Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANUAL
Registration of Structural
Engineers in Bangladesh
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Table of Contents
Application Process ............................................................................................................................. 4
Eligibility? ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Checking eligibility on PRP Portal ................................................................................................. 4
Personal Information ........................................................................................................................ 2
Professional Experience .................................................................................................................. 2
Filling Experience Record ............................................................................................................. 2
Educational Qualifications ................................................................................................................ 6
Uploading Documents ...................................................................................................................... 7
Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 8
Payment........................................................................................................................................... 9
Submission of Application ................................................................................................................ 9
Application Status .......................................................................................................................... 10
Problems with Application .............................................................................................................. 10
Application Rejected ...................................................................................................................... 11
Application Accepted...................................................................................................................... 11
SEng WRITTEN EXAM FORMAT...................................................................................................... 13
EXAM FORMAT ............................................................................................................................. 13
SYLLABUS FOR THE EXAM ......................................................................................................... 14
EXAM UNITS ................................................................................................................................. 17
PASSING SCORE ......................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCED CODES AND STANDARDS .................................................................................. 17
SEng Sample Questions .................................................................................................................... 18
TYPE OF QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................. 18
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Application Process
Eligibility?
In order to be eligible to write the SEng Exam, If both the above requirements are met by the
an applicant needs to: applicant, they can find the option to “Check
• be an IEB Member or Fellow in good Eligibility” on their dashboard/sidebar in the
standing. IEB membership or fellowship portal.
requires a bachelor’s degree in civil
engineering from a BAETE-accredited
university or equivalent plus at least two
years of civil engineering experience.
• successfully complete a minimum of 12
semester hours of structural analysis
and design courses from a BAETE
accredited university or equivalent, of
which at least 6 semester hours are on
structural design courses.
• gain five years of acceptable work
experience. Two of these five years
must involve structural engineering
experience. The last two items related to SEng Training will
• attend a minimum of 30 out of 48 be automatically checked as the Portal already
sessions in the SEng training program verified that information. The applicants can
along with at least 5 out of 8 seismic then check all the items that they feel are met by
sessions in the SEng training program. them. If they satisfy all checklist items, they will
• produce at least three referee get the option to “Register for SEng Exam”.
recommendations in the prescribed Note: This is just a preliminary checklist that is
format, one of which must be from the provided as a tool for the applicant to check their
applicant’s academic /professional eligibility.
supervisor. At least two of the referees
must be IEB Members or Fellows in
good standing.
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from their supervisor. When the applicant is o City/Province: Where the company is
recording his or her experience this will read as: located.
o Designation: The current position or role
“This work experience record has not been that the applicant holds.
verified yet. Kindly send the record for verification o Start Date: The start date for the
employment.
by entering the contact information below and
o End Date: The end date for the
then click on "Send for Verification". employment.
o I am currently employed here: The
Once the experience record is sent for applicant will be able to select this only for
verification, the notification will change to: the current or most recent employment.
For past employment records, this option
“This work experience has been sent to contact will be disabled. Once the applicant
email for verification”. checks on this, the End Date will
disappear.
Once the verification is received from the
supervisor, the notification will change to:
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Representative Projects
For projects, the applicants must include the
project name, location, dates, and the exact
engineering or surveying work they personally
performed. The number of projects provided
should be representative of the number of years
the applicant has worked for each employer and
span the entire time frame of the employment
dates (one project for every two years of
employment, do not skip large periods of time).
Each project should contain:
• Project scope, location (1-2 sentences)
In the next section, the applicants fill in their • Dates of the project
daily tasks and duties and the representative • 1-2 sentences about what the applicant
projects they have primarily worked on. This is specifically did on the project (using I
an important section, as this describes the statements like "I designed" and "I
experience that the applicant has gained during calculated")
his or her employment with the company. All
applicants must provide a complete outline of Use the following guidelines when determining
their professional experience. It is very how many average-sized projects to include.
important that each experience record Larger projects that span multiple years are not
describes explicitly, yet concisely, the expected to fall within these guidelines.
complexity of the work performed, the duties,
and the exact engineering work that the 5 years of employment 2-3 projects
applicant personally performed. This 10 years of employment 4-6 projects
information will be verified by the supervisor 20 years of employment 8-12 projects
during the application process and the PRP
admin after the application is submitted. The The following are examples of the way work
final verification will determine whether the experience descriptions should be written about
experience gained by the applicant is relevant an applicant’s specific role in a project. These
and suitable to be eligible for SEng registration. are just examples and should not be used in any
work description.
Tasks and Duties
The applicants need to describe the tasks and Bridge Design
duties for which they were or are responsible in
Project Name, scope
the aforementioned company. The applicant
can write up to a maximum of 300 words in this Dates of project
text area. For Tasks and Duties, the applicants
should include their level of responsibility, I designed a three-span, precast concrete bridge that is
degree of personal responsibility, the supported by driven steel piling. As part of the design, I had
to locate the bridge in the 100-year floodplain. I designed
complexity of the work performed, and
the concrete back walls of the abutments to support the
engineering decisions that they made or usually earthen backfill. The design was performed using the
make in the prescribed role. allowable stress design method. I developed construction
plans for the bridge and approaching roadway. I was the
project engineer during the construction of the bridge and
roadway. While serving as project engineer, I was in charge
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Structural
Dates of project
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Thanks,
PRP Administration
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Signature
Each applicant must upload a signature in either
The applicant can select one of the result types
black or blue ink. The size allowed for
and provide the relevant Class or GPA.
signatures are 600px by 300px. The signature
should be clear and have a plain white or off-
Uploading Documents white background.
Every applicant has to upload a number of
documents to support their application. The Transcripts / Diplomas
mandatory documents that must be uploaded Each educational record should be backed up
are shown in the following table by supporting documents which should
preferably be transcripts or other documents,
Item Format Options
such as degrees or diplomas. In the case of a
Photograph jpg or png 300px by 300px
Signature jpg or png 600px by 300px foreign university, an Equivalency Certificate
Address pdf, doc, utility bill, or any from UGC (University Grants Commission)
docx other document must also be uploaded along with the
showing proof of
transcripts. To upload the Equivalency
residence
SSC pdf, doc, transcripts or Certificate, use the Other Diploma/Transcript
docx diplomas option.
HSC/Equivalent pdf, doc, transcripts or
docx diplomas
View Uploaded Files
BSc/Equivalent pdf, doc, transcripts or
in Civil docx diplomas The applicant can view all the uploaded files in
Engineering one place by clicking on the “View Uploaded
Files” button. This will open up a page with the
In order to upload a document, the applicant list of files that have been uploaded. This page
must first click on “Choose File” and browse for also provides the applicant with the option to
the file on the computer. Then click on Upload delete a file.
to upload the document.
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Click here to fill recommendation for the Applicant. Bank Name: Mercantile Bank LTD.
{This is a link that will direct the referee to a form that Branch: Engineers Institution
he/she can fill and then send by clicking on the Send button A/C Name: Engineering Staff College,
on the same form.} Bangladesh
A/C Number: 014213100000156
Thanks,
PRP Administration
• Use bKash: Send the payment to bKash
The applicant should ideally notify the referee Number: +8801911391407
that he/she will receive this email from PRP • Use Nagad: Send the payment to Nagad
Administration. The referee has to click on the Number: +8801911391407
link in the email “Click here to fill • Pay through Cash Deposit directly to
recommendation for the Applicant.” Which will ESCB's office:
direct the referee to a form. The referee needs Address of ESCB's office:
to fill out that form and send the Engineering Staff College, Bangladesh.
recommendation by clicking on the Send button IEB Headquarters, Ramna, Dhaka-1000
at the end of the form. The applicant will be
notified about the status of the recommendation The applicant needs to record the transaction id
on the recommendation page itself as shown or receipt number from the transaction made on
previously. the PRP Portal.
