Design process

1
NEWTON LAWS

1.An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at
a constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

2.The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the
amount of force applied.

3.Whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts
an equal and opposite on the first

2
LOADING

Normal stress: orthonormal to the surface of the cross-section area

Shearing stress: parallel to the surface of the cross-section area

Cross-section area

3
NORMAL STRESS – AXIAL LOADING

Stress [Pa]: Force per area

𝑃 𝑁
𝜎= ⇒ 𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝑚

◦ P -> internal normal load

◦ A -> cross-section area (+) Tensile stress
(-) Compressive stress

Strain [ ]: Change of length per unit length

𝑚
𝛿 ⇒
𝜀= 𝐿
𝑚

◦ 𝛿 -> deflexion or displacement od the section

◦ L -> length of the section

4
 STRESS – AXIAL LOADING
Elastic modulus [Pa]: Slope of the linear elastic behavior
𝜎 𝑃𝑎
𝐸= ⇒ 𝑃𝑎
𝜀
𝑃𝐿
𝐸=
𝐴𝛿

Yield strength [Pa]: stress where the material goes from

elastic to plastic region

Ultimate strength [Pa]: highest stress registered in the

tests

5
 EXAMPLE 1 𝜎𝐵𝐶 = ?
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = ?
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐴 = 1800𝑚𝑚2

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 50 ∙ 103 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 𝐹𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 50 ∙ 103 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 50 ∙ 103 − 2𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃

50∙103
𝜃 = 33.69°
Sum of forces at B 𝐹𝐵𝐶 =
2 sin 𝜃
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 45.069 ∙ 103
In tension
σ 𝐹𝑥 = −𝐹𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 45.069𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶

6
6
 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
EXAMPLE 1 𝜎𝐵𝐶 = ?25.038𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = ?45.138𝜇𝑚
𝐴 = 1800𝑚𝑚2 → 0.0018𝑚
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 45.069𝑘𝑁

𝜎
𝜀=
𝛿 𝜀=
𝐸
𝐿

𝛿 = 𝜀𝐿
𝜎𝐿
𝛿=
𝐸

(25.038∙106 )( 32 +22 )
𝛿𝐵𝐶 =
200∙109
𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 45.138 ∙ 10−6
45.069∙103
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = 𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 45.138𝜇𝑚
0.0018

𝜎𝐵𝐶 = 25.038 ∙ 106

𝜎𝐵𝐶 = 25.038𝑀𝑃𝑎
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7
 EXAMPLE 2 𝜎𝐵𝐶 = ?
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = ?
𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐴 = 1500𝑚𝑚2 → 0.0015𝑚
2

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜃 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 200 ∙ 103

σ 𝐹𝑦 = −𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 200 ∙ 103

σ 𝐹𝑦 = −2𝐹𝐵𝐶 sin 𝜃 − 200 ∙ 103

−200∙103
Sum of forces at B 𝐹𝐵𝐶 =
2 sin 𝜃
𝜃 = 56.31°

σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −120.18 ∙ 103

In compresion
σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶 cos 𝜃 + 𝐹𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −120.18𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = −𝐹𝐵𝐶

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8
 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
EXAMPLE 2 𝜎𝐵𝐶 = ?−80.12𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = ?−1.444𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 1500𝑚𝑚2 → 0.0015𝑚
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = −120.18𝑘𝑁
2

𝜎𝐿
𝛿=
𝐸

(−80.12∙106 )( 32 +22 )
𝛿𝐵𝐶 =
200∙109

𝛿𝐵𝐶 = −1.444 ∙ 10−3

𝛿𝐵𝐶 = −1.444𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴𝐵𝐶

−120.18∙103
𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
0.0015

𝜎𝐵𝐶 = −80.12 ∙ 106

𝜎𝐵𝐶 = −80.12𝑀𝑃𝑎
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9
 EXAMPLE 3 𝑄 =?
𝛿𝐵 = ?
𝛿𝐴 = 0
𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 → 𝐸 = 60𝐺𝑃𝑎

(4∙103 )(0.4)
Section AB 𝛿𝐴𝐵 =
𝜋 0.01 2 (60∙109 )

σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝛿𝐴𝐵 = 84.883 ∙ 10−6

0 = 4 ∙ 103 − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝛿𝐴𝐵 = 84.883𝜇𝑚
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 4 ∙ 103
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 4𝑘𝑁 Section BC
σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝛿𝐴 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐿
𝐸= 0 = 4 ∙ 103 − 𝑄 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝛿
0 = 𝛿𝐴𝐵 + 𝛿𝐵𝐶 𝑃𝐿 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 4 ∙ 103 − 𝑄
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

