BASIC KINESIOLOGY CONCEPTS DISPLACEMENT

MECHANICS/BIOMECHANICS ✓ Change of an object’s (whole or part) in

position over time
✓ Study of forces and motions they
produce; physics TYPES:

✓ Application of mechanics on structure TRANSLATORY (LINEAR) MOTION

and function of the human body ✓ Movement of a segment in a more or
less straight line
KINESIOLOGY NOTE: SAME DIRECTION AT THE SAME TIME
✓ Study of human motion
✓ Biomechanics, anatomy, physiology ➢ RECTILINEAR
▪ Straight line
PRINCIPLES:

✓ KINETICS ➢ CURVILINEAR
➢ Study of forces that produce or ▪ Trajectory
resist movement ▪ More or less straight line
➢ Force, power, gravity

ROTARY MOTION (ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT)

✓ KINEMATICS
➢ Describes motion or movement ✓ Movement of a segment around a fixed
without regard for the forces that axis (center of rotation) in a curved path
produce motions
➢ Displacement, velocity NOTE: DOES NOT MOVE IN THE SAME
➢ OSTEOKINEMATICS DISTANCE
➢ ARTHROKINEMATICS
GENERAL MOTION

✓ Combination of translation and rotation

KINEMATICS
• MOTION
DIRECTIONS:
DETERMINANTS:
✓ Anatomical terms for movement
➢ TYPE ✓ Can generally occur in two different
➢ LOCATION directions
➢ MAGNITUDE ➢ ROTARY = clockwise (-) or
➢ DIRECTION counterclockwise (+)
➢ RATE
➢ TRANSLATORY = positive and
• OSTEOKINEMATICS negative, along axis
• ARTHROKINEMATICS
POSITION AND MOVEMENT

PLANE OTHER AXIS MOTIONS

(ALONG) NAME (AROUND)

MEDIAN X-AXIS FLEXION

SAGITTAL
MIDSAGITTAL MEDIOLATERAL AXIS EXTENSION

YZ CORONAL PLANTARFLEXION
AXIS
DORSIFLEXION

Z-AXIS ABDUCTION
CORONAL
FRONTAL ANTEROPOSTERIOR ADDUCTION
XY AXIS
CMC FLEXION/EXTENSION

Y-AXIS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL

HORIZONTAL ROTATION
TRANSVERSE VERTICAL AXIS
XZ SUPINATION/PRONATION
SUPEROINFERIOR AXIS

MOTION
MAGNITUDE:
✓ ROTARY
➢ Given either degrees or in radians
➢ Move through a range of motion (ROM)

