 0 ⋅ ( jω ) µ 0 ( H 0 + M 0 exp( − jδ ))〉 T ]
T

( )
2
∂ ′ ′′
= 〈µ0 H 0 cos(ω t ) cos(ω t ) + χ M cos(ω t ) + χ M sin(ω t ) 〉T 1 1 1 1
2

∂t = Re[〈 µ0 H 0 ⋅ (ω )( M 0 sin(δ )〉T ] = ωµ 0 H 0 M 0 sin(δ ) = ω µ 0 H 0 χ M ′′ = ω µ ′′H 0

2 2

( )
2 2 2 2
= ωµ0 H 0 〈cos(ω t ) − sin(ω t ) − χ M ′ sin(ω t ) + χ M ′′ cos(ω t ) 〉T
2

given
H 0χ M ′χ M ′′ ⇒ M 0
δ

= ωµ0 H 0 χ M ′′ = ωµ′′H 0
1 1
M 0 exp(− jδ ) = χ M H 0 ⇒ M 0 sin(δ ) = H 0 χ M ′′
and
M 0 cos(δ ) = H 0 χ E′

2 2

2 2
tan(δ ) =
χ M ′′ 2  
( )

and
M 0 = ( H 0 ) ⋅  χ M ′ + χ M ′′  = H 0 χ M ′ ⋅ (1 + tan 2 (δ ) )
2 2 2
2

χ ′ M
 
35 36

6
 Maxwell’s Equations
!"#
Ck
∂B ∂D
∇× E = −
∇ ⋅ B = 0
∇× H = iE +
∇ ⋅ D = ρ E
∂t ∂t
∂ (∇ × B) ∂ (∇ × H )  ∂i E ∂ 2 D  ∂E ∂2E
Maxwell’s Equations


  ∇× ( ∇× E ) = −
∂t
= −µ
∂t
= −µ  + 2  = − µσ − µε 2




 ∂t ∂t  ∂t ∂t
∂E ∂2E ∂2 E ∂E ∂2 E
∇× ( ∇× E ) + µσ + µε 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 − µσ − µε 2 = 0
Maxwell’s Equations
 ∂t ∂t ∂z ∂t ∂t


(Telegraphic Equation)

Power Loss ∂2E

∇× ( ∇× E ) = ∇(∇ ⋅ E ) − ∇2 E = −∇2 E = − 2
where
ρ E = 0
∂z
Put
E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) )



∂E



= E0 (− jk ) exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) )
Maxwell’s Equations
!"#

 ∂z

 

∂2E
= E0 (− jk )2 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) = − E0 k 2 exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) )
∂z 2
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&
∂E
− µσ = − µσ E0 ( jω ) exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) )
'()*+
∂t
∂2 E
− µε 2 = − µε E0 ( jω )2 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) = µε E0ω 2 exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) )
∂t
37 ( −E0k 2 − µσ E0 ( jω ) + µε E0ω 2 ) = 0 ⇒ ( µεω 2 − k 2 − jµσω ) = 0 38

Maxwell’s Equations
!"#%
&
s8 Maxwell’s Equations
!"#t &'

( µεω 2
− k 2 − j µσω ) = 0

∂ E 2
∂E ∂ E 2 Put
k = k ′ − jk ′′
∂2E ∂E ∂2E
 2 − µσ − µε 2 = 0
 ⇒ µεω 2 − ( k ′ − jk ′′)( k ′ − jk ′′) − jσωµ = 0

 2 − µσ − µε 2 = 0
 ∂z ∂t ∂t
∂z ∂t ∂t
0 = ω 2εµ − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) + j 2k ′k ′′ − j µσω
E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) )  = (ω 2εµ − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) ) + j ( 2k ′k ′ − µσω )

E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) )   ( µεω − k − j µσω ) = 0 

2 2 ω 2εµ − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) = 0


 ( µεω 2 − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0 

2k ′k ′′ − µ σω = 0


( µεω 2
− k 2 − j µσω ) = 0 ⇒ k 2 = µεω 2 − j µσω = α − j β
ε , µ , σ 
σ 2
∂ E ∂E ∂ E ∴α = µεω ̩̩
, ̩β = µσω ⇒ α + β = ( µεω ) + (µσω ) = ( µεω 2 )2 (1 + (
2 2 2 2 2 2
) )

 2 − µσ − µε 2 = 0
 
2 2
εω
∂z ∂t ∂t 
σ 2 σ 
   E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) , E(k &  
 α 2 + β 2 = µεω 2 1 + ( ) ⇒ α + α 2 + β 2 = µεω 2  1 + 1 + ( )2 
εω  εω 
%&ε , µ ,σ $& 

σ 2
∴ α + α 2 + β 2 = ω µε 1 + 1 + (
!"
)
εω
#$%&  $'()'*+,-.(/
t Wd‰Š 

α + α +β ω µε σ 2
‹ŒO&)
k′ =
2 2
= 1+ ( ) +1
01$'(02$'3456789!"
W5,† Ž 
2 2 εω
E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) = E0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z + φ ) ) = E0 exp ( − k ′′z ) exp ( j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) )
1 1 σ ω µε σ 2
= E0 exp ( − k ′′z )( cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) + j sin(ω t − k ′z + φ ) )
k ′′ = α 2 + β 2 −α = µεω 2 1 + ( )2 − µεω 2 ̩
= 1+ ( ) − 1̩
̩̩
39 2 2 εω 2 εω 40

Coffee BreakCb C Maxwell’s Equations
!"#tuvw

(k ′ − jk ′′) 2 = α − j β ⇒ ( k ′) 2 − (k ′′) 2 − j (2k ′k ′′) = α − j β
β
α = k ′2 − k ′′2 , β = 2k ′k ′′ → k ′′ =
σ *

2k ′
 β  1
2 ω εµ

)
α = k ′2 −   ⇒ 4α k ′ = 4k ′ − β ⇒ 4k ′ − 4α k ′ − β = 0
σ σ µ

(
σ* = ,
k ′ = ,
k ′′ =
1 + 1 + σ *


2
2 4 2 4 2 2

 2k ′  ωε 2 2 ε



1 + 1+ σ *
2

4α ± 16α 2 + 16β 2 α ± α 2 + β 2 α + α2 +β2

k′ =
2
= ⇒
8 2 2 σ * << 1 → k ′ = ω εµ


,
k ′′ =
σ µ 
β2 2 β2 2 2
k ′′2 = ⋅ ⇒ ⋅
ε
4 α ± α2 + β2 4 α + α2 + β2 ω εµ ω εµ σ ωσµ
σ * >> 1 → k ′ = σ* = =
2 2 2
α + α2 + β2
ωε
1
k′ = = α + β +α
2 2
1
2 2 → k ′′ =
σ µ
=
σ µ ωε
=
ωσµ
2 2 2
(α − α + β )
ε ε σ