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10
EXAMPLE 3 𝑄 = ?32.804𝑘𝑁
𝛿𝐵 = ?
𝛿𝐴 = 0
𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 → 𝐸 = 60𝐺𝑃𝑎
Section BC
(4∙103 −𝑄)(0.5)
𝑄 = 32.804 ∙ 103
𝛿𝐵𝐶 =
𝜋 0.03 2 (60∙109 )
𝑄 = 32.804𝑘𝑁
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = (4 ∙ 103 − 𝑄)(2.947 ∙ 10−9 )
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 11.789 ∙ 10−6 − 2.947 ∙ 10−9 𝑄

0 = 84.883 ∙ 10−6 + 11.789 ∙ 10−6 − 2.947 ∙ 10−9 𝑄

0 = 96.672 ∙ 10−6 − 2.947 ∙ 10−9 𝑄
2.947 ∙ 10−9 𝑄 = 96.672 ∙ 10−6
96.672∙10−6
𝑄 =
2.947∙10−9
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EXAMPLE 3 𝑄 = ?32.804𝑘𝑁
𝛿𝐵 = ?−84.884𝜇𝑚
𝛿𝐴 = 0
𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 → 𝐸 = 60𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝛿𝐵 = 𝛿𝐵𝐶
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 11.789 ∙ 10−6 − 2.947 ∙ 10−9 𝑄
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = 11.789 ∙ 10−6 − 2.947 ∙ 10−9 32.804 ∙ 103
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = −84.884 ∙ 10−6
𝛿𝐵𝐶 = −84.884𝜇𝑚

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SHEAR STRESS – TORSION

Stress [Pa]
𝑉 𝑁
𝜏= 𝑚
⇒ 𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 𝐹Ԧ × 𝑟Ԧ
𝐴

◦ V -> internal shear load

◦ A -> transverse area

𝜏 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
𝑟 𝑐
◦ r -> radius variable
◦ c -> radius of the component

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SHEAR STRESS – TORSION

𝑇𝑟 𝑇𝑐
𝜏= 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽 𝐽
◦ T -> Torque
◦ J -> polar second moment of area

For solid rod For a cylinder

𝜋𝑑 4 𝜋(𝑑𝑜4 − 𝑑𝑖4 )
𝐽= 𝐽=
32 32

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SHEAR STRESS – TORSION

Angular strain
𝑟∅
𝛾=
𝐿
◦ ∅-> angle of twist

Shearing modulus
𝜏
𝐺=
𝛾

𝑇𝐿
𝐺=
𝐽∅
15
 𝑇𝐴 = ?
𝑇𝐶 = ?
EXAMPLE 1 𝜏𝐵𝐴 = ?
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = ?
𝑑 = 50𝑚𝑚
Shaft of steel

Section BC Section AB

General sum of forces

σ𝑀 = 0
σ 𝑀 = 𝑇𝐴 − 1200 + 𝑇𝐶 Sum of moments Sum of moments
σ𝑀 = 0 σ𝑀 = 0
𝑇𝐴 = 1200 − 𝑇𝐶
σ 𝑀 = 𝑇𝐵𝐶 + 𝑇𝐶 σ 𝑀 = 𝑇𝐴𝐵 − 1200 + 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = −𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 1200 − 𝑇𝐶

16
16
 𝑇𝐴 = ?599.96𝑁𝑚
𝑇𝐶 = ?600.04𝑁𝑚
EXAMPLE 1 𝜏𝐵𝐴 = ?
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = ?
𝑑 = 50𝑚𝑚
Shaft of steel → 𝐺 = 77𝐺𝑃𝑎

32𝑇𝐵𝐶 𝐿𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = 6.334 ∙ 10−3 −5.278 ∙ 10−6 𝑇𝐶 = 5.278 ∙ 10−6 𝑇𝐶
𝜋𝑑 4 𝐺
10.556 ∙ 10−6 𝑇𝐶 = 6.334 ∙ 10−3
𝑇𝐵𝐶 = −𝑇𝐶
32 −𝑇𝐶 (0.25) 𝑇𝐶 = 600.04𝑁𝑚
𝜎𝐴𝐶 = 0 𝜎𝐵𝐶 =
𝜋 0.05 4 (77∙109 )
𝜎𝐴𝐶 = 𝜎𝐴𝐵 + 𝜎𝐵𝐶
𝜎𝐵𝐶 = −5.278 ∙ 10−6 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 1200 − 600.04
𝜎𝐴𝐵 = −𝜎𝐵𝐶
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 599.96Nm
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 1200 − 𝑇𝐶
𝑇𝐿 𝜋𝑑 4
𝜎= 𝐽= 32 1200−𝑇𝐶 (0.25)
𝐽𝐺 32 𝜎𝐴𝐵 =
𝜋 0.05 4 (77∙109 )
32𝑇𝐿
𝜎=
𝜋𝑑 4 𝐺 𝜎𝐴𝐵 = 6.334 ∙ 10−3 −5.278 ∙ 10−6 𝑇𝐶
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 𝑇𝐴 = ?599.96𝑁𝑚
𝑇𝐶 = ?600.04𝑁𝑚
EXAMPLE 1 𝜏𝐵𝐴 = ?24.445𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏𝐵𝐶 = ?24.448𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 = 50𝑚𝑚
Shaft of steel → 𝐺 = 77𝐺𝑃𝑎