✓ TRANSLATORY
➢ Described in length (meters, inches)
RATE:
✓ SPEED
➢ Displacement per unit time
regardless of direction
✓ VELOCITY
➢ Displacement per unit time in a
given direction (m/sec or ft/sec)
✓ ACCELERATION
➢ Change in velocity per unit time
(m/sec2 or deg/sec2)
OSTEOKINEMATICS
• DEGREES OF FREEDOM = number of
planes within which a joint moves
UNIAXIAL
✓ Move in 1 plane around 1 axis = 1
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
BIAXIAL
✓ Move in 2 planes around 2 axes = 2
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
TRIAXIAL
✓ Move in 3 planes around 3 axes = 3
DEGREES OF FREEDOM
• KINEMATIC CHAIN = several joints
linking successive segments
OPEN KINEMATIC CHAIN (OKC)
✓ Distal segment of the chain MOVES
CLOSED KINEMATIC CHAIN (CKC)
✓ Distal segment is FIXED
✓ Proximal parts MOVE
ARTHROKINEMATICS
✓ MINUTE MOVEMENTS occurring within
joint and between articular surfaces
✓ Most joints involve a combination of
these motions
ROLLING (rocking)
✓ Multiple points along 1 rotating
articular surface contact multiple points
on another articular surface
SLIDE (gliding)
✓ Single point on 1 articular surface
contacts multiple points on another
articular surface
SPIN
✓ Single point on 1 articular surface
rotates on single point on another
articular surface
BASED ON JOINT MORPHOLOGY:
(CONCAVE CONVEX RULE)
✓ CONVEX SURFACE moves on CONCAVE
SURFACE, the convex surface slides in
the opposite direction to the long
bone’s motion/roll
✓ CONCAVE SURFACE moves on CONVEX
SURFACE, the concave surface slides in
the same direction as the long bone’s
motion/roll
INSTANTANEOUS AXIS OF ROTATION
✓ CURVILINEAR (PLANE/PLANAR)
MOTION of articulating surfaces
✓ Segment travels in a curved path when
opposing articular surfaces are of
unequal size/shape
✓ Joint axis is not fixed but shifts in space
as the segment moves
ARTHROKINEMATICS
LOOSE-PACKED POSITION (open/resting)
✓ There is the least congruency
✓ Ligamentous and capsular structures
are slack
✓ Joint surfaces may be distracted
CLOSED-PACKED POSITION
✓ Maximum area of surface contact
occurs
✓ Ligaments are farthest apart and under
tension
✓ Capsular structures are taut
✓ Joint is mechanically compressed and
difficult to distract
KINETICS
• FORCE = push or pull that produces
displacement expressed in vectors; can
move or stabilize the object
INTERNAL FORCES
✓ Within the body
✓ Active (muscle) or passive (tension)
forces
EXTERNAL FORCES
✓ From outside the body
✓ Gravity
✓ External load
• MOMENT/TORQUE
✓ Result of force acting at a distance
(moment arm) from the point of
motion (axis)
✓ Product of force and moment arm;
rotates an object around an axis
✓ MOMENT ARM = distance between
axis of rotation and force
NOTE: FORCE X MOMENT ARM = TORQUE
LEVER SYTEMS
• LEVER = bar that rotates around an axis
or fulcrum; exists whenever two
opposing forces are applied to convert
linear force into rotatory force
✓ PIVOT/AXIS/FULCRUM = joint
✓ EFFORT/FORCE = force that is
producing the resultant torque (muscle)
▪ EFFORT/FORCE ARM
✓ RESISTANCE/LOAD = opposes effort
force (gravity/load)
▪ RESISTANCE/LOAD
FIRST CLASS LEVER
✓ 2 forces are on either side of the
fulcrum
✓ BALANCE
SECOND CLASS LEVER ✓ Application of force
➢ POINT OF APPLICATION =
✓ Resistance lies between effort and
where muscles inserts into
fulcrum
bone
✓ POWER
➢ ANGLE OF INSERTION (or
application) = angle between
THIRD CLASS LEVER tendon and long axis of the
bone
✓ Effort lies between resistance and
fulcrum
PULLEY
✓ SPEED

Function:

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE = ratio between

effort arm and resistance arm ✓ Change of the direction of a force
✓ Increase or decrease its magnitude

✓ LEVER SYSTEM WITH EQUAL ARM Types:

LENGTHS = 1

✓ FIXED = change direction of pull

✓ EFFORT ARM > RESISTANCE ARM =
✓ MOVABLE = decrease required
greater than 1
force/effort
✓ RESISTANCE ARM > EFFORT ARM = less ANATOMIC PULLEY
than 1
Function:

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE = GOAL: ENERGY ✓ Redirect muscle’s line of pull to change

EFFICIENCY the direction of a force
✓ Improve mechanical advantage by
➢ HUMAN BODY: 3RD CLASS > 2ND moving force arm away from joint
CLASS LEVERS

➢ MOVEMENT: DISTANCE > FORCE

➢ FORCE AND DISTANCE TRADE-OFF

KINETICS
CHANGES TO MOMENT ARM OF A FORCE

✓ Kinematic chain position

✓ Joint position