σ*
β 2 β
k ′′ =
2 2
=
2 α + α2 + β2 2 (α + α 2 + β 2 )(α − α 2 + β 2 )
1 ω µε

( )
σ µ σ 2
1 α 2 + β 2 −α 1 k ′′ = = 1+ ( ) − 1̩
=
̩̩ = α 2 + β 2 −α 2 ε
1+ 1+σ *
2 2 εω
2 1 2 41 42

7
 Z

 
Coffee Break:Maxwell’s Equations
!"#%
&
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x
E
H
(∵
PoyntingVectorS = E × H )
Tq*+34isr‘’&“& )y
∂2 E ∂E ∂2E

 2 − µσ − µε 2 = 0
 E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )
∂z ∂t ∂t
E = Re {E0 exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) )} = E0 e xp ( −k ′′z )( cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) )  ( µε ω 2 − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0  H = H 0 exp ( j (ω t − ( k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = H 0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )
D = D0 exp ( j(ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z − δ D ) ) = D0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z − δ D ) )
∂E


∂z
= E0 {−k ′′ exp ( −k ′′z ) cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) + k ′ exp ( −k ′′z ) sin(ω t − k ′z + φ )} B = B0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z − δ B ) ) = B0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z − δ B ) )
= E0 exp ( −k ′′z ){− k ′′ cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) + k ′ sin(ωt − k ′z + φ )} ( µεω 2 − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0 ∂B
∇× E = − ( EX ≠ 0, EY = 0, EZ = 0 )( BX = 0, BY ≠ 0, BZ = 0 )
∂t


∂ E  − k ′′ exp ( −k ′′z ){− k ′′ cos(ωt − k ′z + φ ) + k ′ sin(ω t − k ′z + φ )}  Put
k = k ′ − jk ′′


= E0 
2


∂z 2  + exp ( −k ′′z ) {− k ′k ′′ sin(ωt − k ′z + φ ) − k ′ cos(ω t − k ′z + φ )} ⇒ µεω 2 − (k ′ − jk ′′)(k ′ − jk ′′) − jσωµ = 0  ∂EZ ∂EY  ∂BX
− = − ⇒0=0
2

 
= E0 exp ( −k ′′z ) {(k ′′2 − k ′2 ) cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) − 2k ′k ′′ sin(ω t − k ′z + φ )} 0 = ω 2εµ − (k ′2 − k ′′2 ) + j 2k ′k ′′ − j µσω
 ∂y ∂z  ∂t
( )
= ω εµ − ( k ′ − k ′′ ) + j ( 2k ′k ′′ − µσω )
 ∂E X ∂EZ  ∂BY

∂E
2 2 2
!"#5,†`ƒ3”•–
= E0 exp ( −k ′′z )( −ω sin(ωt − k ′z + φ ) )
∂t  − =−
∂2E
ω 2εµ − (k ′2 − k ′′2 ) = 0  ∂z ∂x  ∂t
∂t 2
= − E 0 exp ( − k ′′z ) ( ω 2
cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) 
2k ′k ′′ − µσω = 0 ⇒ − j (k ′ − jk ′′) E0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = − jω B0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z − δ B ) )
∂2E ∂E ∂2 E

− µσ − µε 2 = E0 exp ( −k ′′z ) {(k ′′2 − k ′2 ) cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) − 2k ′k ′′ sin(ω t − k ′z + φ )}  ∂EY ∂EX  ∂BZ
∂z ∂t ∂t
 − =− ⇒0=0
 ∂x ∂y  ∂t
2

− µσ E0 exp ( −k ′′z )( −ω sin(ωt − k ′z + φ ) ) + µε E0 exp ( − k ′′z ) (ω 2 cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) )

= E0 exp ( −k ′′z ) {cos(ω t − k ′z + φ )(k ′′2 − k ′2 + µεω 2 ) + sin(ω t − k ′z + φ )(−2k ′k ′′ + µσω )} = 0
∴ k ′′2 − k ′2 + µεω 2 = 0
, µσω − 2k ′k ′′ = 0
− j ( k ′ − jk ′′) E0 = − jω B0 exp(− jδ B ) ⇒ kE0 = ω B0 exp( − jδ B )


E = E0 exp ( − k ′′z )( cos(ω t − k ′z + φ ) + j sin(ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) 43 ⇒ kE0 = ωµ H 0 44

!x
x Z

 


E
H
D0 exp(− jδ D ) = ε E0 ⇒ D0 sin(δ D ) = E0ε ′′

D0 cos(δ D ) = E0ε ′B0 exp(− jδ B ) = µ H 0 ⇒ B0 sin(δ B ) = H 0 µ′′

B0 cos(δ B ) = H 0 µ ′
(∵
PoyntingVectorS = E × H )
tan(δ D ) =
ε ′′
( ) (1 + tan (δ


D0 = E0  ε ′ + ε ′′  = E0ε ′ )) tan(δ B ) =
µ ′′
(


B0 = H 0  µ ′ + µ ′′  = H 0 µ ′ ) (1+ tan (δ ))
2 2 2 2 2 2

E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )

2 2 2 2 2 2

ε′   µ′  
D B

H = H 0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = H 0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )

D = D0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z − δ D ) ) = D0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z − δ D ) ) ∂B
ω (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω − (k ′ − k ′′ ) = 0
2 2 2

∇× E = −
B = B0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z − δ B ) ) = B0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z − δ B ) ) ∂t ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω − 2k ′k ′′ = 0
∂D
∇× H = σ E + ( EX ≠ 0, EY = 0, EZ = 0 )( BX = 0, BY ≠ 0, BZ = 0)( DX ≠ 0, DY = 0, DZ = 0)( H X = 0, HY ≠ 0, H Z = 0)
∂t kE0 = ωµ H 0
( µεω 2
− k 2 − j µσω ) = 0


 ∂H Z ∂H Y  ∂D X H0

 −  = σ EX + (k ′ − jk ′′) E0 = ω H 0 ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) k = ωµ
 ∂y ∂z  ∂t E0
!"#5,†`ƒ3”•–
 ⇒ j (k ′ − jk ′′) H 0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = σ E0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) + jω D0 ex p ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z − δ D ) ) k ′E0 = ω H 0 µ ′̩, ̩k ′′E0 = ω H 0 µ ′′
 ∂H X ∂ H Z  ∂DY
 ωµ H 0 + ( jσ − ωε ) E0 = 0
2 2

 −  = σ EY + ⇒ 0 = 0 jkH 0 = σ E0 + jω ε E0
 ∂z ∂x  ∂t E0
 ∂H Y ∂ H X  ∂DZ j (k ′ − jk ′′) H 0 = σ E0 + jω E0 (ε ′ − jε ′′)
k = (ωε − jσ )
 −  = σ EZ + ⇒0=0 H0