The applicant needs to pay the administration If a checklist item has been completed, it will
fee of 3,000 BST before the submission of the show with . When all the checklist items
application. The payment can be made in 4 are completed, the applicant will find the
ways: “Submit Application” button.
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Application Rejected We are pleased to notify you that your application for SEng
In cases where the application failed to meet the Exam has been accepted. You are now eligible to sit for the
eligibility criteria, the PRP admin will reject the SEng Exam. Kindly pay the "Written Exam Fee" on PRP
Portal to get the admit card for the exam. If you have any
application. The Applicant will be notified by
issues, kindly send us an email.
email and with an update on the Application
Status page. Applicant Name: Applicant Name
Applicant Email: Applicant Email
SUBJECT: SEng License - Application Rejected
Click here to go to the PRP Portal.
Dear Applicant Name: {This is a link that will direct the referee to the PRP Portal
where the applicant can check the Application Status
We have reviewed your application thoroughly. Page.}
Unfortunately, your application does not meet our eligibility
criteria and could not be accepted as submitted. Kindly Thanks,
check the application status on PRP Portal for more details. PRP Administration
Please try again next year.
The Payment page will open up for the applicant
Applicant Name: Applicant Name once more to submit the payment for the SEng
Applicant Email: Applicant Email
written exam.
Click here to go to the PRP Portal.
{This is a link that will direct the referee to the PRP Portal
where the applicant can check the Application Status
Page.}
Thanks,
PRP Administration
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Thanks,
PRP Administration
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Each part of the structural exam has a 3-hour breadth (morning) module and a 3-hour depth (afternoon)
module.
• Breadth modules (AM sessions): These modules contain questions covering a
comprehensive range of structural engineering topics. All questions are multiple-choice.
• Depth modules (PM sessions): All questions are on in-depth structural analysis and design
requiring detailed manual calculations.
Candidates must take the breadth and depth modules of each part. To pass the SEng exam, a candidate
must receive acceptable results on both components. Please note that it is possible to score 90 out of
90 in the written exam without answering any Bridge related breadth or depth questions.
Summary of SEng Exam Format
Day Time Subject Marks Number of Questions
Morning
30 out of 35 multiple-choice
(9.00 AM - Gravity Loads (Breadth) 20
questions.
12.00 PM)
Answer 5 out of 8 design and
analysis questions
Day 1
• 1 Foundation/Geotechnical
Afternoon
(compulsory)
(2.30 PM – Gravity Loads (Depth) 25
• 2 Steel (1 steel compulsory)
5.30 PM)
• 3 Concrete (1 concrete
compulsory)
• 2 Bridges
Morning
30 out of 35 multiple-choice
(9.00 AM - Lateral Loads (Breadth) 20
questions
12.00 PM)
Answer 5 out of 6 design and
analysis questions
• 1 General/Analysis
Day 2
Afternoon • 1 Concrete Building - Wind
(2.30 PM – Lateral Loads (Depth) 25 • 1 Concrete Building -
5.30 PM) Earthquake
• 1 Steel Building - Wind
• 1 Steel Building - Earthquake
• 1 Concrete Bridge - Wind
Day 3 Oral 10
Total Marks = 100
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Steel
Masonry
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Existing Buildings
• Basic concepts
6. • Linear analysis procedure of evaluation ×
• Nonlinear analysis procedure of evaluation
• Modeling parameters and acceptance criteria
7. Hydraulic Structures 0 3 ×
Introduction to BNBC
9. BNBC-2020 Parts 6,7; RAJUK’s Bidhimala, Building ×
Construction Act, Town Improvement Act
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Candidates will be tested on the various subjects listed above, as they relate to a structure subject to the loads detailed below.
• Dead Loads
• Live loads, reduction of live loads
• Moving (e.g., vehicular, crane) loads
• Impact (e.g., vehicular, crane, elevator) loads
• Earth pressure
• Differential settlement
10.
• Flood loads
• Rain loads
• Thermal loads
• Shrinkage
• Load Combinations
• Deflection Limits
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EXAM UNITS
Upon discussing with many subject-matter experts, it has been determined that Bangladeshi engineers
are more conversant with FPS. Hence, the exam will be mostly administered in FPS units. For
geotechnical questions and few steel questions the units may be SI as well.
PASSING SCORE
Your exam results are based on the total number of correct answers that you selected. There are no
deductions for wrong answers. There is no specified passing score. The passing score will be
determined based on the overall performance of all the examinees in the respective SEng Exam. PRP-
Portal will not publish the criteria for the evaluation of performance as this will be determined by SEng
exam administrators and may change based on the overall difficulty of the exam.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
A. expected to fail in flexure due to crushing of concrete before the steel yields
B. expected to fail in flexure by yielding of steel before crushing of concrete
C. allowed by code in special instances in which materials are understrength
D. discouraged by code
Part 2:
An overreinforced concrete beam is one in which the:
A. actual 28-day concrete strength is more than that specified in the design
B. actual tensile strength of the steel is less than that specified in the design
C. failure occurs suddenly and without large deformations preceding the failure
D. approach is safe and conservative
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3. A 10-in. × 10-in. column is supported by a 7-ft × 7-ft square footing. The reinforcing steel for the
footing has an effective depth of 8.5 in.
Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 2008 edition.
Design Data:
Normal weight concrete, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 3000 psi
The two-way shear capacity of the concrete 𝜙𝜙𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 (kips) is most nearly:
A. 60
B. 103
C. 137
D. 175
4. Assume that for a 6-ft-square footing supporting a 10-in. × 10-in. concrete column, the net
factored soil bearing pressure has the distribution shown below. The effective depth is 8.5 in.
Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 2008 edition.
A. 21
B. 38
C. 47
D. 60
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A. 16
B. 22
C. 24
D. 66
6. A 24 in. diameter spirally reinforced column with a 1.5 in cover to the spiral is reinforced with
grade 60 bars and has a concrete compressive strength of 4500 psi. Determine the required
pitch of the spiral.
Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 2008 edition.
A. 1 in.
B. 2 in.
C. 3 in.
D. 4 in.
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Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete, 2008.
Design Data:
fc′ = 4,000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
Assumptions:
C𝑠𝑠 = 34.32 kips
Cc = 155.5 kips
The moment capacity (ft-kips) of the beam is most nearly:
A. 410
B. 370
C. 350
D. 325
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Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete, 2008.
Design Data:
fc′ = 4,000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
The strap beam shear capacity (kips) is most nearly:
A. 41
B. 47
C. 88
D. 117
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9. An 18 in. square column is reinforced with 12 no. 9 grade 60 bars and has a concrete
compressive strength of 4000 psi. The column is braced against sidesway, has an unsupported
height of 9 ft and supports axial load only without end moments.
Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete, 2008.
A. 14
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
PART 2
Determine the design axial load capacity of the column.
