Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023

ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Topics:
▪ Elements of Art
▪ Performance Art
▪ Medium and Techniques of Artists

Elements of Art

Elements of art serves as the foundation or the backbone of an artwork, because most
of the elements are used to create a piece of work.

The elements of arts are like atom that serves as the “building blocks” for creating something.
Artists manipulate these elements, mix them in with principles of design and compose an art
piece. Most of us aren't even aware that our surroundings contain an aspect of art because it's
such a little detail. Making art is a really simple and pleasurable activity. The elements'
availability allows for a wide variety of styles to be created using any element. The possibilities
for artistic expression are endless when the parts are combined.

The seven most common elements include:

Line

- is an illustration style that incorporates minimal lines and

negative space. It’s also defined as a point moving in space where its
length is greater than its width. Lines can be two or three dimensional,
implied or abstract. Different types of lines include continuous, broken,
jagged, vertical, horizontal, or diagonal. Lines are the foundation of
drawing.

“Portrait of a man in red chalk” Leonardo da Vinci (1510)

Color

- There are three different components to color, there is hue which

is the name we give the color (red, yellow, blue, etc.), intensity, which
refers to the vividness of the color (intensity can also be referred to as
saturation or purity), and value meaning how dark or light a color is.
Color can be used symbolically or to produce a pattern or to show
contrast in a piece.

“Circus #3” Jim Dine (2007)

 Pamantasan ng
Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Value

- Value is the lightness or darkness in color. The lightest

value is white and the darkest value is black. The difference
between values is contrast. You can study the use of value in
monochromatic or black and white pieces of art.

“The Tetons and The Snake River” Ansel Adams (1942)

Shape

– is a flat two-dimensional area of color that has an

identifiable edge or outline. Shape is the result of closed
lines, they are two dimensional and flat. Shapes can be
geometric, such as squares or triangles or they can be
organic and not have defined parameters and are more
curved and abstract. Shapes in art can be used to control
how the viewer perceives a piece.

Marsden Hartley, Night – and Some Flowers, ( 1940)

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Form

- Pertains to the way that a shape occupies space. When

shape acquires depth and becomes three dimensional, it takes on
form. Three-dimensional art has an actual form (like in
architecture) while two-dimensional pieces can have the illusion of
form when the artist uses perspective or shading. Some common
forms are cones, pyramids, spheres, and cubes.

“Falling water” Frank Lloyd Wright (1936-1939)

Space

- is any area an artist creates for a specific purpose.

Space can be positive or negative. Positive space is an area
occupied by an object or form. Negative space is the area that
runs between, though, and around or within objects. This
includes background, foreground, and middle ground. Space
that can be manipulated in art based on how an artist uses
lines, shape, form, and color.
“Geese Over a Beach” Maruyama Okyo (18th century)

Texture

– is how an object looks or feels and it perceived surface

quality of a work of art. Sometimes texture can actually felt,
such as in sculpture or the texture of work can be implied such
as if you were to sketch a sheep’s wool. Some words to
describe texture include soft, hard, rough, brittle, fluffy, or
smooth.

“Oriental Poppies” Georgia O’Keefe (1927)

 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Performance Art

Performing Arts have ways to express an opinion, emotion, feeling, or taste, through
means of performance like theater, public speech, dance, music and more. Performing
Arts are art skills that require a performance in front of a public audience. Examples are
acting, singing and dancing.
It is also a time-based art form that typically features a live presentation to an audience
and draws on acting, poetry, music, dance and painting. Basically it focuses on humans
performing an artwork. It can also be documented or even be filmed, with the use of
today’s technology, it is easy to create a fan base by posting it on the social media.
Performance art arose in the early 1970s as a general term for a multitude of activities
—including Happenings, body art, actions, events, and guerrilla theatre. It can embrace
a wide diversity of styles. In the 1970s and ’80s, performance art ranged from Laurie
Anderson’s elaborate media spectacles to Carolee Schneeman’s body ritual and from
the camp glamour of the collective known as General Idea to Joseph Beuys’s illustrated
lectures. In the 1990s it ranged from Ron Athey’s AIDS activism to Orlan’s use of
cosmetic surgery on her own body. And in the early 21st century, Marina Abramović
rekindled a great interest in the medium through her re-creation of historical pieces.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Types of Performance Arts:

Theatre

Theatre, a building, part of a building, or outdoor area for housing dramatic presentations, stage
entertainments or motion picture. Theatre is used for telling stories through live performance in a live
audience.