 ∂x ∂y  ∂t k ′′H 0 = σ E0 + ωε ′′E0
k ′H 0 = ω E0ε ′ 2 2
µ ′H 0 − ε ′E0 = 0
E0 H0 = µ ′ ε ′
2 2

σ E0 + ωε ′′E0 − ωµ ′′H 0 = 0
2 2 2
∂D σµ ′ + ωε ′′µ ′ − ωε ′µ ′′ = 0
∇× H = σ E +
j ( k ′ − jk ′′) H 0 = σ E0 + jω D0 exp( − jδ D ) ⇒ jkH 0 = σ E0 + jω D0 exp( − jδ D )

∂t
⇒ jkH 0 = (σ + jωε ) E0
45 ω[1 sec]µ [Ω sec m]σ [1 Ωm] = [1 m 2 ] ω 2 [1 sec 2 ]ε [sec Ωm]µ [Ω sec m] = [1
46 m 2 ]

Coffee Break:
 :Check Coffee Break:


E
jkH 0 = σ E0 + jωε E0 ⇒ − kH 0 = jσ E0 − ωε E0 = ( jσ − ω ε ) E0 ⇒ k = (ωε − jσ ) 0
H0
  µεω 2 − k 2 − j µσω = 0 





H0 E
 k = ωµ , k = (ωε − jσ ) 0 ⇒ ωµ H 0 = (ωε − jσ ) E0 ⇒ ωµ H 0 + ( jσ − ωε ) E0 = 0
2 2 2 2

E0 H0

 H   E 


ωµ H 0 + ( jσ − ωε ) E0 = 0 ⇒ ω ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 + ( jσ − ω (ε ′ − jε ′′)) E0 = 0
2 2 2 2

⇒ ω (µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 + (−ωε ′ + j (σ + ωε ′′)) E0 = 0

2 2
  k = ωµ 0    k = (ωε − jσ ) 0 
(
⇒ ωµ ′H 0 − ωε ′E0 + j −ωµ ′′H 0 + (σ + ωε ′′) E0
2 2 2 2
)=0  E0   H0 
E0
k = (ωε − jσ )
H0
E µ′

⇒ µ ′H 0 − ε ′E0 = 0 ⇒ 0 = (σ + ωε ′′) E0 − ωµ ′′H 0 = 0
, ̩̩
2 2 2 2

̩̩
H0 ε′ H0
k = ωµ
E0
  !"#$%&'
ε′ 2
(σ + ωε ′′) E0 − ωµ ′′H 0 = 0 ⇒ (σ + ωε ′′) E0 − ωµ ′′ E0 = 0
2 2 2

µ′ H0
k = ωµ
( µεω − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0
⇒ (σ + ωε ′′)µ ′ − ωε ′µ ′′ = 0 (σ + ωε ′′) µ ′ = ωε ′µ ′′ E0 2

H E H E
k = ωµ 0 , k = (ωε − jσ ) 0 ⇒ µεω 2 − k 2 − j µσω = µεω 2 − j µσω − ωµ 0 (ωε − jσ ) 0 E0
E0 H0 E0 H0 k = (ωε − jσ )
= µεω 2 − j µσω − ωµ (ωε − jσ ) = 0
H0
47 48

8
 Poynting VectorPower Loss

E = E0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ωt − k ′z ) )


H0 E H E
k = ωµ ,
k = (ωε − jσ ) 0 ⇒ k = ωµ 0 = (ωε − jσ ) 0
E0 H0 E0 H0
H = H 0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ωt − k ′z ) )

⇒ E0 H 0 (k ′ − jk ′′) = ω ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 = (ωε − jσ ) E0 = (ω (ε ′ − jε ′′) − jσ ) E0 = (ωε ′ − j (ωε ′′ + σ )) E0

2 2 2 2

1 1 1
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− Re[〈 E × H * 〉T ] = E0 H 0 exp(−2k ′′z ) = E0 H 0 ≡ S0
at
z = 0
S = 〈 E × H 〉T =
E0 H 0 k ′ = ωε ′E0 = ωµ ′H 0
2 2 2 2 2
z = 0

E0 H 0 k ′ = ωε ′E0 = ωµ ′H 0 ⇒ k ′ = ω ε ′µ ′ E0 H 0 k ′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) E0 = ωµ ′′H 0 
2 2 2 2

⇒ 
 energyenergy 1 µ ′ E0 H 0 µ′
PI = σ E0 = σ =σ S0






2
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− 2 ε′ 2 ε′
∂D µ′ µ′
〉T = ε ′′ E0 = ε ′′ E0 H 0 = ωε ′′
ω ω
PE = 〈 E S0

2
E0 H 0 k ′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) E0 = ω µ ′′H 0 ⇒ ( PI + PE = PM )
2 2

∂t 2 2 ε′ ε′
⇒ 
 PowerLossPowerLoss
∂B ε′ ε′







−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−− ω ω
PM = 〈 H ⋅ 〉T = µ ′′H 0 = µ ′′ E0 H 0 = ωµ ′′ S0
2

ε′ E µ′ 1.26 × 10−6
2 ∂t 2 2 µ′ µ′
where
H 0 = E0 ,

0 2 = ⇒ = (373Ω)2
at
Vacuum
2 2

µ′ H0 ε′ 8.85 ×10−12 µ′
PI + PE + PM ε′

⇒ = (σ + ωε ′′ ) + ωµ ′′ = 2k ′′
dz ω 1 S0 ε′ µ′

ω dt − k ′dz = 0 ⇒ v = = =
dt k ′ ε ′µ ′ µ′ ε′
1 where
k ′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) = ωµ ′′ ⇔ PI + PE = PM
⇒ = 2.99 ×108 m sec at Vacuum 49 ε′ µ′ 50
8.85 ×10 −12
×1.26 ×10 −6


Energy Conservation Equation !"

Coffee Break(n=n’-jn’’) dV
Volume

PI = iE ⋅ E



  1 dS[m^2]
E = E0 exp ( j (ωt − kz ) ) = E0 exp  j (ωt − ( n) z )  ̩where̩c =
ω ∂D
Loss
PE = E ⋅
 
: 
∂t
c ε 0 µ0 input ∂B output

k[1 m] = k ′ − jk ′′̩̩
, ̩n[0] = n′ − jn′′



PM = H ⋅ :  
SIN ⋅ dS ∂t SOUT ⋅ dS
dz
k= n ⇒ k ′ − jk ′′ = (n′ − jn′′) ⇒ k ′ = n′̩̩, ̩k ′′ = n′′
ω ω ω ω Z
c c c c
E = E0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )


,
H = H 0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )
c
k ′ = ω ε ′µ ′ = n′ ⇒ n′ = k ′ = c ε ′µ ′
ω
dS × dzdt 
energyS ( z ) dSdt
c ω
 energyS ( z + dz )dSdt
c c  µ′ ε ′ 
n′′ = k ′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) = ωµ ′′ 
dS × dzdt energyPI + PE + PM )dSdzdt
ω ω  ε′ µ ′  ∴ S ( z )dSdt − S ( z + dz )dSdt = PI + PE + PM ) dSdzdt ⇒ S ( z ) − S ( z + dz ) = PI + PE + PM )dz
1 dS PI + PE + PM ) µ′ ε′
− = = (σ + ωε ′′ ) + ωµ ′′ = 2k ′′
S dz S ε′ µ′
d ln( S ) 1
∴ = −2k ′′ ⇒ ln S = −2k ′′z ⇒ S = S0 exp( −2k ′′z )
where
S0 = E0 H 0
dz 2
51 52

Coffee Break#$%&'()*+,-./(2)
Coffee Break#$%&'()*+,-./(1) x
E = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) µ′ ε′
1 k′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) = ωµ′ ⇔ PI + PE = PM
ε ′E0
2
ε′ µ′
2
µ′ ε′
µ′
PI + PE = (σ + ωε ′′ ) S
[ J m3 ]

k′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) = ωµ′′ ⇔ PI + PE = PM

ε′ 1
ε ′E0 exp ( −2k ′′z ) [ J m3 ]
2
[W m3 ] 2

ε′ µ′
̩̩̩

Z



y
H = H 0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z) )


1
µ ′H 0
2

2 ε′
PM = ωµ ′′ S
012&'3,4’’$56789’’856:+,
[ J m3 ] µ′
1
µ′H 0 exp ( −2k ′′z ) [ J m3 ]
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Z=0 Z=Z

1 1 1

 Energy Energy 
PI = σ E0 ̩̩ , ̩PE = ωε ′′ E0 ̩̩
, ̩PM = ωµ ′′H 0
2 2 2  Energy!"#$% Energy= Energy

2 2 2 &'()* !+,-./0
1 1 1

PT = PI + PE + PM = σ E0 + ωε ′′ E0 + ωµ ′′H 0
2 2 2
12345!6’’789:;+,0

2 2 2 53 54
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9
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1 1
µ′ ε′ S IN [W m 2 ] = E0 H 0 SOUT [W m 2 ] = E0 H 0 exp( −2k ′′Z )
k′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) = ωµ′′ ⇔ PI + PE = PM 2 2
ε′ µ′
µ′ ε′ µ′ ε′
PI + PE = (σ + ωε ′′ ) S PM = ωµ ′′ S (σ + ωε ′′ ) + ωµ ′′ = 2k ′′

 Energy
  Energy ε′ µ′ ε′ µ′

1 
 µ′ ε′ 

E0 H 0 (σ + ωε ′′ )
PI + PE + PM = + ωµ ′′  exp( −2k ′′z )
 Energy ! Energy= Energy

2 
 ε′ µ′ 

"#$%& '( )*+,

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
-./012’’34567'(,

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
 µ′ ε′ 
 Z
∫ E0 H 0 (σ + ωε ′′ )  ∫0 exp(−2k ′′z )dz
1
(PI + PE + PM )dz = + ωµ ′′
Z

 ε′ µ′ 
1  µ′ ε ′   
0 2
1
k′′ =
k′′ + k′′) = (σ + ωε ′′) + ωµ′′  
 µ′ ε′ 
 1
2 2  ε′ µ′  1
= E0 H 0 (σ + ωε ′′ ) + ωµ ′′  exp(−2k ′′z ) 0
Z

2 
 ε′  −2k ′′
µ′ 
−1 1
= E0 H 0 (exp(−2k ′′Z ) − 1) = E0 H 0 (1 − exp(−2k ′′Z ) ) = S IN − SOUT
1  ε ′ 


µ′ 2 2
k′′ = (σ + ωε ′′) + ωµ′′  −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2  ε′ µ′ 
∴ S IN − SOUT = ∫ (PI + PE + PM )dz Energy>?@AB
Z


  55 0 56


1
ε ′, ε ′′, µ ′, µ ′′, σ 
 



E = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) ω c

k = n ⇒ n′ = c ε ′µ ′
, n′′ = k ′′



H = H 0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) c ω
2 E µ′ 
2

ε ′E0 = µ ′H 0  ⇒ 0 = 
ε ′ 
2

 H0



K;Maxwell’s EquationsLM

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ε′ µ′ 2  ε′ µ′ 



 
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;;;;;;;;`abc
ε εr >def@Cy•"
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n2 − n1 η −η
^C_`N(abcdefNVgh
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n2 + n1 η2 +η1

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Õ¨ÑÖפQØÙ` k

Maxwell’s EquationsVWXY
 `
¬"@(­ ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh `

^C_`N(abcdefNVgh ( µεω 2 − k 2 − jµσω ) = 0
Put ̩ε = ε ′ − jε ′′, µ = µ ′ − j µ ′′, k = k ′ − jk ′′
∂2E ∂E ∂2E

 2 − µσ − µε 2 = 0
 k 2 = µεω 2 − j µσω = ( µ ′ − j µ ′′)(ε ′ − jε ′′)ω 2 − j ( µ ′ − j µ ′′)σω
∂z ∂t ∂t
= (ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω ) − j (ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω ) ≡ α − j β
E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) 
mn
∴ ( k ′ − jk ′′)2 = α − j β
 ( µεω 2 − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0  w here̩α = ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω ̩̩
, ̩β = ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω
α 2 + β 2 = (ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω ) + (ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω )
2 2

( µεω − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0
= ω 4 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) 2 + ( µ ′′σω ) 2 − 2ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) µ ′′σω
(k),i9(P,jkl
2

+ ω 4 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) 2 + ( µ ′σω ) 2 + 2ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) µ ′σω

̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
Put
ε = ε ′ − jε ′′, µ = µ ′ − j µ ′′, k = k ′ − jk ′′
= ω 4 ( (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) 2 + (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) 2 ) + 2ω 3σ ( (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) µ ′ − (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) µ ′′ )
( µ ′ − j µ ′′)(ε ′ − jε ′′)ω 2 − ( k ′ − jk ′′)( k ′ − jk ′′) − jσω ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) = 0
+ ω 2σ 2 ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 )
̩̩̩̩̩̩̩
0 = ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − jω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) + j 2k ′k ′′ − µ ′′σω − j µ ′σω
check : ( (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) µ ′ − (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) µ ′′) = ε ′′ ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 )
= ( ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) − µ ′′σω ) − j ( ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) − 2k ′k ′′ + µ ′σω )
∴α 2 + β 2 = ω 4 ( (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) 2 + (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′)2 ) + 2ω 3σε ′′ ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 ) + ω 2σ 2 ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 )
ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) = 0
= ω 4 ( (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) 2 + (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) 2 ) + ω 2σ ( µ ′2 + µ ′′2 ) ( 2ωε ′′ + σ )
̩̩̩̩̩
ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω − 2k ′k ′′ = 0 71 72