A. 926 kips
B. 1157 kips
C. 1424 kips
D. 1780 kips
10. A reinforced concrete beam with an effective depth of 16 in and a width of 12 in is reinforced
with grade 60 bars and has a concrete compressive strength of 3000 psi. Determine the area of
tension reinforcement required if the beam supports a total factored moment of 150 ft-kips.
A. 4.35 in.2
B. 2.61 in.2
C. 2.45 in.2
D. 0.64 in.2
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11. The figure below shows the cross section of a simply supported beam reinforced with four no. 8
bars that are confined with no. 3 stirrups spaced at 6 in. Use simplified approach.
Design Code:
BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code, 2020 edition.
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 2008 edition.
Design Data:
Normal weight concrete, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ = 3,000 psi
Specified steel yield strength 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 60 ksi
Assumptions:
Bars are not coated.
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12. An interior prestressed concrete girder for a two-lane, simply supported highway bridge with a
76-ft span is to be designed. The following figure shows a typical interior girder section with the
preliminary arrangement of prestressing strands.
Design Code:
AASHTO: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification, 8th edition, 2017.
Design Data:
Weight of girder 822 plf of girder
Prestressing force at release 650 kips
Area of girder 789 in2
Section moduli for the girder:
Top fiber 8,089 in3
Bottom fiber 10,543 in3
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13. Use net area fracture to calculate the nominal tensions capacity in kips of the two connected
plates through a set of bolts having diameters of 7/8”.
A. 151.5
B. 170.5
C. 181.25
D. 205.25
14. Calculate the value of shear lag factor for the connection shown below. Spacing between bolts
are 2 inches.
L 4” X 4” X 3/8“
A. 0.8
B. 0.86
C. 0.91
D. 1.0
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15. What is the smallest net area for the plate shown below? The bolts are 1” diameter.
A. 10
B. 10.2
C. 10.6
D. 11
16. Determine the critical buckling load about the minor axis of a W12 x 50 column. Its length is 20
ft. For major axis buckling, the column is pinned at both ends, while for minor axis buckling, the
column is pinned at one end and fixed at the other end. Ix = 391 in2; Iy = 56.3; and E=29000
ksi.
A. 323 kips
B. 437 kips
C. 807 kips
D. 1456 kips
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17. The plastic section modulus about minor axis of the section shown below:
15”
tf=1”
17” tw=1.5”
A. 132
B. 112
C. 102
D. 122
18. For an HSS16 × 8 × ¼ member with the following section and material properties:
Part 1
Check whether the:
A. section is compact
B. both section webs and flanges are non-compact
C. only flanges are compact
D. only webs are compact
Part 2
Check whether the:
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19. The maximum shear stress at neutral axis for the steel section shown below when the external
shear force, V = 75 kips is:
A. 7.1
B. 1.13
C. 10.25
D. 8.25
Assume 7/8 in. A325 bolts are used in a slip-critical connection with a factor for fillers, hf = 1.0.
A36 steel (Fy=36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi) and Class B faying surface and standard size holes. For plate,
𝑈𝑈𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1.
Part 1
The block shear strength of the figure below is:
A. 205
B. 219
C. 244
D. 235
Part 2
The connection slip-critical strength:
A. 17 kips
B. 19 kips
C. 22 kips
D. 132 kips
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21. For the connection shown below, the tension member and the gusset plate are made from A36
steel. Electrodes are E70xx. The weld strength of tension member connections is:
A. 5.6 kips
B. 9.8 kips
C. 32.4 kips
D. 44.5 kips
22. The sand in the profile illustrated is saturated above the water table by virtue of capillary action.
Given the soil properties illustrated, what is the total stress, effective stress, and pore pressure
in psf at 35 ft depth (bottom of the profile) :
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23. Determine the classification of an inorganic soil with the characteristics listed using the USCS
classification systems.
A. CL-ML
B. CL
C. CH
D. ML
24. During the surface investigations for design of foundation, a standard penetration test was
conducted at 4.5 m below the ground surface. The record of number of blows is given below:
0 – 75 mm 3 blows
75 mm – 150 mm 3 blows
150 mm – 225 mm 6 blows
225 mm – 300 mm 6 blows
300 mm – 375 mm 8 blows
375 mm – 450 mm 7 blows
Assuming the water table at ground level, soil as fine sand and correction factor for overburden
as 1.0, the corrected N value for the soil would be:
A. 18
B. 19
C. 21
D. 33
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25. The stresses at failure on the failure plane in a cohesionless soil mass were: Shear stress = 4
kN/m2; normal stress = 10 kN/m2. Determine the resultant stress on the failure plane and the
angle of internal friction of the soil.
A. 10 kN/m2, 20°
B. 10.8 kN/m2, 21° 48’
C. 11.2 kN/m2, 25° 33’
D. 12 kN/m2, 45°
{We will add more geotechnical and bridge questions in coming days}
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Solutions
1. D
Option A incorrectly uses constant shear in Span 1. Option B is incorrect because it uses
the moment diagram for the overhang. Option C is incorrect because it uses the inverted
shear diagram for Span 1.
2. Part 1: B
In the flexural failure of an underreinforced beam, the steel yields before the concrete
crushes, resulting in an increase in ductile failure.
Part 2: C
3. B
4. C
49.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.
𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 @13.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. = � � (4.9) = 3.37 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
72 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖.
1.875
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = ��(3.37)(18.75)� + �(1.54) � ��� 6 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 46.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
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5. A
ACI 7.10.5.2
Column width = 16 in.
16 bar diameter = 16(1.41) =22.56
48 tie diameter = 48 (0.50) =24.0
Least dimension =16 in.
6. B
From ACI Sec. 7.10.4.2, the minimum permissible diameter of spiral reinforcement is:
𝑑𝑑𝑏𝑏 = 0.375 in.
8. C
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9. Part 1: B
From ACI Sec. 10.10.6.3, the effective length factor, 𝑘𝑘, for a column braced against
sideway is, 𝑘𝑘 = 1.0.
The radius of gyration, in accordance with ACI Sec. 10.10.1.2, is
𝑟𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = (0.3)(18 in) = 5.4 in
The slenderness ratio is
in.
𝑘𝑘ℓ𝑢𝑢 (1.0)(9 ft) �12 ft �
= = 20.0
𝑟𝑟 5.4 in.
Part 2: A
In accordance with ACI Eq. 10-7, the column, may be classified as a short column provided
that:
𝑘𝑘ℓ𝑢𝑢 12𝑀𝑀1
≤ 34 − ≤ 40
𝑟𝑟 𝑀𝑀2
20 < 34
Where, 𝑀𝑀1 = 0, and 𝑀𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
The column is a short column, and the design axial load capacity is given by ACI Eq. 10-2
as:
10. C
This problem can be worked out in various ways. We will soon post the solution for this.
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11. B
60,000
ℓ𝑑𝑑 = = 54.8 ≅ 55 in.
20 × 1 × √3000
Note: Upon using ACI Eq. 12-1, the development length will be 44 in. which is 11 in. less
than the simplified approach.
