2nd term 2nd eso

unit 5

INTERVALS

Classification Definition

An interval is the distance

Depending on
between pitches

Direction Position Distance Number of pitches Number

Do-do= 1 unison
Do-re= 2
Do-mi= 3
Do-fa= 4
Do- sol= 5
Do- la= 6
Do- si=7
Do- Do'= 8

and prefix

Augmented Major Minor Diminished

Major Minor

2 No mifa 2 Yes mifa

3 No sido 3 or sido
4 4 # or b
5 Yes mifa 5 Both
6 or sido 6 Mifa and sido
7 7
8 Both 8 # or b
Mifa and sido
 DYNAMICS

Definition

Symbols used to express

the intensity in music

Letters Terms Gradual dynamics marking

Italian words that express Italian words that express Figures that express
changes in the intensity gradual changes gradual changes

Ligature

• tie: is a curved line connecting the heads of two notes of the same pitch,so they are to be
played as a single note with a duration equal to the sum of them.
• Slur: indicates that the notes it embraces are to be played without separation
 Unit 6

Opera seria:
The opera seria was called too dramma per musica. This was a style of Italian opera and was the
most important in Europe from the 1710s to c. 1770. Usually the opera starts with an instrumental
overture (like a brief summary of the story). The theme is a drama (sad story), usually based on the
mythology, written in italian .Duration: long

Opera buffa
Also kown as commedia per musica or dramma giocoso per musica. The characters are comics.
It's develop was a parallel to the opera seria. The theme was made for common people with more
common problems. The language they used was a dialogue that the lower class would relate to,
often in the local dialect. At the beginning of the 18th century, they often appeared as a one-act
interludes known as intermezzi and were performed in between acts of opera seria. Duration: short

Romantic opera

Germany: Carlos Maria von Webern was the first composer, he created the leitmotivs to give unity;
and the choir, soloists and orchestra give variety to the composition.
Wagner was the most important composer. He develop a new style of opera. Characteristics:
• Binds all arts in the Wagnerian drama to get a complete work of art (music, poetry, action...
• Topic: German mythology, exalting the German language and nationalist feelings.
• Great orchestra with new timbre, especially by the use of wind.
• The dramatic musical unity is achieved through the leitmotiv.
• Compositions: the tetralogy the ring of the Nibelung (gold Rim, the Walquiria, Siegfried,
Götterdämmerung)

Unit 7:
The human ear

• Outer ear- (pinna or auricle) It collects the sound. It has the ear canal, where the wax is
produced (earwax) to protects the canal.
• Middle ear- The sound travels through the canal to the eardrum ( where the sound waves
are going to be transmitted like vibrations). After it there are three bones: malleus (hammer),
incus (anvil - yunque) and stapes (stirrup). When the eardrum vibrates it moves the three
bones.
• Inner ear- sound goes to the cochlea (filled with a liquid, tiny cells and tiny hairs which
create nerve signals that the brain understand like sound)

String family
• Percussive strings: piano
• Bowed strings: they are played with a bow (arco) violin, viola, cello, double bass.
• Plucked strings: guitar, harp

Zarzuela

It's a musical comedy, similar to the operetta (opera comic). It started on the 17th century. It mixes
popular music, dance and some elements of the opera. It's called Zarzuela because it started to be
represented in the Zarzuela Palace. The name comes from the place where it was built, because it
was crowed of brambles. The 19th century was the golden age of the zarzuela. It mixed musical
ensembles with arias (verse and prose dialogue), popular songs and lowlife comedy characters.
 • Zarzuela Grande: long (2 or 3 acts). The argument is about drama or comic (with a
complicated action)
• Zarzuela chica: short, called zarzuela of one act. The argument is about the normal life of
people in the cities.

Unit 8: The voice

The voice production its divided in three parts:

• The Power source: the lungs. There are two moments: Exhale and inhale.
• Inhale- it's when you take air into your lungs, the diaphragm lowers and the rib cage
expands.
• Exhale it's when take out the air, the air stream goes through in the trachea, the vocal
folds in the voice box to produce sound.
• The vibrator: The larynx (or voice box) its on top of the windpipe (trachea). It contains two
vocal folds (vocal cords) that are opened during breathing and closed during swallowing and
voice production.
• The resonator: All the organs above the vocal folds are part of the resonator system (throat,
nose, and mouth).

Unit 9
Orchestra:

Conductor:The conductor is the person that leads and guides a group of musicians. The conductor
makes sure that the song it's been played right, and decides what play and how to play. They use a
baton (batuta) to amplify the movements they make to conduct the musicians.