12
 ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh ` ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh `
ε ′′ µ ′′
®¯°
( µεω − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0
σ

Put ̩̩ε
= , ̩µ* = , ̩σ * = 2
ε′ µ′ ωε ′
̩̩ ̩̩
ε [sec Ωm]µ[Ω sec m]σ [1 Ωm]
 ε ′′µ ′′ σ µ ′′ 
α = ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω = ω 2ε ′µ ′ 1 − −  = ω ε ′µ ′ (1 − ε
µ* − σ * µ* )
2
Put ̩ε = ε ′ − jε ′′̩̩ , ̩µ = µ ′ − j µ ′′̩̩
, ̩k = k ′ − jk ′′ ω[1 sec] ε [sec Ωm]µ[Ω sec m] = [1 m ]
 ε ′µ ′ ωε ′ µ ′ 
 µ ′′ ε ′′ σ  ε ′′ µ ′′ σ σ [1 Ωm]
µ[Ω sec m]
= [1 m]
β = ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω = ω 2ε ′µ ′  + +  = ω ε ′µ ′ ( µ* + ε
+ σ * )
2
put ̩̩ε
= ̩̩ , ̩µ* = ̩̩ , ̩σ * = ε [sec Ωm]
 µ ′ ε ′ ωε ′  ε′ µ′ ωε ′ σ [1 Ωm]
α + β = ω ( (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) + (ε ′µ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) ) + ω σ ( µ ′ + µ ′′
2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
) ( 2ωε ′′ + σ ) = [0]
Then ω[1 sec]ε [sec Ωm]
 ε ′′µ ′′ 2 µ ′′ ε ′′ 2  σ  µ ′′ 2   ε ′′ σ 
= ω 4 (ε ′µ ′)2  (1 − ) + ( + )  + ω 4 (ε ′µ ′) 2 1 + ( ′ )   2 ′ + ′ 
ω ε ′µ ′
( (1 − ε µ ) + ( µ* + ε
)2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( ) ( 2ε
ε ′µ ′ µ′ ε ′  ωε ′  µ   ε ωε 
̩̩̩̩

k′ = 1 − ε
µ* − σ * µ* + +σ* )
2 2
 ε ′′µ ′′ 2 µ ′′ ε ′′ 2  σ  µ ′′ 2   ε ′′ σ  2
*
α 2 + β 2 = ω 2ε ′µ ′  (1 − ) +( + ) + 1 + ( ′ )   2 ′ + ′ 

 ε ′µ ′ µ ′ ε ′  ωε ′  µ   ε ωε 
( µ* + ε
+ σ * )
( ) ω ε ′µ ′

(1 − ε µ − σ µ + )
α + α 2 + β 2 = ω 2ε ′µ ′ 1 − ε
µ* − σ *µ* + ( (1 − ε µ ) 2
+ (µ* + ε
)2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( 2
) ( 2ε +σ * ) k ′′ =
2
( (1 − ε µ ) + (µ* + ε
)2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( ) ( 2ε
*

+σ* )

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
2 2
* * * *
α + α 2 + β 2 ω ε ′µ ′

k′ =
2
= 1 − ε
µ* − σ * µ* + ( (1 − ε
µ* ) 2 + ( µ* + ε
)2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( 2
) ( 2ε
+ σ * )

( µεω − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0
2

k ′′ =
β 2
=
ω 2ε ′µ ′ ( µ* + ε
+ σ * ) 2

2 α + α 2 + β2 2
ω 2ε ′µ′ 1 − ε
µ* − σ *µ* + ( ( (1 − ε µ )

*
2
+ ( µ* + ε
) 2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( 2
) ( 2ε
+σ * ) )
ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω − ( k ′2 − k ′′2 ) = 0
ω ε ′µ ′ ( µ* + ε
+ σ * )
= ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω − 2k ′k ′′ = 0
2
(1− ε µ − σ µ +

* * * ( (1 − ε µ )
*
2
+ (µ* + ε
)2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( 2
) ( 2ε
+σ* ) ) 73 74

Check;±² ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh ` ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh `

σ
, ̩σ * =
ε * = µ* = 0̩̩
( µεω 2
− k − j µσω ) = 0
2
ωε ′
Put ̩ε = 2 − j1̩̩
1
, ̩µ = 3 − j 0.6̩̩
0.6
, ̩k = k ′ − jk ′′
σ 6
k′ =
ω ε ′µ ′
2
1 − ε
µ* − σ *µ* + ( (1 − ε µ )
*
2
(
+ ( µ* + ε
)2 ) + σ * 1 + µ*
2
) ( 2ε
+σ*)
put ̩̩ε
= = 0.5̩̩ , ̩µ* = = 0.2̩̩ , ̩σ * = = = 0.6
2 3 ωε ′ 5 × 2 ε * = µ* = 0 =
̩̩
ω ε ′µ ′
1+ ( (1) ) + σ (1)(σ ) =
2 ω ε ′µ ′
1+ 1 + σ *
2
Then 2
* *
2
ω ε ′µ ′
( (1 − ε
µ* )2 + (µ* + ε
) 2 ) + σ * 1+ µ* ( ) ( 2ε
+ σ * ) ω ε ′µ ′ ( µ* + ε
+ σ * )
(1 − ε µ − σ µ + )
k′ = 1 − ε
µ* − σ *µ* +
2


k ′′ =
( ) ( 2ε
2 2
( (1 − ε µ ) 2
+ ( µ* + ε
) 2 ) + σ * 1 + µ*
2
+σ*)
5 2 ⋅3
( (1 − 0.5 × 0.2) + (0.7)2 ) + 0.6 (1 + 0.04 )( 2 × 0.5 + 0.6)
* * * *
= 1 − 0.5 × 0.2 − 0.6 × 0.2 + 2

2 ω ε ′µ ′ µ′ 1

(1 + ( (1) ) + σ (σ ) )
σ* σ
= 13.12 =
̩̩ =
2 2 ε′
1+ 1+ σ *
2 2

ω ε ′µ ′ ( µ* + ε
+ σ * ) * *

(1− ε µ − σ µ + )
k ′′ =
2
* * * ( (1 − ε µ ) *
2
+ ( µ* + ε
) ) + σ * 1 + µ* 2
( 2
) ( 2ε +σ*) σ ω ε ′µ ′ σ µ′ 1

(1 + )
σ* = ,
k ′ = ,
k ′′ =
1 + 1 + σ *





2

ωε ′ 2 2 ε′
( 0.2 + 0.5 + 0.6)
ε * = µ* = 0



1+ σ *
2
5 6

(1− 0.5× 0.2 − 0.6 × 0.2 + )

=
̩̩
2
( (1 − 0.1) 2
+ (0.7)2 ) + 0.6 (1 + 0.04 )(1 + 0.6)
σ * << 1 → k ′ = ω ε ′µ ′