12. C
762
𝑀𝑀 due to girder weight = 0.822 � 8 � = 594 ft-kips
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 = − (distance from center of strands to the C.G. of girder) +
𝐴𝐴 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡
650 650(24.73 − 4) (594)(12)
=− + − = 0.039 ksi, compression
789 8089 8089
650 659(20.73) (594)(12)
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏 = − − + = 1426 ksi, compression
789 10543 10543
13. C
Net area, An = Plate thickness x plate depth – no. of bolts x hole diameter x thickness
An = (5/8) (8)-(3) (7/8+1/8) (5/8)
An = 3.125 in2
Nominal tension capacity = An Fu = 3.125*58 = 181.25 ksi
14. A
According to the AISC Table D3.1, Case 8, U = 0.8
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15. A
For path a-b-c-d-e,
𝑠𝑠 2
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − �� 𝑑𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + �� 𝑡𝑡
4𝑔𝑔
3 3 32 3
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = (16) � � − [(3) �1 + � + (2)]( )
4 16 4(5) 4
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 10 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
For path a-b-d-e,
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − (� 𝑑𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 )(𝑡𝑡)
3 3 3
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = (16)( ) − (2) �1 + � ( )
4 16 4
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 10.22 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
For path a-b-c-g,
𝑠𝑠 2
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 − �� 𝑑𝑑ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + � � 𝑡𝑡
4𝑔𝑔
3 3 32 3
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = (16) � � − [(2) �1 + � + ]( )
4 16 4(5) 4
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 10.55 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
16. B
For W12 x 50, x is major axis and y is minor axis, which means Ix > Iy.
According to Table C-A-7.1 of AISC manual, Kx=1.0 and Ky=0.8 (recommended design
value)
Lcx = KxLx = (1.0) (20) = 20’
Lcy = KyLy = (0.8) (20) = 16’
𝜋𝜋2 𝐸𝐸 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋2 (29000)(56.3)
Critical load for buckling about y-axis, 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐−𝑦𝑦 = (𝐾𝐾 )2
= = 437 kips
𝑦𝑦 𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 (16∗12)2
17. D
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18. Part 1: B
Check whether the flanges are compact. According to the AISC specifications Table B4.1b,
case 17,
𝐸𝐸 29,000 𝑏𝑏
ʎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 1.12� = 1.12� = 28.12 [< 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 46 𝑡𝑡
Check whether the webs are compact. According to the AISC specifications Table B4.1b,
case 19,
𝐸𝐸 29,000 ℎ
ʎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 2.42� = 2.42� = 60.76 [< 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 46 𝑡𝑡
Part 2: D
Check whether the flanges are compact. According to the AISC specifications Table B4.1b,
case 17,
𝐸𝐸 29,000 𝑏𝑏
ʎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 1.40� = 1.40� = 35.15 [> 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 46 𝑡𝑡
Check whether the webs are compact. According to the AISC specifications Table B4.1b,
case 19,
𝐸𝐸 29,000 ℎ
ʎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 5.70� = 5.70� = 143.12 [> 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 46 𝑡𝑡
19. D
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏
(7)(33 ) (1)(6)3
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = (2) + (2)(21)(4.5)2 +
12 12
𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 900 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖4
3
𝑄𝑄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (7)(3) �3 + � + (3)(1.5)
2
𝑄𝑄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 99 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛3
(75)(99)
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
(900)(1)
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 8.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
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20. Part 1: B
𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = (9.5)(2)(0.5) = 9.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
7 1
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 9.5 − (5)( + )(0.5) = 7.0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
8 8
7 1
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = [4 − � + �](0.5) = 1.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
8 8
For plate, 𝑈𝑈𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1
Fracture shear failure: 0.6𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.6(58)(7.0) = 244 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Gross yield failure: 0.6𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 0.6(36)(9.5) = 205 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 → 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = ∅�0.6𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + 𝑈𝑈𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 � = 0.75(205.2 + (1.0)(58)(1.5) = 219 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Part 2: D
Answer is D
𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷𝑢𝑢 ℎ𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛𝑠𝑠 = (0.5)(1.13)(1.0)(39)(1.0) = 22.04 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = (1.0)(22.04) = 22.04
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
Therefore, the connection (6 bolts) strength: (6.0)(22.04) = 132.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
21. D
Weld symmetrically placed, qualified for simply connection.
Basic weld strength, 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0.6(70) = 42 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1 𝑘𝑘
Nominal strength per inch of weld, 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = 0.707𝑤𝑤𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.707 � � (42) = 7.42
4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Design weld strength, ∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = 0.75(7.42)(4 + 4) = 44.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
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22. A
The total stress profile is a profile of the total weight of the soil column with depth. The total
stress at a depth of 10 ft is
lbf
𝜎𝜎10 = 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧 = �120 � × (10 ft) = 1200 psf
ft 3
The pore water pressure above the water table is zero. Below the water table, the pore
water pressure is equal to the weight of the water column. At a depth of 35 ft, the pore water
pressure is
lbf
𝑢𝑢35 = �62.4 � (35 ft − 8 ft) = 1684.8 psf
ft 3
The effective stress profile is determined by subtracting the pore water pressure from the
total stress, or by using buoyant densities below the water table. Above the water table, the
total and effective stresses are equal. At a depth of 8 ft, the effective stress is
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23. C
The plasticity index is given by:
PI = LL-PL = 53-22 = 31
From Table 6.3.2 of BNBC, soil is first classified as fine-grained soil (more than 50%
passing the no. 200 sieve as F200 = 71%). The liquid limit is greater than 50 (LL=53).
Using Plasticity Chart in Figure 6.3.1 of BNBC, since the soil plots above the A-line, it is
classified as CH: a highly plastic clay.
24. C
For calculation of SPT number N, we discard the value of blows for first 15 cm and count
number of blows for next 30 cm.
25. B
𝜏𝜏 4
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(𝜙𝜙) = = = 0.4
𝜎𝜎 10
𝜙𝜙 = 21° 48′
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A. B
B. C
C. D
D. E
Part 2
Depending on the specifics of a structure, the system overstrength factor may vary between
A. resistance
B. Ductility
C. Stiffness
D. None of the above
Part 2
For a 200 ft (61 m) regular building in San Francisco different types of structural systems are
being analyzed. Which of the following systems are allowed by the BNBC? Assume seismic
design category D
(I) Steel eccentrically braced frame
(II) Special steel truss moment-resisting frames
(III) Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I and III
D. I, II, and III
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𝑉𝑉
A. 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
B. 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1
C. 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑇( )
𝐼𝐼
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1 𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿
D. 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑇 2 ( )
𝐼𝐼
Part 2
The weight, W, used in the base shear calculation for a storage area, must include at least 25%
of the floor.
A. Live load
B. Dead load
C. Combined live and dead loads
D. None of the above
4. The following three structures are located at a site in seismic design category C and underlain
by the same site class. If an earthquake occurs with a predominant period of 0.6 sed, which of
the following buildings may be in resonance with the earthquake?
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5. A ten-story office building with site class B, has a response modification factor, R, of 5.6, an
effective seismic weight, W, of 2000 kips (900 000 kg), and mapped acceleration parameters
of Ss = 1.25 and S1 = 0.45. What is the approximate seismic base shear for the structure?
Assume the occupancy importance factor, I, is 1.0; the fundamental period, T, is 2 sec; and the
long-period transition period, TL, is 3 sec.
7. A four story, special moment-resisting steel frame with equal story heights of 15 ft (4.6 m) has a
fundamental period of 0.7 sec, an occupancy category of III, a redundancy factor of 1.0, and a
design level elastic response displacement of 0.7 in (18 mm). The maximum inelastic
displacement in the first story is most nearly
A. 3 in (80 mm)
B. 4 in (90 mm)
C. 5 in (100 mm)
D. 6 in (110 mm)
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A. I/R
B. R/I
C. Cd/I
D. I/Cd
Part 2
While performing a modal response spectrum analysis, what percentage of the mass needs to
be considered when determining the number of modes for the analysis?