The origins of Greek theatre lie in the revels of the followers of Dionysus, a god of fertility and wine. In
keeping with the god's special interests, his cult ceremonies are exciting occasions. His female
devotees, in particular, dance themselves into a state of frenzy. Carrying long phallic symbols, known as
thyrsoi, they tear to pieces and devour the raw flesh of sacrificial animals. But the Dionysians also
develop a more structured form of drama. They dance and sing, in choral form, the stories of Greek
myth.

In the 6th century BC, a priest of Dionysus, by the name of Thespis, introduces a new element which can
validly be seen as the birth of theatre. He engages in a dialogue with the chorus. He becomes, in effect,
the first actor. Actors in the west, ever since, have been proud to call themselves Thespians.

Theatrical contests become a regular feature of the annual festival in honour of Dionysus, held
over four days each spring and known as the City Dionysia. Four authors are chosen to compete. Each
must write three tragedies and one satyr play (a lascivious farce, featuring the sexually rampant satyrs,
half-man and half-animal, who form the retinue of Dionysus).

The performance of the plays by each author takes a full day, in front of a large number of citizens in
holiday mood, seated on the slope of an Athenian hillside. The main feature of the stage is a circular
space on which the chorus dance and sing. Behind it a temporary wooden structure makes possible a
suggestion of scenery. At the end of the festival a winner is chosen.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Dance

Dance is a form of performing arts that refers to the art of moving the body rhythmically and
usually in accordance to music. It is used as a form of social interaction and expression, or it is commonly
presented in a performance or spiritual setting.

The earliest historical records showing the origins of dance are cave paintings in India dating to about
8000 BCE Egyptian tomb paintings also depict dance in about 3300 BCE These early dances may have
been religious in nature, and by the era of ancient Greece, people were incorporating dance into
celebrations of the wine god Dionysus (and later the Roman god Bacchus) and into ritual dances at the
ancient Greek Olympic Games. In addition, early people danced for enjoyment, seduction, and
entertainment.

Music

Music is perhaps the most universal of the performing arts and is

found in every society, most often as an integral part of other performing art forms and other domains of
intangible cultural heritage including rituals, festive events or oral traditions.

Influences from the west to the east merged into the pre-Christian music of the Greeks and later the
Romans. Musical practices and conventions perhaps conveyed by travelling musicians brought a wealth
of diversity and invention. Surviving Greek notation from this period of musical history has given scientists
and musicologists alike a vital clue to the way that the music of the time might have sounded. It certainly
indicates remarkable links to the music that would follow, perhaps most notably through the use of
modality in Greek music.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Spoken word poetry

Spoken word poetry is a word-based performance art where speakers engage in powerful self
expression by sharing their views on particular topics for a live audience, focusing on sound and
presentation. Spoken word performances require memorization, performative body language (like
gestures and facial expressions), enunciation, and eye contact with viewers.

Puppetry

Puppetry, the making and manipulation of puppets for use in some kind of theatrical show. A puppet
is a figure—human, animal, or abstract in form—that is moved by human, and not mechanical, aid.
The first known use of puppetry came in Ancient Greece, sometime around the 5th century BC.

However, it is possible puppetry was also emerging in other civilizations at around the same time.
Some historians believe puppets pre-date actors in a theatrical sense, although there is little direct
evidence for this.
 In much the same way that theatrical shows and plays developed, puppetry started life in rituals
and carnivals before becoming an integral part of shows and performances provided explicitly for
entertainment purposes.

Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Medium and Techniques of Artists

Using medium and techniques make the art more interesting. There are many types of
medium use throughout the history of mankind. Some are traditional and some have
been innovated by the technology.

Underpainting

The term ‘underpainting’ refers to the first layer of paint that is applied to a canvas or board. This layer or
coating functions as a base for other layers of paint and can create a sense of contrast and tone in a
painting. This is a simple technique that can have a big effect on the overall feel of a painting, allowing an
artist to brighten areas that could otherwise appear flat and uniform, such as an area of sky or sea.