,
k ′′ =
σ µ′
2 ε′
= 7.43



( µεω − k 2 − j µσω ) = 0 σ *
 ω ε ′µ ′ ω ε ′µ ′ σ ωσµ ′
2
σ * >> 1 → k ′ = σ* = =
2 2 ωε ′ 2

ω 2 (ε ′µ ′ − ε ′′µ ′′) − µ ′′σω − (k ′2 − k ′′2 ) = 0 σ µ′ 1 σ µ ′ ωε ′ ωσµ ′
→ k ′′ = = =
ω 2 (ε ′µ ′′ + ε ′′µ ′) + µ ′σω − 2k ′k ′′ = 0 75 2 ε′ σ* 2 ε′ σ 2 76

` `
ε * = 0


,
µ* ≠ 0
 ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh
ε * ≠ 0


,
µ* = 0
 ^C_`N(abcdefNVgh
σ
ε * = 0̩̩
, ̩ µ
≠ 0̩̩
, ̩σ * =
ωε ′ ε * ≠ 0 ̩̩
, ̩µ
= 0 ̩̩
, ̩σ * =
σ
ωε ′
k′ =
ω ε ′µ ′
1 − ε
µ* − σ * µ* + ( (1 − ε µ ) 2
+ ( µ* + ε
) ) + σ * 1 + µ* 2
( 2
) ( 2ε +σ* )
ω ε ′µ ′
( (1 − ε µ ) + ( µ* + ε
) 2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( ) ( 2ε +σ* )
*
2 k′ = 1 − ε
µ* − σ * µ* + 2 2

*
2
ω ε ′µ ′
(1 + µ ) + σ (1 + µ ) = ω ε ′µ ′
(1 + µ )(1 + σ )

= 1 − σ * µ* + 1 − σ * µ* +
2 2 2 2 2

(1 + ε ) + σ
̩̩
2
* * *
2
* *
ω ε ′µ ′
=
̩̩ 1+
2
( 2ε
+ σ * )
( µ* + ε
+ σ * )
*
ω ε ′µ ′ 2

(1 − ε µ − σ µ + )

k ′′ =
( µ* + ε
+ σ * )
2
( (1 − ε µ ) + ( µ* + ε
) 2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* ( ) ( 2ε +σ* )
ω ε ′µ ′

( )
2
k ′′ =
2

( ) ( 2ε
* * * *
2
( (1 − ε µ ) + ( µ* + ε
) 2 ) + σ * 1 + µ* +σ* )

1 − ε
µ* − σ * µ* + 2 2

=
̩̩
ω ε ′µ ′ ( µ* + σ * )
*

(1 + µ )(1 + σ )
2 ω ε ′µ ′ ε
+ σ*

(1 + )
1 − σ * µ* + 1 − σ * µ* +
2 2
=
̩̩
(1 + ε ) + σ
* *
2


2
* ( 2ε
+ σ * )

77 78

13
 Coffee Break:XYe¡PQR

E = E0 exp ( j (ωt − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ωt − k ′z ) )

iE = σ E = σ E0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ωt − k ′z ) )
1
PI = 〈iE ⋅ E 〉T = Re〈iE ⋅ E 〉T
*

2
1
= Re ( 〈σ E0 exp ( −k ′′z − j (ωt − k ′z ) ) ⋅ E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ωt − k ′z ) )〉T )
2
1
= Re(σ E0 〈exp ( −2k ′′z )〉T )
2

2
`abcXY
R³"

1
= σ E0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2

E = E0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) ̩̩
, ̩iE = σ E
1
PI = 〈iE ⋅ E 〉T = σ E0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2 op
2
79 80

Coffee Break:XYe¡T>R Coffee Break:XYe¡T?R

E = E0 exp ( j (ω t − (k ′ − jk ′′) z ) ) = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) H = H 0 exp ( j (ω t − ( k ′ − jk ′′) z + φ ) ) = H 0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) )
D = (ε ′ − jε ′′) E = (ε ′ − jε ′′) E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) B = ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H = ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) )
∂D 1 ∂D ∂B 1 ∂B
PE = 〈 E ⋅ 〉T = Re〈 E * ⋅ 〉T PM = 〈 H ⋅ 〉 T = Re〈 H * ⋅ 〉T
∂t 2 ∂t ∂t 2 ∂t
1  ∂ exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )  1  ∂ exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) 
= Re  〈 E0 exp ( −k ′′z − j (ω t − k ′z ) ) ⋅ (ε ′ − jε ′′) E0 〉T  = Re  〈 H 0 exp ( − k ′′z − j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) ⋅ ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 〉T 
2  ∂t  2  ∂t 
1
( )
= Re (ε ′ − jε ′′) E0 〈exp ( −k ′′z − j (ω t − k ′z ) ) ⋅ ( jω ) exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )〉T
2
2
=
1
2
(
Re ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 〈exp ( − k ′′z − j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) ⋅ ( jω ) exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) )〉T
2
)
1
( )
= Re jω (ε ′ − jε ′′) E0 〈exp ( −k ′′z − j (ω t − k ′z ) ) ⋅ exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) )〉T
2
2 1
(
= Re jω ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 〈exp ( − k ′′z − j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( − k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) )〉 T
2
2
)
1
2
( 2
) 1
(
= Re jω (ε ′ − jε ′′) E0 〈exp ( −2k ′′z )〉T = Re jω (ε ′ − jε ′′) E0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2
2
)
1
2
( 2
) 1
2
(
= Re jω ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 〈exp ( −2k ′′z )〉T = Re jω ( µ ′ − j µ ′′) H 0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2
)
1
1
= ωε ′′E0 exp ( −2k ′′z ) = ωµ ′′H 0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2 2

2 2

E = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) ̩̩
, ̩D = ε E H = H 0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z + φ ) ) ̩̩
, ̩B = µ H
∂D 1 ∂B 1
PE = 〈 E ⋅ 〉T = ωε ′′E0 exp ( −2k ′′z ) 〉T = µ ′′ω H 0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2
PM = 〈 H ⋅
2
op
∂t 2
op
81 ∂t 2 82

Coffee BreakCoffee BreakIJ

E = E0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z ) ) 1 Ω sec 1 W


PM [ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ] = [W m 3 ]
µ′
sec m Ω m 2
1
ε ′ E0 [ J m 3 ] PI + PE = (σ + ωε ′′ ) S
2

2 ε′ ε′
PM = ωµ ′′ S
1 W 1 sec W W µ′
1
PI [ ⋅ Ω ⋅ 2 ] + PE [ ⋅ ⋅ Ω⋅ 2 ] = [ 3 ] ωε ′E0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2

Ωm m sec Ωm m m 2

H = H 0 exp ( −k ′′z + j (ω t − k ′z) )  