A. 90%
B. 95%
C. 100%
D. None
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I and III
D. II and III
10. For the structure shown, Sn represents the story strength of the nth floor. The relative story
strengths of different floors are given as follows. Which floor can be identified as a weak story?
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A. 1st floor
B. 2nd floor
C. 3rd floor
D. 4th floor
11. A ten-story office building as shown has a special moment-resisting steel frame, a seismic
design category of D, mapped MCE spectral response acceleration values of Ss = 1.1 and S1 =
0.75, and design spectral acceleration parameters of SDS = 0.7 sec and SD1 = 0.6 sec. The total
weight of each story is 150,000 lbf (68,000 kg). If the importance factor, I, is 1.0 and the
fundamental period, T = 1.3 sec, does not exceed the long-period transition period, the seismic
base shear is most nearly
Site class C
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12. For question Part 1 and Part 2, refer to the following set of assumptions. The plan view of a one-
story residential building with a wood structural panel roof diaphragm is shown. The roof has a
4 ft (1.2 m) overhang. The seismic load is in the north-south direction. (ρ = 1.0.)
Part 1
For the north-south direction, determine the roof diaphragm shear force at line 1.
A. 4000 lbf (18 000 N)
B. 4200 lbf (19 000 N)
C. 8000 lbf (35 000 N)
D. 8200 lbf (37 000 N)
Part 2
For the north-south direction, determine the roof diaphragm shear force at line 2.
A. 4000 lbf (18 000 N)
B. 4200 lbf (19 000 N)
C. 8000 lbf (35 000 N)
D. 8200 lbf (37 000 N)
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A three-story building, 36 ft (10.97 m) high and the building length is 150 ft (45.72 m) and width is 60 ft
(18.29 m) (see Figure below). Assume less than 300 people are staying in one area.
Given:
Building location Adjacent to the shoreline on flat area
Wind speed 150 mph (67 m/s)
Wind direction South to North
Building type Steel building
Enclosure classification Enclosed
14. For the windward wall, the external pressure at roof height is:
A. 34 lb/ft2
B. 44 lb/ft2
C. 39 lb/ft2
D. 27 lb/ft2
A. - 28 lb/ft2
B. - 18 lb/ft2
C. - 21 lb/ft2
D. - 14 lb/ft2
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16. For side wall, the external pressure acting on the wall is
A. - 30 lb/ft2
B. - 19 lb/ft2
C. - 24 lb/ft2
D. - 36 lb/ft2
17. For the six-story hotel building, located on an Escarpment, shown in the figure below and, the
topographic factor, Kzt, at centroid of the parapet is:
Assume:
Surface roughness is D
Topography is 2-D escarpment
Occupancy is residential building (less than 300 people congregate in one area)
A. 1.01
B. 1.06
C. 1.11
D. 1.17
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Solutions
1. Part 1: D
According to ASCE Sec. 11.6, a structure with an occupancy category of I, II, or III, and a
mapped spectral response acceleration parameter greater than or equal to 0.75 at 1 sec is
given a seismic design category of E. All other structures must be determined in
accordance with ASCE Secs. 11.4.4 and 11.6.1.1.
Part 2: D
In a linear elastic structure, the force in the structure reaches R times the calculated design
seismic force where R is the response modification factor of the structure and has a value
between 1.0 and 8.0 depending on the structural system. However, because of the inelastic
behavior of the actual structure, the fundamental period and the damping ratio increase,
and seismic energy is dissipated. This reduces the actual seismic force that can be
developed to Ωo times the design seismic force, where Ωo is the system overstrength factor,
which varies between 1.25 and 3.0 depending on the structure
2. Part 1: B
R values are tabulated in ASCE Table 12.2-1, for various types of building structural
systems, and in Tables 15.4-1 and 15.4-2 for nonbuilding structures. A higher R value is
indicative of a more ductile structural system.
Part 2: B
ASCE Table 12.2-1 does not permit the use of ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls is
buildings of seismic design category D. There is a limit of 160 ft on the height of buildings
supported by special steel truss moment-resisting frames. However, footnote d refers to
ASCE Sec. 12.2.5.4, which permits the height limit to be increased to 240 ft for regular
buildings, which also satisfies item two of that section. There is no limit on the steel
eccentrically braced frames.
3. Part 1: D
ASCE Sec. 12.8.1.1 provides the method to determine the value of Cs. When the
fundamental time period, T, exceeds the long-period transition period, TL, ASCE Eq. 12.8-
4 is used
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1 𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑇 2 ( )
𝐼𝐼
Part 2: A
The weight, W, is used in the base shear calculation given by ASCE Sec. 12.8.1, which
refers to Sec. 12.7.2. For areas used in storage, the weight must also include a minimum
of 25% of the live load.
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4. D
Resonance occurs when the building period coincides with the earthquake’s fundamental
time period. Use ASCE Eq. 12.8-7, 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 ℎ𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 , to find the approximate fundamental time
period of each structure and compare it with the earthquake period of 0.6 sec. Use ASCE
Table 12.8-2 to obtain the values of Ct and x.
For structure I, the concrete shear walls’ bearing wall systems falls under ASCE Table
12.8-2’s structure type “other.” Therefore, its values of Ct and x are 0.02 and 0.75. As
given, the height is 93 ft.
For structure II, with a steel moment-resisting frame, the value of Ct and x are 0.028 and
0.8. As height is 44 ft.
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 = (0.028)(44 ft)0.8 = 0.58 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
For structure III, with a concrete moment-resisting frame, the value of Ct and x are 0.016
and 0.9. As height is 54 ft.
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝐻𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥 = (0.016)(54 ft)0.9 = 0.58 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
5. B
The seismic base shear is given by ASCE Eq. 12.8-1, V = CsW. The seismic response
coefficient, Cs, is given in ASCE/SEI Sec. 12.8.1. Because the fundamental period, T, is
less than the long-period transition period, TL use ASCE Eq. 12.8-3 to determine Cs.
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 =
𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑇( 𝐼𝐼 )
The design spectral acceleration parameter, SD1, is given by ASCE Eq. 11.4-4, where S1
is 0.45.
2 2
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1 = 𝑆𝑆1 = � � (0.45) = 0.3
3 3
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1 0.3
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = = = 0.027
𝑅𝑅 5.6
𝑇𝑇( 𝐼𝐼 ) (2sec) � �
1.0
Therefore, the seismic base shear is
𝑉𝑉 = (0.027)(2000 kips) = 54 kips (50kips)
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6. Part 1: D
Part 2: C
The response modification factor, R, reflects the inherent overstrength and global ductility
capacity of different lateral-force resisting systems. As the value of R decreases, the
ductility of the structure decreases. R values are given in ASCE Table 12.2-1. From this
table, the value of R for option A, B, C, and D are 5, 5.5, 4.5, and 8. Therefore,
intermediate steel moment frames have the lowest ductility.
7. A
The maximum inelastic response displacement, δx, for the first story is computed from
ASCE Eq. 12.8-15.
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 𝛿𝛿1𝑒𝑒
𝛿𝛿1 =
𝐼𝐼
From ASCE Table 12.2-1, the deflection amplification factor, Cd, for a special moment-
resisting steel frame is 5.5. For occupancy III structures, the importance factor is 1.25.