16(599.96)
𝜏𝐴𝐶 =
𝜋(0.05)3

𝜏𝐴𝐶 = 24.445 ∙ 106

𝑇𝑟 𝜏𝐴𝐶 = 24.445𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏=
𝐽

𝑇 𝑑ൗ2 𝜋𝑑 4
𝜏= 𝐽= 16(600.04)
𝐽 32 𝜏𝐵𝐶 =
𝜋(0.05)3
𝑇𝑑 32
𝜏=
2𝜋𝑑 4 𝜏𝐵𝐶 = 24.448 ∙ 106
16𝑇
𝜏= 𝜏𝐵𝐶 = 24.448𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 3

18
18
 ∅𝐷𝐴 ≤ 1.5°
EXAMPLE 2 𝑑 =?
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 60𝑀𝑃𝑎
Shaft of steel → 𝐺 = 77𝐺𝑃𝑎

Sum of moments in Section DC Sum of moments in Section CB

σ𝑀 = 0 σ𝑀 = 0
σ 𝑀 = −800 + 𝑇𝐷𝐶 σ 𝑀 = −800 + 300 + 𝑇𝐶𝐵
𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 800Nm 𝑇𝐶𝐵 = 500Nm

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19
 𝑑 ≥ 40.798𝑚𝑚
∅𝐷𝐴 ≤ 1.5°
EXAMPLE 2 𝑑 =?
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 60𝑀𝑃𝑎
Shaft of steel → 𝐺 = 77𝐺𝑃𝑎

Stress Analysis
𝑇𝑟
𝜏= 𝑑 ≥ 40.798 ∙ 10−3
𝐽
16𝑇 𝑑 ≥ 40.798𝑚𝑚
𝜏=
Sum of moments in Section BA 𝜋𝑑 3
16𝑇
σ𝑀 = 0 𝜏≥
𝜋𝑑 3

σ 𝑀 = −800 + 300 + 500 + 𝑇𝐵𝐴 16𝑇

𝑑3 ≥
𝜋𝜏
𝑇𝐵𝐴 = 0Nm 1Τ
3
16(800)
𝑑≥
𝜋(60∙106 )
20
20
 𝑑 ≥ 40.798𝑚𝑚
∅𝐷𝐴 ≤ 1.5° → 26.18 ∙ 10−3
EXAMPLE 2 𝑑 ≥ 42.044𝑚𝑚
𝑑 =?
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 60𝑀𝑃𝑎
Shaft of steel → 𝐺 = 77𝐺𝑃𝑎

𝑇𝐷𝐶 = 800Nm
𝑇𝐶𝐵 = 500Nm
𝑇𝐵𝐴 = 0Nm 26.18 ∙ 10−3 ≥ ∅𝐵𝐴 + ∅𝐶𝐵 + ∅𝐷𝐶
32 0 0.3 32 500 0.6 32(800)(0.4)
∅=
32𝑇𝐿 26.18 ∙ 10−3 ≥ + +
𝜋𝑑 4 77∙109 𝜋𝑑 4 77∙109 𝜋𝑑 4 (77∙109 )
𝜋𝑑 4 𝐺
81.804∙10−9
Deformation analysis 26.18 ∙ 10−3 ≥
𝑑4
∅𝐴𝐷 = ∅𝐵𝐴 + ∅𝐶𝐵 + ∅𝐷𝐶 32(800)(0.4)
∅𝐷𝐶 = 81.804∙10−9
𝜋𝑑 4 (77∙109 ) 𝑑4 ≥
26.18∙10−3
32(500)(0.6)
𝑇𝐿 ∅𝐶𝐵 = 81.804∙10−9 1Τ
𝐺= 𝜋𝑑 4 (77∙109 ) 𝑑≥ ( ) 4
𝐽∅ 26.18∙10−3
32(0)(0.3)
𝑇𝐿 ∅𝐵𝐴 = 𝑑 ≥ 42.044 ∙ 10−3
∅= 𝜋𝑑 4 (77∙109 )
𝐽𝐺 21
21
SHEAR STRESS – BENDING

Neutral axis where

◦ no deformation occurs
◦ stress and strain are 0
◦ Centroid of the cross-sectional area