 µ′ ε′   
E0 H 0 exp −  (σ + ωε ′′ )
1
SOUT [W m2 ] = + ωµ ′′  z
 ε′ µ ′  
1
2  
 

µ ′H 0 [ J m 3 ]
2
σ [1 Ωm] 1
2 µ[Ω sec m] ωµ′H 0 exp ( −2k ′′z )
2
= [Ω 2 ]
ε [sec Ωm] 2
ε [sec Ωm]E 2 [V 2 m 2 ] = [ J m3 ] µ [Ω sec m]H 2 [ A2 m 2 ] = [ J m 3 ]
ω[1 sec]ε [sec Ωm]E 2 [V 2 m 2 ] = [W m3 ] ω[1 sec]µ[Ω sec m]H 2 [ A2 m 2 ] = [W m3 ]

1 dS
PI + PE + PM ) µ′ ε′
− = = (σ + ωε ′′ ) + ωµ ′′ = 2k ′′
S dz S ε′ µ′
d ln( S ) 1
∴ = −2k ′′ ⇒ ln S = −2k ′′z ⇒ S = S0 exp(−2k ′′z ) whereS0 = E0 H 0 [W m2 ]
dz 2
1 1
S IN [W m 2 ] = E0 H 0 SOUT [W m2 ] = E0 H 0 exp(−2k ′′z )
2 2 83 84

14
Coffee Break:

   Coffee Break:Power Loss
 :
Power Loss
1/2Re[ [
][
]] 
∂ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) )
exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅





∂t ∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅


T
∂t
∂ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) )
= ∫ exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅



T
1 T
∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
T ∫0
dt 1 T
T 0 ∂t = exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ dt
∂t
= ∫ exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ jω exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) dt
1 T
= ∫ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ jω exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
1 T
T 0 T 0

T ∫0 T ∫0
jω T jω T
exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
= exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) dt 
=

T ∫0
jω T

T ∫0
jω exp ( j (θ − φ ) ) dt


=
exp ( j 2(ωt − kz ) + j (φ + θ ) ) dt
T
=
= jω cos(φ − θ ) + ω sin(φ − θ )
jω exp ( j 2(ωt − kz ) + j (φ + θ ) )
T

= =0 1 ∂ exp ( j(ω t − kz + θ ) ) 1
T j 2ω Re[ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω sin(φ − θ )
0 2 ∂t T 2
∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )

∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) 1 1
exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ = exp ( j(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) T = 085 Im[ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω cos(φ − θ )
∂t T 2 ∂t T 2 86

Coffee Break:Power Loss   !"

:
Power Loss
1/2Re[ [
][
]]  
B = x⋅ A
BA 
A = A0 exp( jω t )


,
B = B0 exp( j (ω t − δ ))




∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )

( )
exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅

∂t B0 exp( j (ω t − δ )) = x′ − jx′′ A0 exp( j (ω t ))



T
∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
= ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
1 T
dt  exp( − j (ω t )) ⇒ B0 exp( − jδ ) = xA0
T 0 ∂t
= ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ( − jω ) exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
1 T
T 0
(
 = A0 x′ − jx′′ )

 = B0 ( cos(δ ) − j sin(δ ) )
T ∫0
− jω T
= exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

B0 cos(δ ) = A0 x′ , B0 sin(δ ) = A0 x′′

∫
− jω T


= exp ( j (φ − θ ) ) dt
T 0
= − jω cos(φ − θ ) + ω sin(φ − θ ) 
′ ′′
0x x ⇒ B0
δ
given
A

1 ∂ exp ( − j(ω t − kz + θ ) ) 1
Re[ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω sin(φ − θ ) B0 exp(− jδ ) = xA0 ⇒ B0 sin(δ ) = A0 x′′
and
B0 cos(δ ) = A0 x′

2 ∂t T 2
∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) x′′
( )

and
B0 = ( A0 ) ⋅  x′ + x′′  = A0 x′ ⋅ (1 + tan 2 (δ ) )

1 1 tan(δ ) =
2 2 2

Im[ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
2 2
] = − ω cos(φ − θ )
2 ∂t T 2 87 x′   88

 #$%&'$()-
 #$%&'$()*+,  
coscossinsin cossin
cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ ) T cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) T
= cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ ) λ = cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) λ


= sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) T

cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) T ≡ ∫ ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) )dt 1  ω 2π :1sec 



= sin(θ − φ ) × 
1 T
= sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) λ 
 k 2π :1m 
T 0
2
1  ω 2π :1sec 
= cos(φ − θ ) ×  


ω
 k 2π :1m 

cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) sec = × (

2 cossin !
2π
∂ sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ω
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ = cos(φ − θ )
coscossinsin ! ∂t T 2

cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) λ ≡ ∫ ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) )dz


1 λ
∂ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) ω
λ 0 ∂ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) sin(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ = − cos(φ − θ )
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ ∂t T 2

 ∂t T
k

cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) m ≡ ×
 ∂ sin(ω t − kz + θ )
2π = sin(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅
"#$
∂t T A + cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) T
ω 1
= sin(φ − θ ) = A + cos(φ − θ ) 
2
89 2 90

15
 Coffee BreakProof coscossinsin Coffee BreakProof cossin
 
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ω t − kz + θ ) T
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) T cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) λ
= ∫ cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ω t − kz + θ )dt
1 T
= ∫ cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ )dt
= ∫ cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ω t − kz + θ )dz
1 T
1 λ
T 0
T 0
λ 0
T ∫0 2 = ∫ ( sin(ω t − kz + φ + ω t − kz + θ ) − sin(ω t − kz + φ − ω t + kz − θ ) ) dt
1 T1
(cos(ωt − kz + φ + ωt − kz + θ ) + cos(ωt − kz + φ − ωt + kz − θ ) ) dt 1 T1
2λ ∫0
( cos(2ω t − 2kz + φ + θ ) ) dz + ∫0 ( cos(φ − θ ) ) dz
=
1 λ 1 λ
T 0 2
2T ∫0
1 T =
( cos(2ωt − 2kz + φ + θ ) + cos(φ − θ ) ) dt 2λ

2T ∫0
=

−1
1 T
2π ( sin(2ω t − 2kz + φ + θ ) − sin(φ − θ ) ) dt
sin(2ωt − 2 z +φ +θ )
λ

2T ∫
( cos(2ωt − 2kz + φ + θ )) dt + ∫ ( cos(φ − θ )) dt
1 T 1 T =
= 1 1
2T cos(φ − θ )λ

2T ∫0
( sin(2ω t − 2kz + φ + θ ) ) dt − ∫0 ( sin(φ − θ ) ) dt
0 0
= +
1 2π
2λ 2k λ 2λ 1 T 1 T
sin(2 t − 2kz +φ +θ )
T

1 1 =
2T
0
= + cos(φ − θ )T
2T 2ω T 0
2T 1
= cos(φ − θ ) 1 1
1 2 = − sin(φ − θ ) = sin(θ − φ )
= cos(φ − θ )
2
2 2

sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) T cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ω t − kz + θ ) λ

sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ )

λ ∫0
T ∫0
1 T
1 λ
λ

λ ∫0
sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ω t − kz + θ ) dt
1 λ
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ω t − kz + θ )dz
=
= sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) dz =
= ∫ ( cos(ωt − kz + φ − ωt + kz − θ ) − cos(ω t − kz + φ + ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
1 T1

2λ ∫0
( cos(φ − θ ) ) dz − ∫0 ( cos(2ωt − 2kz + φ + θ ) ) dz
2λ ∫0
T 0 2 1 λ 1 λ
1 λ
= ∫ ( cos(φ − θ ) − cos(2ωt − 2 kz + φ + θ ) ) dt
( sin(2ω t − 2kz + φ + θ ) − sin(φ − θ ) ) dz
1 T1 =
2λ =
−1
T 0 2

2T ∫0
(cos(φ − θ )) dt − ∫0 ( cos(2ωt − 2kz + φ + θ )) dt 2π
sin(2ωt −2 z +φ +θ )
λ
1 T 1 T

2λ ∫0
1 1
1 λ
=
2T cos(φ − θ )λ −
( − sin(φ − θ ) ) dz
=
1 2π 2λ 2λ 2k λ =
sin(2 t −2kz +φ +θ )
T

1 1 0
= cos(φ − θ )T −
2T 2T 2ω T 1
0
= cos(φ − θ ) 1 1
1
= cos(φ − θ )
2
91 = − sin(φ − θ ) = sin(θ − φ ) 92
2
2 2

Coffee BreakProof  Coffee BreakProof 

coscossinsin ! cossin !
"#$
A + cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ ) T
∂ cos(ω t − kz + θ ) ∂ sin(ωt − kz + θ )

T ∫0
cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ 1 T
∂t T ∂t T = ( A + cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ ) )dt
= cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ⋅ ( −ω )sin(ω t − kz + θ ) T = cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ ω cos(ωt − kz + θ ) T
= ∫ Adt + ∫ ( cos(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ cos(ωt − kz + θ ) )dt
1 T 1 T
−ω ω
= sin(θ − φ ) = sin(φ − θ ) ω T 0 T 0
2 2 = cos(φ − θ )
2 1
∂ sin(ωt − kz + θ ) = A + cos(φ − θ )
sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ ∂ cos(ωt − kz + θ ) 2
∂t T sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅
∂t T
= sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ ω cos(ωt − kz + θ ) T = sin(ωt − kz + φ ) ⋅ (−ω)sin(ωt − kz + θ ) T


 

ω ω
= sin(φ − θ ) = − cos(φ − θ )
2 2

93 94

Coffee Break: Coffee Break:

 
 
∂ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
exp ( − j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
∂t T ∂t T
∂ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
= ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
T ∫0
1 T 1 T
= exp ( − j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ dt dt
∂t T 0 ∂t




= ∫ exp ( − j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ jω exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) dt = ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ (− jω ) exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

1 T 1 T
T 0 T 0

T ∫0 T ∫0
jω T − jω T
= exp ( − j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) dt = exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

T ∫0 T ∫0
jω T − jω
exp ( j (θ − φ ) ) dt exp ( j (φ − θ ) ) dt
T
= =

= jω(cos(φ − θ ) + j sin(θ − φ )) = jω cos(φ − θ ) + ω sin(φ − θ ) = − jω (cos(φ − θ ) + j sin(φ − θ )) = − jω cos(φ − θ ) + ω sin(φ − θ )

∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
Re[ exp ( − j(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω sin(φ − θ ) Re[ exp ( j(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω sin(φ − θ )
∂t ∂t T
T
∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j(ω t − kz + θ ) )

Im[ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω cos(φ − θ ) Im[ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = −ω cos(φ − θ )

∂t 95 ∂t T 96
T

16
 Coffee Break:  Coffee Break: 
 
 
∂ exp ( j(ω t − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
∂t T ∂t T
∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) )



T ∫0
= ∫ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
1 T 1 T
dt = exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ dt
∂t
. /0 . /0
T 0 ∂t
= ∫ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ jω exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt = ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ (− jω ) exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
1 T 1 T
T 0 T 0

T ∫0 T ∫0
jω T − jω T
= exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt = exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

T ∫0 T ∫0
jω T − jω T
= ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) − j sin(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ( cos(ω t − kz + θ ) + j sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt = ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) + j sin(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ( cos(ω t − kz + θ ) − j sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
− jω T ( cos(ω t − kz + φ )cos(ω t − kz + θ ) + sin(ω t − kz + φ )sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
T ∫0 + j ( cos(ω t − kz + θ )sin(ω t − kz + φ ) − sin(ω t − kz + θ ) cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ) dt
jω T ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) cos(ω t − kz + θ ) + sin(ω t − kz + φ ) sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
T ∫0 + j ( − cos(ω t − kz + θ )sin(ω t − kz + φ ) + sin(ω t − kz + θ ) cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ) dt
= =

1
= jω
1
( cos(φ − θ ) + cos(φ − θ ) + j ( − sin(φ − θ ) + sin(θ − φ ) ) ) = − jω
2
( cos(φ − θ ) + cos(φ − θ ) + j (sin(φ − θ ) − sin(θ − φ ) ) )
2
= jω cos(φ − θ ) + ω sin(φ − θ ) = − jω cos(φ − θ ) + ω sin(φ − θ )

∂ exp ( j (ωt − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ωt − kz + θ ) )

Re[ exp ( − j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω sin(φ − θ ) Re[ exp ( j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ ] = ω sin(φ − θ )
∂t T ∂t T
∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) ∂ exp ( − j (ωt − kz + θ ) )
Im[ exp ( − j (ωt − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ Im[ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
 
] = ω cos(φ − θ ) 97 ] = −ω cos(φ − θ ) 98
∂t T ∂t T

Coffee Break:
))

%(* 
∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
∂t T

%&'(

∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
= ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅
1 T
dt
T 0 ∂t
= ∫ exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ jω exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt
1 T


T 0

T ∫0
jω T
= exp ( j(ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

END
T ∫0
jω T
= ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) + j sin(ω t − kz + φ ) )( cos(ω t − kz + θ ) + j sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

jω T ( cos(ω t − kz + φ ) cos(ω t − kz + θ ) − sin(ω t − kz + φ ) sin(ω t − kz + θ ) ) dt

T ∫0 + j ( cos(ω t − kz + θ ) sin(ω t − kz + φ ) + sin(ω t − kz + θ ) cos(ω t − kz + φ ) ) dt
=

1
= jω
2
( cos(φ − θ ) − cos(φ − θ ) + j ( sin(φ − θ ) + sin(θ − φ ) ) ) = 0

∂ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) )
exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ = exp ( j (ω t − kz + φ ) ) ⋅ exp ( j (ω t − kz + θ ) ) T = 0
∂t T 99 100

17