The design level elastic response displacement, δxe, is found by elastic analysis, and
given as 0.7 in. Therefore,
8. Part 1: B
ASCE Sec. 12.9.2 allows the reduction of the force related parameters, including story
drifts, support forces, and individual member forces for each mode of response by the
quantity R/I.
Part 2: A
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9. C
The soft story per ASCE Table 12.3-2 is a type of vertical structural irregularity where the
story stiffness is either less than 70% of that in the story above or less than 80% of the
average stiffness of the three stories above. By inspection, the first story of building I and
middle story of building III are considered soft stories.
10. C
Per ASCE Table 12.3-2, item 5, vertical structural irregularities of the weak story type
exist where the story strength is less than 80% of that in the story above, or Sn<80% Sn+1.
Checking for each story shows that S3 < 80% S4. Therefore, the third floor is a weak story.
11. B
ASCE Sec. 12.8.1 gives the procedure for finding the seismic base shear, V. The seismic
base shear is found using the equation, V=CsW, where Cs is the seismic response
coefficient found using ASCE Eq. 12.8-2, W is the structure’s weight, R is the response
modification factor found from ASCE Table 12.2.1, and I is the importance factor.
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = [𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴/𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆7 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 12.8 − 2]
𝑅𝑅
𝐼𝐼
0.7𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
= = 0.087 (0.09)
8.0
1.0
Check to make sure Cs does not exceed what is allowed by the code, as determined by
the structure’s fundamental time period. Since the fundamental time period does not
exceed the long-period transition period, use ASCE Eq. 12.8-3.
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷1 0.6 𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = = = 0.06
𝑅𝑅 8.0
𝑇𝑇( 𝐼𝐼 ) )1.3 sec )( )
1.0
Since 0.09 exceeds 0.06, use 0.06 as the governing value of Cs. Compute the seismic
base shear.
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 𝑊𝑊
= (0.06)�(10 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)(150,000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)�
= 90,000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓 (100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
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12. Part 1: C
The tributary area to line 1 includes everything to the plane halfway between lines 1 and
2. The seismic load from the roof overhang is tributary to line 2.
lbf
�200 � (80 ft)
𝑉𝑉 = ft
2
16,000
=
2
= 8000 lbf
Part 2: D
The tributary area line 2 includes everything to the plane halfway between lines 1 and 2,
plus the roof overhang. As determined previously, Vroof at line 2 = 8000 lbf. Therefore,
lbf
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2 = �50 � (4 ft)
ft
= 200 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 8000 lbf + 200 lbf
= 8200 lbf
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13. B
The wind speed pressure is calculated using Eq. 6-15 as mentioned in ASCE7-05 Sec.
6.5.10.
𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 0.00256 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉 2 𝐼𝐼
where, 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 , 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 , 𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 , 𝑉𝑉, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼 are the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, topographic
factor, directionality factor, design wind speed, and wind importance factor.
For a location on the shoreline in a hurricane-prone region, the exposure is category C.
Kz = 1.016 at roof (height=36’) (ASCE 7-05 Table 6.3)
Kz = 0.85 at height=15’ (ASCE 7-05 Table 6.3)
Kzt = 1.0 (For building on flat area)
Kd = 0.85 (ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4)
V = 150 mph (given)
I = 1.0 (Since number of people is less than 300 in one
area, the building is considered as category II
(ASCE 7-05 Table 1-1) and the importance factor, I,
is equal to 1.0 (ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1))
𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 0.00256 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 (1.0)(0.85)(150)2 (1.0)
𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 48.96 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧
lb
𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 48.96 (1.016) = 49.74 lb/ft2 (50 ) at roof height
ft2
lb
𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 48.96 (0.85) = 41.62 lb/ft2 (42 ) at height = 15 ft
ft2
14. A
where, 𝑝𝑝ℎ is the external pressure at roof height, 𝑞𝑞ℎ , is the velocity pressure at roof height,
G is gust factor, and Cp is the external pressure coefficients.
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15. C
𝐿𝐿 60
= = 0.4 < 1.0
𝐵𝐵 150
𝐿𝐿
From ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-6 for leeward wall and < 1.0, 𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝 = −0.5
𝐵𝐵
16. A
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17. B
Answer is B
Check whether five conditions in ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.1 are satisfied or not.
- Assume condition 1 and 2 are satisfied
- Condition 3 is satisfied because the building is located near the crest of the
escarpment
𝐻𝐻 30
- Condition 4 is satisfied because = = 0.75 > 0.2
𝐿𝐿ℎ 40
- Condition 5 is satisfied because 𝐻𝐻 = 30 ft > 15ft for exposure D
Therefore, speed up effects at the escarpment must be considered.
According to the ASCE 7-05 Sec. 6.5.7.2, topographic factor, 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 , must be calculated
using ASCE 7-05 Eq. 6-3.
𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = (1 + 𝐾𝐾1 𝐾𝐾2 𝐾𝐾3 )2
𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻
According to the note 2 in ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4, use = 0.5 because = 0.75 > 0.5 for
𝐿𝐿ℎ 𝐿𝐿ℎ
calculating 𝐾𝐾1 and substitute 2H for Lh for calculating 𝐾𝐾2 and 𝐾𝐾3
𝐾𝐾1
𝐻𝐻 = 0.95 → 𝐾𝐾1 = (0.95)(0.5) = 0.48 (ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4)
𝐿𝐿ℎ
|𝑥𝑥|
𝐾𝐾2 = 1 − 𝜇𝜇 𝐿𝐿 (ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4)
ℎ
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A. concentric loading
B. balanced strain conditions
C. compression failure with strain in the leftmost longitudinal steel equal to zero
D. tension failure with the steel strain equal to 0.01
Solution
Because the reinforcement is symmetric, the plastic centroid is at the geometric center of the cross
section.
A. In the case of concentric loading, the strain is uniformly distributed, and the eccentricity is zero.
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ 𝑏𝑏ℎ
𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 0.85(5)(24)(16) = 1632 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠1 = 2𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 = 2(1) = 2.0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠1 = 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠2 = (𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ )𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠1
= (60 − 0.85(5))(2.0) = 112 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑃𝑃0,𝐴𝐴 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠1 + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠2
= 1632 + 112 + 112 = 1856 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃0,𝐴𝐴 𝑒𝑒𝐴𝐴 = (1856)(0) = 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
B. In balanced strain conditions, the tensile reinforcement reaches its yield strain (0.00207 for
grade 60 reinforcement) exactly when the concrete reaches the crushing strain, 0.003, as
shown in the following figure. The position of the neutral axis is found by using similar
triangles.
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
=
0.003 0.003 + 0.00207
0.003𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐 =
0.003 + 0.00207
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The strain in the compression side reinforcement is also found by similar triangles.
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠′ 0.003
=
𝑐𝑐 − 2.5 𝑐𝑐
0.003(12.7 − 2.5)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠′ = = 0.0024
12.7
The strain 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠′ exceeds the yield strain 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 , so the stress in the compression side steel is the yield
stress, 60 ksi.