22
SHEAR STRESS – BENDING

Stress [Pa]
−𝑀𝑦 𝑏ℎ3
𝜎= Rectangle 𝐼 =
𝐼 12

◦ M -> internal moment 𝜋𝑑4

◦ y -> distance from neutral axis
Circle 𝐼= 64
◦ I -> second moment of area
𝑏ℎ3
Triangle 𝐼=
𝑦𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 36
𝜎=
𝑐

23
SHEAR STRESS – BENDING

Strain [ ]:
−𝑦
𝜀=
𝜌
◦ 𝜌 ->Radius of curvature
from centre to neutral axis

−𝑐
𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜌
𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜀
=
𝑐 𝑦

24
 COMPLEX CROSS SECTIONAL AREAS

Centroid (neutral axis) Second moment of area

𝐴1 𝑦ത1 + 𝐴2 𝑦ത2 + ⋯ 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑑12 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑑22 + ⋯

𝑦ത =
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯
◦ d -> distance of local centroid to global centroid (neutral axis)

◦ 𝑦ത𝑖 -> centroid of the ith element

25
 𝜎𝑐 = ?
𝜎𝑇 = ?
EXAMPLE 1

−𝑀𝑦
𝜎=
𝐼

𝐴1 𝑦ത1 +𝐴2 𝑦ത2

𝑦ത =
𝐴1 +𝐴2
Free body diagram

(0.09)(0.03)(0.015) + (0.03)(0.06)(0.06)
𝑦ത =
(0.09)(0.03) + (0.03)(0.06)
Shear diagram 𝑦ത = 33𝑚𝑚

Moment diagram
26
26
 𝜎𝑐 = ?−3.797𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑦ത = 33𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑇 = ?2.198𝑀𝑃𝑎
EXAMPLE 1

𝑏ℎ3
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑑12 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑑22 𝐼=
12
(0.09)(0.03)3 2 0.03 0.06 3 2
𝐼= + 0.09 0.03 0.018 + + 0.03 0.06 0.027
12 12

𝐼 = 0.03002𝑚4
−(2 ∙ 106 )(57 ∙ 10−3 ) −(2 ∙ 106 )(−33 ∙ 10−3 )
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 =
(30.02 ∙ 10−3 ) (30.02 ∙ 10−3 )
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −3.797 ∙ 106 𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 2.198 ∙ 106
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −3.797𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 2.198𝑀𝑃𝑎

In compression In tension 27
27
 𝜎𝑐 = ?
𝜎𝑇 = ?
EXAMPLE 2

𝐴1 𝑦ത1 +𝐴2 𝑦ത2 +𝐴3 𝑦ത3

𝑦ത = 𝐴1 +𝐴2 +𝐴3

𝐴1 = 0.06 0.02 = 1.2 ∙ 10−3 𝑦ത1 = 0.01

𝐴2 = 0.01 0.06 = 0.6 ∙ 10−3 𝑦ത2 = 0.05

𝐴3 = 0.08 0.02 = 1.6 ∙ 10−3 𝑦ത3 = 0.09

(1.2 ∙ 10−3 )(0.01) + (0.6 ∙ 10−3 )(0.05) + (1.6 ∙ 10−3 )(0.09)

𝑦ത =
1.2 ∙ 10−3 + 0.6 ∙ 10−3 + 1.6 ∙ 10−3
𝑦ത = 54.706𝑚𝑚 28
28
 𝜎𝑐 = ?
𝜎𝑇 = ?
EXAMPLE 2

(0.06)(0.02)3
𝐴1 = 1.2 ∙ 10−3 𝐼1 = = 2 ∙ 10−6
12

𝐴2 = 0.6 ∙ 10−3 (0.01)(0.06)3

𝐼2 = = 3 ∙ 10−6
12
𝐴3 = 1.6 ∙ 10−3 (0.08)(0.02)3
𝐼3 = = 2.667 ∙ 10−6
12
𝑦ത = 0.0547 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐴1 𝑑12 + 𝐼2 + 𝐴2 𝑑22
𝑦ത1 = 0.01 𝐼 = 2 ∙ 10−6 + 0.012 0.037 2 + 3 ∙ 10−6 + (0.06) 0.0047 2 + 2.667 ∙ 10−6 + (0.016)(0.0353)2
𝑦ത2 = 0.05 𝐼 = 45.358 ∙ 10−6
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𝑦ത3 = 0.09 29
 𝑦ത = 5.47 ∙ 10−3
𝜎𝑐 = ?−199.65𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎𝑇 = ? 241.08𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐼 = 45.358 ∙ 10−6
EXAMPLE 2

−(2 ∙ 106 )(4.53 ∙ 10−3 ) −(2 ∙ 106 )(−5.47 ∙ 10−3 )

𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 =
(45.358 ∙ 10−6 ) (45.358 ∙ 10−6 )
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −199.65 ∙ 106 𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 241.08 ∙ 106
𝜎𝑡𝑜𝑝 = −199.65𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 241.08𝑀𝑃𝑎

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