Mutual inductance

• Mutual inductance (M)

• ability of one coil (with changing/varying current) to induce an emf in a
nearby coil.

• Mutual inductance, M, can be expressed as follows:

1st method for defining M:

• Let two coils 1 and 2 with turns N1 and N2 respectively to be
magnetically coupled;
• apply current, I1, in coil 1;
• Current produces flux ∅1 in coil 1;

• Flux-linkages (N∅) in coil 2 due to current in coil 1 is: 𝑁2 ∅1

𝑁2 ∅1
• Therefore, M =
𝐼1
(Henry)

• Hence: Two coils are said to have a mutual inductance of

one henry( M = 1H), if one ampere current when flowing in one
coil produces flux-linkages of one Wb-turn in the other.
• Expl5:
Two identical coils 1 and 2 of 1000 turns each lie in parallel planes
such that 80% of flux produced by coil 1 links with coil 2.If a
current of 5 Amps flowing in coil 1 produces a flux of 0.05 mWb in
it, find the mutual inductance between the coils.

• Solution
𝑁 ∅
M = 2 1 ; ∅1 = 0.5mWb, I1 = 5 Amps
𝐼1

Flux linked with coil 2 = 0.5 mWbx 80% =0.04mWb

Therefore:
M =(1000 x 0.04x10-3)/5 = 8x10-3 H
2nd method for defining M:

• Expressing M in terms of dimensions of two coils

𝐹 ∅1 𝑁1
• ∅1 = = 𝑁 1 𝐼1
֜ =
R 𝑙/𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴 𝐼1 𝑙/𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴

Therefore;

𝑁2 ∅1 𝑁2𝑁1
M= 𝐼1
= ,
𝑙/𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴

𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴𝑁2𝑁1
M= H
𝑙
• Expl 6:
• An iron ring of diameter 30 cm is made of round iron of 2.5 cm in
diameter and is uniformly wound with 500 turns of wire of 1mm
diameter. A second winding of 1000 turns of wire with 0.5mm
diameter is wound over the first one. Assuming 𝜇𝑟 = 800, calculate
the mutual inductance between the two.

• Solution:
𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴𝑁2𝑁1 0.025 2
M = ; 𝑁1 = 500; 𝑁2 =1000; A=𝜋( );
𝑙 2
𝑙 =0.3𝜋(i. e. circumference of the ring)
𝜇𝑟 = 800; 𝜇0 = 4𝜋x10-7

Therefore,

0.025 2
800𝑥 4𝜋x10−7 𝑥𝜋( 2 ) 𝑥1000x500
M = = 0.26 H
0.3 𝜋
3rd method for defining M:
• By differentiation
M =𝑁2𝐼1∅1 (H); therefore,𝑁2 ∅1 = M𝐼1

• Differentiating both sides, gives;

𝑑 𝑑𝐼1
(𝑁 ∅ ) =M
𝑑𝑡 2 1 𝑑𝑡

• Assuming M to be constant then;

𝑑
(𝑁 ∅ ) = mutually induced emf in coil 2 = eM
𝑑𝑡 2 1
𝑑𝐼1
Where eM = M volts
𝑑𝑡

Note: 2 coils are said to have a mutual inductance of one

henry (1H) if current changing at the rate of 1 ampere/second in one coil
induces an emf of one volt in the other
Expl 7
• Two coils having 30 and 600 turns respectively are
wound side-by-side on a closed iron circuit of area of
cross-section 100 cm2, and mean length of 200cm.
• (a) Estimate the mutual inductance between the coils if the
relative permeability of the iron is 2000.
• (b) If a current of zero ampere grows to 20 A in a time of 0.02
seconds in the 1st coil, find the emf induced in the second coil.

• Solution:
Solution:
N1=30; N2=600; A=100x10-4 m2; l=0.2m; 𝜇𝑟 = 2000;
µ0 = 4πx10-7

𝑁2𝑁1 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴𝑁2𝑁1
(a) Mutual inductance, M = =
𝑙/𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴 𝑙

2000𝑥4πx10−7𝑥100x10−4𝑥600𝑥30
M= = 0.226 H
0.2m

𝑑𝐼1
(b) eM= M volts
𝑑𝑡
(20𝐴−0𝐴)
eM = 0.226Hx = 226 V
0.02𝑠𝑒𝑐
 M
Coefficient of coupling (k= L1 L2 )
• k, ratio of mutual inductance present in between the
two coils to the maximum possible value. (It shows
the extent of which two coils are coupled together)

• How to derive the value of k:

2
• Recall that self inductance, L =𝑙/𝜇𝑁𝜇
0 𝑟𝐴
• Therefore:
• two magnetically-coupled coils having N1 and N2 turns respectively
have the following individual coefficients of self-induction:
𝑁12 𝑁 22
L1 =
𝑙/𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴
, L2= 𝑙/𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴
…………………(i)
• let ∅1 be flux produced by I1 amps, in coil 1:

𝐹
∅1 = R ,=𝑙/𝜇𝑁 𝜇𝐼 ֜
1 1
∅1
𝐼1
= 𝑙/𝜇𝑁𝜇
1 ……………………..(i)
0 𝑟𝐴 0 𝑟𝐴

• If a fraction (k1) of ∅1 links with coil 2, then:

∅ 𝑁1 𝑁1𝑁2 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝐴𝑁2𝑁1
• M = 𝑘1 ∅𝐼1𝑁2 = 𝑘1 1 𝑁2 = 𝑘1 𝑁2 = 𝑘1 = 𝑘1 ( )
1 𝐼1 𝑙/𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴 𝑙/𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴 𝑙
……………………………..(ii)

Where 𝑘1 ≤ 1

• let ∅2 be flux produced by I2 amps, in coil 2:

∅2 =R𝐹 =𝑙/𝜇𝑁 𝜇𝐼
2 2 ֜ ∅𝐼 2 = 𝑙/𝜇𝑁𝜇 ……………………..(iii)
2
0 𝑟𝐴 2 0 𝑟𝐴
• If a fraction (k2) of ∅2 links with coil 1, then:
𝑘 ∅ 𝑁
M= 2 2 1,
𝐼2

M =𝑘2 𝑙/𝜇𝑁1𝑁𝜇2 ………………(iv)

0 𝑟𝐴

Where𝑘2 ≤ 1
• Multiply (ii) and (iv) gives:
2
𝑁12 𝑁2
1 𝑘2 = 𝑘1 𝑘2L1L2
M 2=𝑘 𝑥
𝑙/𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴 𝑙/𝜇0 𝜇𝑟𝐴

therefore:
M = 𝑘 𝐿1 𝐿2 ………………………………………(v)
where, 𝑘 = 𝑘1 𝑘2

𝑀
Hence: 𝑘= 𝐿1 𝐿2

• Note:
• 𝑘 = 1; shows that all the flux of one coil links with the other coil.
Therefore the coils are tightly coupled
• 𝑘 = 0; shows that the flux of one coil does not link with the other
coil at all. Therefore the coils are magnetically isolated from
each other.
Expl
• Two coils, A of 12500 turns and B of 16000 turns, lie in
parallel planes so that 60% of flux produced in A links coil
B. It is found that a current of 5 A in A produces a flux of
0.6mWb while the same current in B produces 0.8mWb.
• Determine:
• (i) mutual inductance
• (ii) coupling coefficient

• Solution:
60%𝑥0.6𝑥10_3 𝑥16000
• (i) M = 𝑘1∅𝐼1𝑁 2 = 5
=1.152 H
1
• (ii) 𝑘 = 𝑀
𝐿1 𝐿2
;
0.6𝑥10_3𝑥12500
L1= ∅1𝐼𝑁 =1 =1.5
1 5
=2.56
0.8𝑥10_3𝑥16000
L2= ∅2𝐼𝑁 =2
2 5
• Therefore,
𝑘 = 1.51.152
𝑥 2.56
=0.587
In conclusion
• Mutually induced voltage/emf
• Place two coils, say coils A and B, close to each other;
• Apply a varying current thru’ one coil, say thru’ coil A;
• Varying magnetic flux is produced;
• Part of this flux links with coil B; and
• Induces emf (called mutual emf) in coil B;
• The other coil, B, can also induce emf in A when current in coil A changes
• Therefore: mutually induced emf is an emf induced in a coil due to
an influence by the other coil.
DC MACHINES - (Introduction - Principle of operation)

• DC machines - motors and generators

• Generator: converts mechanical energy – to – electrical energy: (driven
by a source of mechanical power, e.g. turbines, diesel engines, etc.)
• Motor: converts electrical – to – mechanical energy

• Rotating part - rotor

• Stationary part – stator
• Consider a machine consisting of a single rotating loop between curved pole
faces., i.e. the simple example of a rotating machine

• Rotating part - rotor

• Stationary part – stator

• North and south poles – provide magnetic field

• Pole faces curved – to proved constant air-gap between them and rotating part (rotor)
• Magnetic flux – perpendicular to the rotor surface everywhere under the pole faces
• Due to uniform air-gap – reluctance is the same everywhere under pole faces, hence
• flux density constant everywhere under pole faces
• In principle, D.C. machines operate just like A.C. machines, because:
• they have the alternating voltages and currents within them, except that;

• D.C. machines have commutation mechanism which enables them to have d.c. output
instead of a.c. output
Voltage induced in the rotating loop (rotor)– emf equation

• 𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝒗𝒙𝑩 𝒍 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 sin 𝜽

• 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒆𝑨𝑩 + 𝒆𝑩𝑪 + 𝒆𝑪𝑫 + 𝒆𝑫𝑨

• 𝒆𝑨𝑩 = (𝒗𝑩𝒍 under the pole faces)

• 𝒆𝑨𝑩 = (𝟎 beyond pole faces – because conductor moving parallel to field)
• 𝒆𝑪𝑩 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒆𝑫𝑨 = (𝟎 always moving parallel to the field)
• 𝒆𝑪𝑫 = (𝒗𝑩𝒍 under the pole faces)
• 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝒆𝑨𝑩 + 𝒆𝑪𝑫 = 𝟐𝒗𝑩𝒍 ……………………………………………….(i)

• Also:

• From (i):
• 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝒗𝑩𝒍 = 𝟐𝒓𝝎𝑩𝒍 (where 𝒗 =tangential velocity)
• 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝒓𝒍𝑩𝝎…………………………………………………………………………….(ii)
• With a rotating loop making the shape of a cylinder, then
• The Surface area = 𝜋𝑥𝑑 𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑙

• Knowing that:
• only the part under the pole surface faces induces voltage, and also
• that in this example there are TWO poles, then
2𝜋𝑟𝑙
• Area of the rotor under each pole 𝐴𝑝 is = = 𝜋𝑟𝑙………………..(iii)
2

• Substituting (iii) in (ii),

𝝅𝒓𝒍 𝟐
• 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐𝒓𝒍𝑩𝝎 = 𝟐 𝑩𝝎 = 𝑨 𝑩𝝎…………………………….(iv)
𝝅 𝝅 𝒑

𝟐
• Therefore the emf Equation becomes: 𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ∅𝝎
𝝅
• In conclusion:
• In general, the voltage in any real machine depends on three factors:

• Flux in the machine

• Speed of rotation
• A constant representing the construction of the machine

• >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>