Dry Brushing

Artists will occasionally use a paintbrush that is mostly dry to the touch but still holds paint to produce art
using a technique known as dry brushing. When following this technique, brushstrokes will appear to
have a more textured, scratchy finish that is difficult to achieve using a wet brush or when working with a
large amount of paint. Dry brushing can be an effective way to capture the texture of the natural world,
from clouds to trees and hedgerows.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Sgraffito
The term ‘sgraffito’ comes from the Italian for ‘scratched’ and refers to a technique used in painting that
involves scratching through a layer of paint to expose what remains underneath. By covering a
preliminary surface with another layer, artists can effectively scratch off the superficial layer in a way that
will expose unique patterns or shapes.

Glazing

Glazing is a technique used to draw out the luminosity of a painting by applying a thin transparent or
semi-transparent layer of paint onto a painting. A wide, soft-bristled brush is often used in what can be
quite a complicated glazing process. You can alter the tone of your glaze by adapting the amount of
pigment you use, and you may also decide to build up layers of glaze to produce a darker effect.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Gestural abstract

Gestural painting refers to a technique in which paint is applied in free, sweeping gestures. Artists that
choose to work in this way paint intuitively and are focused on expressing themselves through the
physical act of painting. This technique may be seen to reveal something of the artist’s emotion or state
of mind when interpreted by a viewer.

Stippling

If you enjoy working with intricate patterns and creating detailed paintings, you may want to try stippling.
Stippling is a technique that utilizes small circles or dots to create an image. Dots are made using
pigment of one color which is applied using a pen or brush. The dots may be arranged to suggest
forms, shapes and areas of contrast which may be interpreted in many different ways.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Pouring

Pouring is a simple yet effective technique that works best with acrylic paint. Rather than using painting
tools like brushes or sponges to produce a piece of art, this technique involves pouring paint directly
onto a surface and tilting the canvas at different angles to activate the paint and move it around.

Splattering

Splattering is an ideal technique to try if you’re looking to free yourself up and turn your focus onto
painting as a form of expression. This technique is all about embracing the unpredictability of art and
enjoying a level of spontaneity that is difficult to achieve using other more controlled methods and
techniques.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

Dabbing

This easy technique involves dabbing paint onto a surface using a stiff bristle brush, paper towel or
sponge. The paint should be applied fairly quickly with light pressure. Dabbing can help to create texture
and movement in a piece, making it a good choice to paint treetops or greenery to reflect a sense of
movement.

Palette Knife

While you might think a palette knife is just for mixing paint on your palette, this tool can also be used
to create some unique effects in your work that would be difficult to achieve using a brush. Palette
knifes are particularly useful for blending edges by dragging one color into another to create a rough,
textured look. You can also use a palette knife to introduce small bursts of color into a painting by
loading the tip of the knife with paint and dabbing it onto the surface.

Using different and unique medium and techniques make the artist to be creative, and also it helps the
artist to easily convey its emotion through the audience. Mediums and techniques can make the artist to
known for its signature style of creating an artwork. By doing this, the audience can simple recognize who
the artist was by just looking in the technique first.
 Pamantasan ng Cabuyao
First Semester, School Year 2022 - 2023
ART APPRECIATION
Prof. Ericson Caparas

References:

Seven Element of Arts – Art Project -

- https://www.leesburgarts.com/blog/elementsofart#:~:text=There%20are%20seven%20elements%20of,form%2C%20space%2C%20and%2
0texture
https://www.teachnology.com/teachers/subject_matter/arts/performing/#:~:text=Dance%20is%20a%20form%20of,a%20performance
%20or %20spiritual%20setting.
- https://www.britannica.com/art/puppetry
- http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=cui
https://bit.ly/3TFJi9n
https://www.homequestionsanswered.com/in-painting-what-does-it-mean-to-dry-brush.htm
https://bit.ly/3RHoigG
- https://bit.ly/3TNbmY6
https://bit.ly/3QhKInhhttps://www.pinterest.com/pin/36662184453415510/
- https://bit.ly/3x112SF
- https://drawpaintacademy.com/unusual-painting-techniques/
https://bit.ly/3qfcPZO
- https://images.app.goo.gl/fiHRvDnkPwkoyjNVA

Prepared by:
Tono, Kahlil Alexis
Hirang, Dave Peterson
Luna, Edzel Nathaniel
Samiano, Arnan Joseph
Manalo, Whia
Carbayar, Melvin
Leosala, John Rafael

Noted by:

Ericson S. Caparas
Course Instructor