General Biology 2 Reviewer

Directional Terms
● Left; Right
● Superior- up; Inferior - down;
Anterior-font ; Posterior- back
● Ventral- belly/font; Dorsal- back
● Proximal- near; Distal- far/distant
● Medial- towards the midline; Lateral-
away from the midline
● Superficial- surface; Deep- interior
Body Planes
● Sagittal- runs vertically through the
body and separates it into right left
parts
*Median Plane - passes
through the midline of the body
● Transverse/Horizontal- runs
parallel to the surface of the ground
dividing it into the superior and
inferior parts
● Frontal Plane- runs vertically from
right to left dividing it into the anterior
and posterior parts.
Body Positions
● Anatomical Position- refers to a
person standing erect with the face
directed forward, the upper limbs
hanging to the side , and the palms
of the hands

Humans Organ System
Integumentary System
 Skin, Hair, and nails.
 Protect the body’s internal living
tissues and organs
 Protects against invasion by
infectious organisms
 Helps disposal of waste materials
 Acts as a receptor for touch,
pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Skeletal System
 System of bones, associated
cartilages and joints.
 Axial and Appendicular skeleton
 Strength, support and shape.
 Protection of delicate organs.
 Leverage for movements.
 Production of Red Blood Cells.
Muscular System
 Muscles are special type of tissues
of human body that possess the
ability of contraction and relaxation.
 Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and
smooth muscle.
 Movements of body parts; Stability
and Posture; Circulation; Help in
digestion.
Nervous System
 Nervous system is the chief
controlling and coordinating system
of the body.
 Central nervous System and
Peripheral Nervous System
 Control of all body functions,
Coordination of different organs.
Endocrine System
 Endocrine system is the system of
ductless glands of human body.
 Chemical coordination.
(Hormones)
Digestive System
 The whole digestive system is in the
form of a long, hollow, twisted, and
turned tube, which starts from the
oral cavity and ends at the anus.
 Digestion and Absorption of food.
Cardiovascular System
 The system of heart and blood
vessels of human body.
 Heart, blood, blood vessels.
 Provide nutrients to body parts;
remove excretory products from
body parts.
Lymphatic System
 The drainage system of human body
and is accessory to the
cardiovascular system.
 Helps defend the body against
infection, maintains fluid level, fat
absorption.
Respiratory System
 Respiratory system is the system of
respiratory passages, and lungs and
respiratory muscles of human body.
 Gaseous exchange; excretion of
carbon; oxygenation of blood.
Urinary System
 It is the system of production,
storage and elimination of urine.
 Kidney, Ureter, Urinary bladder,
Urethra.
 Excretion of nitrogenous wastes,
Osmoregulation, Acid-Base balance
Reproductive System
 The reproductive system is the
system of sex organs of human
beings that are a part of the overall
reproductive process.
 Production of egg and sperm,
conception.
Integumentary System
Functions
  Protection- Abrasions, Ultraviolet  Dandruff- Excessive sloughing of
radiation, Microorganisms, Water stratum corneum cells
loss.  Callus- Thickened area of the
 Sensation- Heat, Cold, Pressure, stratum corneum due to friction.
Dermis
and Pain.
 Fibroblasts (collagen), adipocytes
 Vitamin D Production and macrophages.
 Temperature Regulation- Blood flow  Papillary layer and Reticular layer.
and sweat glands.  Nerves, Glands and Capillaries.
 Excretion- Sweat
Skin Tension Lines
 Largest organ of the body
 First line of defense
 Made up of two major tissue layer:
the epidermis and the dermis.
Epidermis
 Divided into 5 strata:
o Stratum Corneum
o Stratum Lucidum
o Stratum Granulosum
o Stratum Spinosum
o Stratum Basale
 Melanin - Skin color
 Keratin- Skin hardening
 Melanocyte – Synthesizes melanin.
SPECIAL CELLS
 Langerhans Cells – (Kumakain)
ingesting the unwanted invaders.
SPECIAL CELLS
 Merkel Cells- (Touch) combine with
nerve endings to create a sensory
receptor for touch invaders.
SPECIAL CELLS
 Stratum Basale - Undergo Mitosis
 Keratinocyte- Produce
 keratin(hydrophobic)
 Lamellar Granules- Lysosomes
Hypodermis
 Melanization- process of skin
 Subcutaneous tissue
color(melanin) (prejudice-
nabibigyan agad ng haka-haka)  Attaches skin to the underlying
muscles and bones; Insulation;
 Albinism- A recessive genetic trait
Energy Storage.
that causes a deficiency or an
absence of melanin.
 Vitiligo- A disease in which pigment
cells of the skin, melanocytes, are
destroyed in certain areas.
Dermis
  PAG DUMUGO NA UNG KATAWAN CYANOSIS
NATAMAAN NA ANG DERMIS.  Blue Skin
 PAPILLARY LAYERS AND RETICULAR  May indicate heart failure
LAYER  Poor circulation
 NERVES, GLANDS AND CAPILLARIES
 Severe respiratory issues
 FIBROBLASTS(COLLAGEN) - ADIPOCYTES
Integumentary System: Diagnostic Aid
AND MACROPHAGES
Hypodermis JAUNDICE
 SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE  Yellow Skin
 INSULATION  May indicate liver disorder
Accessory Skin Structures: Gland Integumentary System: Diagnostic Aid
 ENDOCRINE- PRODUCE HORMONE RED SKIN
DADAAAN SA GLAND SILA ANG  Fever
MAGKAKALAT   Inflammation
 EXOCRINE GLANDS ARE FCLASSIFIED AS
 Allergy
HOLOCRINE (A), MEROCRINE(B) AND
Burns
APOCRINE( C ), DEPENDING ON THEIR
MODE OF SECRETION    Injury to a tissue caused by heat,
 ALL THESE ARE ABLE TO DISCHARGE cold, friction, chemicals, electricity
THEIR PRODUCTS VIA DUCT SYSTEM and radiation.
 SEBACEOUS GLAND- PRODUCES Comparative Anatomy
SEBUM, ON OILY, WHITE SUBSTANCE  Fishes
RICH IN LIPIDS.  Amphibians
 SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS- PRODUCES  Reptiles
SWEAT. MAY BE ECCRINE OR  Aves
APOCRINE.
 Mammals
Accessory Skin Structures: Hair
 HAIR SHAFT – ABOVE SKIN SURFACE; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
DEAD KERATINIZED CELLS.  FISHES
 HAIR BULB AND ROOT- BENEATH SKIN. (SCALES - DERMIS OR DERMAL SCALE)
 HAIR LOSS IS NORMAL (CHROMATOPHORE- NAGBUBUO NG
Accessory Skin Structures: Nail PIGMENT COLOR)
(MUCUS- MADULAS NASA BALAT NILA)
 A THIN PLATE CONSISTING OF DEAD
 AMPHIBIANS
STRATUM CORNEUM CELLS THAT
(SPECIAL GLANDS - MUCUS TO MAINTAIN
CONTAIN A VERY HARD TYPE OF
MOIST)
KERATIN.
(POISON GLANDS)
 REPITILIA
(SCALES- EPIDERMIS IN NATURE)
(ROUGH SKIN, DRY SKIN, SHEDDING
NATATANGGAL ANG EPIDERMIS)
 AVES
(FEATHERS- EPIDERMIS IN NATURE)
(SAME PROCESS IN HAIR)
( SPATHE , VANE, RASCHIS)
(CONTOUR FEATHER)
(DOWN FEATHER - GREAT INSULATION)
Integumentary System: Diagnostic Aid