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
= (60)(2.0)
= 120 kips
Equilibrium gives:
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠′ − 𝑇𝑇
= 691 + 112 − 120 = 683 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
ℎ 𝛽𝛽1 𝑐𝑐 ℎ ℎ
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 � − � + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠′ � − 2.5� + 𝑇𝑇(𝑑𝑑 − )
2 2 2 2
24 (0.8)(12.7) 24 24
= 691 � − � + (112) � − 2.5� + (120)(21.5 − )
2 2 2 2
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C. In the case of compression failure with strain in the leftmost longitudinal steel equal to zero, the
strain in the compression steel is greater than in case B. Therefore, the compression steel
yields, as shown earlier. In this case, the neutral axis coincides with the effective depth.
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑑𝑑 = 21.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Because the strain in the tension-side steel is zero, the steel stress is zero and so is the force in
the reinforcement.
𝑇𝑇 = 0 kips
Equilibrium gives:
ℎ 𝛽𝛽1 𝑐𝑐 ℎ ℎ
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 � − � + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠′ � − 2.5� + 𝑇𝑇(𝑑𝑑 − )
2 2 2 2
24 (0.8)(12.7) 24 24
= 1170 � − � + (112) � − 2.5� + (00)(21.5 − )
2 2 2 2
= 5042 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 420 𝑘𝑘 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
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D. In the case of tension failure with strain in the leftmost longitudinal steel equal to 0.01, the
position of the neutral axis is found by using similar triangles.
𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑
=
0.003 0.003 + 0.01
0.003𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐 =
0.003 + 0.01
0.003(21.5)
𝑐𝑐 =
0.003 + 0.01
𝑐𝑐 = 4.96 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠′ 0.003
=
𝑐𝑐 − 2.5 𝑐𝑐
0.003(4.96 − 2.5)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠′ = = 0.0024 < 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 = 0.00207
4.96
= 43.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
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𝑇𝑇 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠1
= (60)(2.0)
= 120 kips
Equilibrium gives
ℎ 𝛽𝛽1 𝑐𝑐 ℎ ℎ
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 � − � + 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠′ � − 2.5� + 𝑇𝑇(𝑑𝑑 − )
2 2 2 2
24 (0.8)(4.96) 24 24
= 270 � − � + (78) � − 2.5� + (120)(21.5 − )
2 2 2 2
= 4585 kips-in = 382 k-ft
An interaction diagram is a plot of M against P for all possible strain variations. Figure below
shows the interaction diagram for the column of this example. Theoretically, any combination of
P and M that falls within the region bounded by the axes and the curves is safe; those outside
the region cause failure. To account for variations in materials and workmanship, and the relative
significance of a column failure, ACI applies a capacity reduction factor, φ, that depends on
column type and failure mode, as defined in Secs. 9.3 and 10.3 of ACI 318. So, one can easily
plot the 𝜙𝜙𝑃𝑃-𝜙𝜙𝑀𝑀 interaction diagram using the reduction factors. The criteria are as follows:
• When the strain in the extreme tension steel equals or exceeds 0.005 at failure (tension
controlled), 𝜙𝜙 is equal to 0.9.
• When the strain in extreme tension-side steel is less than 0.002 (compression controlled),
𝜙𝜙 is equal to 0.65 for a tied column and 0.7 for a spiral column.
• When the net tension strain is between the limits of 0.005 and 0.002, 𝜙𝜙 varies linearly from
0.9 to its limiting value for a compression failure.
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2. Torsional Reinforcement
A spandrel beam supports floor loads from a one-way slab. The slab creates a factored shear force of
54 kips and a factored torsional moment of 50 ft-kip at a critical section located 27.5 in from the face of
support. The concrete is normal weight with a compressive strength of 3000 psi. Stirrups are no. 3 with
1.5 in cover. The overhanging portion of the slab is not detailed to resist torsion.
Design the torsional reinforcement for the beam, at a section for which the factored shear is 54 kip and
the reduced torsional moment is 34.4 ft-kip. Assume that no. 3 stirrups at 12 in centers acting alone are
adequate to resist the factored shear. Use grade 60 reinforcement for both transverse and longitudinal
steel.
Solution
The perimeter of the centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement is
Check that the section can be reinforced to resist the loading. ACI Eq. 11-18 requires
The nominal shear strength of the concrete is given by ACI Eq. 11-3
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2 2 2
𝑉𝑉 2 𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝 54 (34.4)(12)(78.5)
�� 𝑢𝑢 � + � 𝑢𝑢 2ℎ � = �� � +� �
𝑏𝑏𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑 1.7𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜ℎ (16)(27.5) (1.7)(336)
= 0.208
ACI Sec. 11.5.6.1 sets the maximum spacing limit for the stirrups.
𝑝𝑝ℎ 78.5
𝑠𝑠 ≤ � 8 = 8 = 9.8 in [does not control]
12 in
Thus, no. 3 closed ties at 4 in centers are adequate for the transverse reinforcement at the critical
section. ACI Eq. 11-22 gives the additional longitudinal steel required.
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝑙𝑙 = � � 𝑝𝑝ℎ � � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃
𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
60
= (0.016)(78.5)( )𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 45𝑜𝑜
60
= 1.26 in2
The minimum amount of additional longitudinal steel is set by ACI Sec. 11.5.5.3
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Provide 1.26 in2 of additional longitudinal steel distributed around the perimeter of the closed stirrups at
a spacing not to exceed 12 in.
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Solution
Converting to foot-kips
L is the span length in feet and wu is the factored uniformly distributed load in kips per foot. Using the
strength requirement and solving for wu gives
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Solution
The tension steel is on top and the steel in the lower region is in compression. The transformed area for
calculating immediate deflection is shown.
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Design flexural steel in the east-west direction over the first interior support of the two-way flat plate
consists of rectangular panels as shown in partial plan. Columns are 16 in by 16 in in cross section.
Subdivide the slab into column and middle strips. Concrete is normal weight with a compressive strength
of 3500 psi, and the steel reinforcement has a yield strength of 60,000 psi. The superimposed service
dead load is 25 lbf/ft2, and service live load is 50 lbf/ft2 (nonreducible). Assume a 9 in overall slab depth
and an average effective depth of 7.5 in for both directions.
Solution
The factored gravity load is
For the east-west direction, the span length equals 24 ft. For the exterior span,
The static moment in the exterior span is computed using ACI Eq. 13-4.
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The portion of the exterior span moment in the column strip over the first interior support, on a per-foot
width basis, is
The statical moment is allocated to the negative region of the column strip using the factors tabulated
in Tables 8.3 and 8.5 and expressed on a per-foot width basis by dividing by the column strip width.
The column strip negative region must resist 18,200 ft-lbf per foot of width. The minimum steel
throughout the 9 in slab for temperature and shrinkage (per ACI Sec. 7.12) is
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Thus, no. 7 bars at 12 in centers furnish the required steel and satisfy the spacing limits.
In wide beam shear, the entire width of a critical section—taken at a distance of d from the face of
support—gives a design resistance of
Punching shear occurs around the perimeter of a support and is located at d/2 from the support face.
The design punching shear resistance of a square column is
bo is the critical perimeter. In the case of a rectangular column, the punching shear strength diminishes
as the ratio of the column’s long side to its short side, β, increases. In this case, ACI Sec. 11.11.2.1
gives the design punching shear strength as
The parameter αs is 40 for an interior column, 30 for an exterior column, and 20 for a corner column.
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Check the shear strength at a typical interior column in the flat plate of the previous example. The
transfer of moment to the column is negligible.
Solution
From the previous example, the factored gravity load on the slab is 245 lbf/ft2. Critical wide beam shear
occurs in the longer span at distance d from the support.
Thus, the slab has adequate wide beam shear strength. Check the punching shear. For a square
interior column,
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For an interior column, the tributary area for the punching shear is outside the critical perimeter and
extending to the centerline of the panels in each direction, as shown.
The calculated punching shear, Vu, exceeds the punching shear resistance of the slab, φVc. There are
several possible remedies.
• Increase the critical perimeter by increasing the column dimensions or adding a capital.
• Increase the slab thickness either locally (by adding a drop panel) or globally.
• Add shear reinforcement or a shear head, as defined in ACI Sec. 11.11.4.
• Increase the compressive strength of the concrete locally or globally.
• Use appropriate combinations of the previous four options.
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Solution
For bars no. 6 and smaller, ψs equals 1.0 and the development length equation is
For no. 7 and larger bars, ψs equals 1.25, and the same equation is
ACI Sec. 12.2.5 permits a reduction in the development length when the area of steel furnished,
As,provided, exceeds the area theoretically required at a section, As,required. The development length from
the table or formula may be multiplied by the ratio As,required/As,provided to give the allowed development
length.
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1. Using Load and Resistance Factor Design, determine the adequacy of the fasteners in the figure
below when 7/8-in diameter A325 bolts are used in (a) a bearing-type connection (A325-X) with
threads excluded from the shear planes, and (b) a slip-critical connection (A325-SC) with Class
A surface condition and standard holes. Assume the strength of the column flange and the ST
section do not govern the answer. Neglect prying action. The gravity loading is 10% dead and
90% live load.
Solution
a) Check connection as a bearing-type connection (A325-X). Obtaining the tension and shear
components of the factored applied force,
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2(0.1) = 1.6(0.9)(75) = 117 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Tension component = 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.8(117) = 93.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Shear component = 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.6(117) = 70.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
The factored loads, Tu and Vu per bolt are
93.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Tension 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = = 15.6
6 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
70.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Shear 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = = 11.7
6 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
The factored load shear stress is
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 11.7
�𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 = = = 19.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘� > [0.2∅𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 0.2(0.75)60 = 9 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 0.6013
Therefore, the shear-tension interaction must be considered. From AISC-J3.7, the
′
available stress in tension 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 per bolt is
′
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1.3𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑓𝑓 ≤ [𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 90 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
∅𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣
90
= 1.3(90) − (19.5) = 78 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.75(60)
′
∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 0.75(78)0.6013 = 35.2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 > �𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = 15.6 � 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢
𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 = 1 −
𝐷𝐷𝑢𝑢 𝑁𝑁𝑏𝑏 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏
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93.6
=1− = 0.646
1.13(6)39
and the reduced design slip resistance is
∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∅𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷𝑢𝑢 ℎ𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏
= 1.0(0.646)(0.35)(1.13)(1.0)(1)(39)
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 9.96 < �𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = 11.7 � 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
Since the reduced ∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 is less than the factored shear 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 the bolts are not satisfactory as a
slip-critical connection.
2. Determine the maximum value of the load P in the previous example assuming a) a slip-critical
connection, and b) a bearing-type connection (A325-N) with threads possible in the shear
planes. Use AISC Specification LRFD Method and assume Class A surface condition with
standard holes.
Solution
a) Slip-critical connection. The factored service load force Pu is
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2(0.1)𝑃𝑃 + 1.6(0.9)𝑃𝑃 = 1.56𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.8𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.25𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.6𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 0.94𝑃𝑃
The factored load per bolt in shear is
0.94𝑃𝑃
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = = 0.156𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
6
The factored load per bolt in tension is
1.25𝑃𝑃
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = = 0.208𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
6
The design strength in shear ∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 is
∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∅𝑘𝑘𝑠𝑠 𝜇𝜇𝐷𝐷𝑢𝑢 ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏
1.248𝑃𝑃
= 1.0(1 − (0.5)(1.13)(1.0)(1)(39)
1.13(39)(6)
= 15.43 − 0.0728𝑃𝑃
b) Bearing-type connection (A325-N) with threads possible in the shear planes. The factored are
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.2(0.1)𝑃𝑃 + 1.6(0.9)𝑃𝑃 = 1.56𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.8𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 1.25𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.6𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 = 0.94𝑃𝑃
The factored load per bolt in shear is
0.94𝑃𝑃
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 = = 0.156𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
6
The factored load per bolt in tension is
1.25𝑃𝑃
𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 = = 0.208𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡
6
′
From AISC-J3.7, the available stress in tension 𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 per bolt is
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′
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1.3𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑓𝑓 ≤ [𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 90 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
∅𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑣𝑣
𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 0.156𝑃𝑃
𝑓𝑓𝑣𝑣 = = = 0.26𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 0.6013
′
90
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1.3(90) − (0.26𝑃𝑃) = 117 − 0.65𝑃𝑃
0.75(48)
The design strength ∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 in tension is
′
∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = ∅𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏
= 0.75(117 − 0.65𝑃𝑃)0.6013 = 52.8 − 0.293𝑃𝑃
Equate Tu to ∅𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 , and solve for P
0.208𝑃𝑃 = 52.8 − 0.293𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃 = 105 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Check maximum nominal tensile strength
′
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 117 − 0.65𝑃𝑃
= 117 − 0.65(105) = 48.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 90 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
Thus, the maximum value of the service load P is 67 kips as a slip-critical connection and 105
kips as a bearing-type (A325-N) connection.
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
3. Establish the column strength curve (𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 ) for weak axis buckling of an H-shaped section
𝑟𝑟
of steel having a yield stress of 100 ksi (690 MPa) exhibiting perfect elastic-plastic strength in a
coupon test (see figure below) and having the very simplified residual stress pattern shown.
Neglect the contribution of the web.
Solution
For any external load the strain on every fiber is the same. Until a fiber reaches the strain 𝜖𝜖𝑦𝑦 at
yield, the applied load is
𝑃𝑃 = � 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴
After a portion has become plastic, the applied load is
𝑃𝑃 = (𝐴𝐴 − 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 )𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 + � 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑝𝑝 2𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
In this problem 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ≤ the entire section remains elastic, 𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸𝐸, in which case E’ is
𝐴𝐴 3 𝐼𝐼
and 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 = 𝐼𝐼; thus
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2𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = =
3 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2
� 𝑟𝑟 �
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝜋𝜋 2 (29000)
=� = 65.5 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)
𝑟𝑟 2
�3� (100)
𝑃𝑃 2𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
When 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = > , the flange tips have yielded, making 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 less than I; thus
𝐴𝐴 3
𝑏𝑏 3
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 �2� 1
= 3 =
𝐼𝐼 𝑏𝑏 8
2 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒
2𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋 𝐸𝐸( 𝐼𝐼 ) 𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = =
3 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2
� � 8 � �
𝑟𝑟 𝑅𝑅
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
= 23.2 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)
𝑟𝑟
2𝐹𝐹 𝑃𝑃
For average stress infinitesimally greater than 3𝑦𝑦. When 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 =
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 2
� �
𝑟𝑟
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
= 18.9 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)
𝑟𝑟
When the load 𝑃𝑃 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴. The results are shown. If there had been no residual stress at 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ,
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
= 53.5 (𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)
𝑟𝑟
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4. Example
Solution
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5. Example
Solution
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6. Example
Solution
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7. Example
Solution
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8. Example
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Solution
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9. Example
Solution
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10. Example
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Solution
11. Example
Solution
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12. Example
Solution
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13. Example
Solution
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